Intro To Immunity And Vax Flashcards
Inflammation and prefix
Occurs with cell injury “itis”
Inflammation as protection
Destroy agents, limits agent spread, prepares tissue for repair
5 signs of inflammation
Red, swelling, heat, pain, function loss
Exogenous cause of inflammation
Surgery, trauma
Endogenous cause of inflammation
Tissue ischemia (dying tissue)
Acute inflammation
Under 2 weeks
Chronic inflammation
Not helpful to body
Events of inflammation
Tissue injury and bacterial antigens, vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, leukocytes recruitment and emigration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis of antigens and debris
Chemotaxis
Neutrophils attracted to inflamed tissue
Phagocytosis
Phagocytes eat bacteria and bad cells, creating exudate (fluid containing neutrophils that leaks out of debris and BVs)
Serous exudate
Watery, mild, low protein “good kind”
Serosanguinous exudate
Pinkish, few RBCs
Purulent exudate (aka fibrinous)
Severe inflammation with bacterial infection, neutrophils, protein, debris, abscesses; may require draining, smelly, yellow, green
Hemorrhagic exudate
Many RBCs, most severe inflammation; a bleed
Systemic manifestations of inflammation
Cytokines IL-1, IL-6, TNFalpha—fever, inc neutrophils, lethargy, muscle catabolism
Major histocompatibility complex
Cluster of genes on chromosome 6 aka human leukocyte antigen (HLA); tells your body to distinguish btw self and non-self (class 1 and 2)
Specific adaptive immunity
B and T cells recognize invaders and attacks, destroys, remember encounter
B cells aka antibody immunity
WBCs (lymphocytes); Produce antibodies in body fluids; humoral response to inflammation
T cells
WBCs (lymphocytes); Cell mediated; stimulate B cells to make more antibodies and attack invaders
Memory B cells
Remember exposure to antigens (toxin or foreign substance)
Plasma B cells
Secrete antibodies
Antibodies
Immunoglobulin that bind to antigens to tag for killing
IgG antibodies
Most common (75-80%); protect against bacterial and viral infection; previous vax or vax memory
IgM antibody
10%; activated cytotoxic function; early, recent infection, early to site
IgA antibody
Secretory functions, protect against infection, breastfeed
IgD antibody
Serum, more on B-cells, stimulate B cells to multiply and differentiate
IgE antibody
Parasites and allergies; signal mast cell degeneration
Immunity
State of resistance against an infection from a particular pathogen
Passive immunity
Transfer plasma with antibodies from immunized person to non-immune; mother to fetus, injection of antibodies
Titer
Rare blood test that gives specific antibody levels
Active immunity
Protected state due to body’s own immune response; active infection—person gets ill and their own body healed them, vaccine
Traditional vaccine
Inactive or killed organism
attenuated vax
Weakened org (live vax) but weaker than traditional; not good for immunocompromised or underlying medical conditions
Toxoid vax
Inactive toxin that stimulates production of antitoxin (tetanus)
Conjugate vax
Strong protein or toxoid (antigen) from 1 organism attached to weak disease causing organism (antigen) to stimulate stronger response (H influenza type B)
MRNA vax
Snip genetic code from host and teach body to respond (Pfizer and Moderna COVID vax)
How does an infection begin
Colonization of a host by a microbial species; localized or systemic
Virus
DNA or RNA surrounded by protein shell that needs a host to survive
Bacteria
Bigger than a virus; single-celled organism
Causes of infection
Virus, bacteria, fungal, Protozoa, prion, Helminths
Fungal infection
Spore-forming yeast
Protozoa
Water or environmental dwelling (malaria)
Helminths
Parasitic
Prions
Misfolded proteins that attach to each other
