Stress

Question 1

stress

Answer 1

physical, chemical, or psych factors that produce tension in body and mind; internal and external environment that; associated with many phys/social health problems

Question 2

Homeostasis

Answer 2

all body systems at the idea set point (mental, VS, pH)

Question 3

pH

Answer 3

acidity of blood based on concentration of H+ and CO2 ions

Question 4

allostasis

Answer 4

helps body achieve homeostasis–short-term response to stressor; anticipation of increased demand (ex: RR inc with exercise bc will need more oxygen); alters physiologic variables to meet demand

Question 5

Stressor

Answer 5

what causes stress; actual force exerted

Question 6

eustress

Answer 6

positive reaction of body like due to promotion, getting into school

Question 7

distress

Answer 7

negative reaction to stress; can be bad if doesn’t let up

Question 8

Factors that influence our response to stress

Answer 8

genetics, culture, personality, prior experiences, pre-existing health status, psychological state, allostatic state, ability to manage stress

Question 9

coping

Answer 9

actions directed at a stressor; effective if relieves the stress

Question 10

General adaptation syndrome and stages

Answer 10

body’s natural and generalized response to any stressor, actual or psychological; alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Question 11

alarm stage

Answer 11

initial arousal in response to stressor–initial defense mechanism; flight or flight

Question 12

Processes associated with alarm stage

Answer 12

HPA axis, adrenergic response

Question 13

Adrenergic response to stress

Answer 13

Hypothalamus releases CRH which activates the SNS which stimulates the adrenal medulla to release catecholamines

Question 14

Catecholamines

Answer 14

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 15

HPA axis

Answer 15

Hypothalamus releases CRH which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release ACTH which causes the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids like cortisol

Question 16

SNS response

Answer 16

dilate pupils, inhibit saliva, inc HR, dec urination, dec peristalsis, dilate bronchi, convert glycogen to glucose, secrete EPI and NOR

Question 17

PNS response

Answer 17

rest and digest; occurs while sleeping

Question 18

Norepinephrine functions

Answer 18

constricts smooth muscle and maintains BP; dilates pupils, dec gastric secretion, inhibit insulin secretion from the pancreas, promote cytokine production which suppresses the immune system

Question 19

Epinephrine

Answer 19

enhances heart contractility and venous return, inc cardiac output, relax smooth muscle for better breathing, inhibits insulin secretion from the pancreas, releases glucose from the liver, promotes cytokine production which suppresses immune fxn

Question 20

Glucocorticoids

Answer 20

Body’s own steroids

Question 21

Cortisol class and functions

Answer 21

main GCC; works with EPI and NOR to inc CO and BP, dec luteinizing hor, T, progesterone and estradiol; inc AA levels by breaking down pro, atrophy of lymph tissue which suppresses the immune system and saves energy, limited inc in WBC responses

Question 22

Mineralcorticoids

Answer 22

Adrenal gland produces aldosterone which absorbs Na and water retention, excretes K+ and H+

Question 23

Catecholamines and GCCs fxn short-term and long-term

Answer 23

Development of memory of stress, contributes to PTSD; in the short term teaches defense/avoidance strategies

Question 24

Resistance stage

Answer 24

body adapts to ongoing stress and counteracts with continued hor and catecholamine release which takes lots of energy; either stress is removed (PNS takes over) or run out of energy and lack cortisol and cats

Question 25

What response do we get when the PNS takes over?

Answer 25

Cholinergic response

Question 26

Exhaustion stage

Answer 26

stress not relieved and body can’t achieve homeostasis; hypertrophy of adrenal cortex, atrophy of lymphatic tissue, depleted energy, inability to adapt

Question 27

Chronic stress response

Answer 27

neg impact on physical and mental wellbeing, immunosuppression from cortisol, dec WBC response, atrophy of thymus and dec T-cell which caused dec immunity; excessive catecholamine response; poor health outcomes

Question 28

Worst case scenario with stress

Answer 28

Depleted energy–inability to adapt–death

Question 29

allostatic overload

Answer 29

chronic stress triggers long-term dysregulation of HPA axis and SNS response causing exhaustion and stress-induced disease/disorder

Question 30

Allostatic overload sx

Answer 30

hair loss, tension, mouth sores, asthma, palpitations, tics, digestive dx, irritable bladder, acne, irregular periods, sleep disturbances

Question 31

Sleep disturbance s/s

Answer 31

irritability and moodiness, apathy, impaired memory, poor judgement, hallucinations

Question 32

Stress puts you at higher risk of which diseases?

Answer 32

CAD, HTN, stroke, tension HAs, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune disorder, IBS, ulcers, sexual dx, type 2 DM

Question 33

What does overproduction of stress hormones affect?

Answer 33

Memory, MDD, immunosuppression–inc risk of infection, autoimmune dx, dec healing, prolongation of existing infection

Question 34

Cortisol effects

Answer 34

Short term—effects opposite insulin–inc glucose release, stim liver to store glucose as glycogen, dec peripheral glucose utilization, inhibits glucose uptake by muscles and adipose tissue; protein metabolism–initially uses AA for energy but long term causes protein atrophy
Longer term—fat redistribution–lipolysis in extremities and lipogenesis in face and trunk

Question 36

Behavioral SNS response

Answer 36

Dec libido, Dec irritability, Dec sleep