Intro To Pharmacology Flashcards
Pharmacology
Study of biological effects of drugs that enter the body and the changes they cause
Pharmacokinetics
What happens to drugs in the body; what the body does to the drugs
Pharmacodynamics
what the drugs do to the body; mechanism of action
Pharmacogenetics
How genes affect one’s response to a drug
Chemical name
Long and complex; used for research (N-acetyl-para-aminophel)
Generic name
Official name listed on the bottle of any drugs of similar chemical makeup; lower case (acetaminophen)
Trade name
Brand name; given by pharmaceutical company that first made it; uppercase (Tylenol)
Contraindication
Reason why someone should not take a med
Nursing indication
What a nurse needs to know before giving a med including assessments, any serious indications
Mechanism of action
How the drugs works in the body
Drug classification
Drugs that works similarly bc similar mechanism of actions, chemical structure, effect
Prototype
1st drug of the med group/class; new drugs are compared to it to measure effectiveness
Therapeutic effect
Intended effect of drug (ex: pain relief for ibuprofen)
Side effect
Unintended effect of the drug
Toxicities
Harmful effects of drugs
Adverse effects
Unexpected and dangerous reaction
Allergic reaction
Unexpected immune response to a drug, can be dangerous
FDA approval
Strict scientific tests a drug must pass before going on the market
Preclinical stage
Animal tests on a drug
Phase 1 drug trial
Human volunteers
Phase 2 drug trial
Drug trial on people with the disease
Phase 3 drug trial
Drug used in vast clinical market; pt closely monitored; evidence it might work
Phase 4 clinical trial
Continual evaluation by the FDA
Controlled substance act
Drugs with the potential for abuse are controlled
Schedule 1 drug
No medical use or reason to prescribe (Heroin, LSD)
Schedule 2 drug
Medically used but high potential for abuse; no automatic refills (need a new rx); Narcotics, Amphetamines, Dilaudid, oxycodone
Schedule 3
Less potential for abuse; non-barbiturates, non-amphetamines, stimulants
Schedule 4
Some abuse potential; sedatives, anti-anxieties (ambien, Valium)
Schedule 5
Low abuse potential; small amounts of narcotics or stimulants, often antitussives, cough suppressant with codeine
Prescription strength OTC
Some drug available OTC but with higher dose (800 mg ibuprofen)
OTC meds
Low risk of side effect and low abuse potential; consumers must be able to diagnose own condition and monitor the effectiveness of the drug (ex: know you have poison ivy and can assess changes as you use the med)
Dietary and Herbal supplements
Can only claim function or body structure (ex: St. John Wort’s affects emotional balance, NOT depression); FDA only monitors post-market, often lack scientific evidence of MOA
Nurse’s job for dietary or herbal supplements
Ask the pt what they take and educate (they can increase toxicity of prescription and cause increased/dec in therapeutic function
Teratogens
Can cause congenital malformations in the fetus (alc, marijuana, nicotine)
Category A teratogens
Safe
Category B teratogens
Lack studies that show benefit/risk
Category C teratogens
No studies to show in humans, animals show possible risk; discuss with OB
Category D teratogens
Drugs that show possible fetal risk; discuss with OB
Category X teratogens
Known risk; can’t be outweighed with benefits (thalidomide, isotretinoin)
