Cellular Adaptation

Question 1

Cellular adaptation

Answer 1

Changes the body goes thru to allow survival and maintenance of cellular function; can be due to meds and radiation

Question 2

Atrophy

Answer 2

Decrease of shrink in size; decreased protein synthesis (building) and/or increased protein catabolism (breakdown)

Question 3

Pathological atrophy

Answer 3

Decreased workload or change in environmental condition (nutritional deficit, hormones, immobility)

Question 4

Physiologic atrophy

Answer 4

Developmental issue

Question 5

Hypertrophy

Answer 5

Inc in size of cell and increase function loss; typically bc repeated stimuli like heart pounding or kidney excess fluid; chronic pressure or prolonged volume overload; muscles and skeletal do naturally

Question 6

Hyperplasia

Answer 6

Increased number of cells; can be normal physio process (pregnant, wound healing) but often abnormal—inc cell division common in cancer, abnormal hormonal stimulation, skin, epithelial cells, glandular cells

Question 7

Dysplasia

Answer 7

Abnormal change in size/shape of mature cells (disorganized growth), often related to atypical hyperplasia, often associated with neoplastic growths; cancer precursor, REVERSIBLE, associated with inflammation and chronic irritation

Question 8

Metaplasia

Answer 8

Reversible replacement of one type of mature cell to another, often more nonspecific type; cancerous predisposal; pathological response to inflammation and irritation; lets cells survive better in hostile environments

Question 9

Neoplasia

Answer 9

Cell growth different than normal regulatory processes (often gene mutation); 3 types—anaplasia, cancer, benign

Question 10

Anaplasia

Answer 10

Cells differentiate to immature or embryonic form; assoc with malignant tumors and neoplasms

Question 11

Cancer

Answer 11

Uncontrolled cell growth with rapid proliferation and loss of differentiated cells

Question 12

Benign cells

Answer 12

Differentiated cells that are less anaplastic and can’t metastasize; slower than malignant and metastasized but faster than normal cells; not usually problematic unless in area sensitive to compression like brain

Question 13

Malignant cells

Answer 13

Undifferentiated; more anaplastic; often metastasize near primary or distant site; reproduce quickly with atypical cells, no capsule

Question 14

Necrosis

Answer 14

Cellular injury leading to cell death; irreversible swelling, bursting cells, and inflammation; can lead to gangrene

Question 15

Ischemic necrosis

Answer 15

Infarction (obstruction of blood supply to an organ); prolonged ischemia

Question 16

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer 16

Cells are digested by proteolytic enzymes and become liquefied, forming abscesses in tissues with lots of lipids like the brain and lungs; abscesses have liquid centers

Question 17

Gangrene

Answer 17

Formed after small necrotic wound becomes a breeding ground for bacteria; mass of tissue damage often found in lower extremities of patients with POOR CIRCULATION

Question 18

Dry gangrene

Answer 18

Slower growth, black, clean edge “demarcation” between dead and living tissues

Question 19

Wet gangrene

Answer 19

Liquefactive necrosis, foul smell, rapid spread, can by systemic

Question 20

Gas gangrene

Answer 20

clostridium perfinges, gaseous bubbles; in soil, more likely to grow in traumatic tissue