Intro To Infection

Question 1

Reservoir

Answer 1

Habitat microorganisms need to grow (humans, water, organisms)

Question 2

direct mode of transmission

Answer 2

Kiss, sex, touch, droplet, contaminated soil

Question 3

Indirect mode of transmission

Answer 3

Airborne, vector (comes from animal host), vehicle born (comes from water, food, blood (Hepatitis A))

Question 4

Portals of entry

Answer 4

Oropharynx, nasopharynx, genitourinary, skin, translocation, blood, maternal-fetal transmission

Question 5

Body’s best defense

Answer 5

Skin

Question 6

Translocation

Answer 6

Movement of bacteria across intestinal lining, often in peritoneal cavity (gut leaks), to bloodstream

Question 7

Maternal-fetal transmission

Answer 7

Cross placenta or during childbirth (Zika)

Question 8

Stages of infection

Answer 8

Incubation, prodromal, acute stage, convascelent, resolution

Question 9

Incubation

Answer 9

Btwn pathogen entering body and when sx appear

Question 10

Prodromal

Answer 10

Nonspecific mild sx

Question 11

Acute stage

Answer 11

When person is ILL; specific sx

Question 12

Convalescent stage

Answer 12

Coming down from illness and getting better

Question 13

Resolution

Answer 13

Pathogen gone; some people never reach this stage

Question 14

Infectious process

Answer 14

Injury, increased permeability, Immigration of leukocytes, phagocytosis, exudate, systemic sx

Question 15

Injury

Answer 15

Initial insult to area, short period of vasoconstriction to stop blood flow and prevent movement of invading organisms followed by prolonged vasodilation bringing blood to area; get 5 signs of inflammation

Question 16

Increased permeability

Answer 16

Fluid pulled out of vascular space and vessel to place of injury

Question 17

Immigration of leukocytes

Answer 17

Neutrophils attracted to area of injury and attach to endothelium; also some eosinophils, NK cells, monocytes

Question 18

Phagocytosis

Answer 18

Occurs when WBCs reach area, specifically neutrophils and monocytes; recognize, engulf, destroy organisms

Question 19

Exudate

Answer 19

Exudate transports leukocytes to injured area, dilutes toxins, transports

Question 20

systemic sx

Answer 20

Occurs if infection doesn’t stay localized; total body response stimulates increase of hypothalamic fever set point, helping the body conserve heat and stimulating defense mechanisms to help rid the body of organisms (some bacteria is less virulent and divides slower in heat; also improves antibody release and T-cell activation)

Question 21

Colonization

Answer 21

When pathogens inhabit specific body sites and bacterial growth is at a minimum so no s/s of infection; inactive infection but can become active

Question 22

How to know when infection occurs

Answer 22

VS, labs—cultures, urinalysis, sputum, blood

Question 23

Gram stain

Answer 23

Stain of bacteria shows if gram negative or positive, gives shape and arrangement of bacteria; gram negative is more dangerous bc has a capsule that hides the bacterial antigens, making it harder to fight

Question 24

Blood, urine, sputum culture

Answer 24

Takes 24h basic, 72h for full ID and sensitivity (what drug it is sensitive to (susceptibile) and what wont work (resistant)), watch for needle sticks, get 2 bottles, at least 1 from peripheral stick, get 1 aerobic, 1 anaerobic bottle

Question 25

Urinalysis

Answer 25

Normal is 5-9 pH, no nitrites, leukocytes, epithelial cells, RBCs under 5

Question 26

Nosocomial infection

Answer 26

Get in HC setting, spread quick and high chance of drug resistance; MDRO, MRSA, CRE (resistant to whole class)

Question 27

Superinfection

Answer 27

New infection that occurs during tx for a different infection that involved antibiotics (antimicrobials often kill healthy flora too, especially in GI tract)

Question 28

C. Diff

Answer 28

Extreme diarrhea, cramps and tenderness caused by normal GI flora being killing by antimicrobials; can occur months after antibiotics; identified with PCR test and treated with vancomycin and metronidazole (not anti diarrheal bc need to get the bacteria out)

Question 29

Pseudomembranous colitis

Answer 29

Life threatening condition that can be caused by C. Diff in which the colon dilates with air; may require surgery for colon decompression

Question 30

Candidiasis

Answer 30

Fungus overgrowth caused by antimicrobial agents killing healthy flora; often in mucus membranes like mouth (thrush), vagina, esophagus, skin surface; treat with mycostatin (antifungals) and prevent with nystatin powder