Stress

Question 1

alarm reaction

Answer 1

initial response to stress
sympathetic NS
HPA axis

Question 2

sympathetic NS

Answer 2

norepinephrine released from adrenal medulla
fast

Question 3

HPA axis

Answer 3

cortisol released from adrenal cortex
slow

Question 4

individual differences

Answer 4

early stressful experiences can allow for later resilience
more significant early life stress

Question 5

stress immunization

Answer 5

due to comfort after the stress

Question 6

significant early life stress

Answer 6

greater stress responses, learning deficits, long-lasting changes in brain- less adult neurogenesis, less adrenal steroid receptors

Question 7

negative affective disorders

Answer 7

negative affect
genetic risk
chronic, lower grade stressors

Question 8

negative affect

Answer 8

experiences world in negative terms
higher levels of distress, anxiety, dissatisfaction
low subjective sense of well being

Question 9

genetic risk

Answer 9

many genes contribute to susceptibility

Question 10

chronic, lower grade stressors

Answer 10

increase risk for anxiety disorders or depression

Question 11

general adaptation to stress theory

Answer 11

alarm
resistance
exhaustion

Question 12

alarm

Answer 12

body mobilizes to confront threat

Question 13

resistance

Answer 13

body actively copes with threat

Question 14

exhaustion

Answer 14

if threat continues the body’s resources become depleted

Question 15

dysregulation can lead to negative affective disorders

Answer 15

chronic stress produces excess alarm and resistance
contribute to development of negative affective disorders

Question 16

less adaptation to stress in negative affect

Answer 16

end of stressful event - HPA axis turns off negative feedback loop
neuropsychiatric issues- HPA axis has more difficulty turning off negative feedback loop

Question 17

PTSD patients size of hippocampi

Answer 17

PTSD patients have a smaller hippocampus than people without PTSD

Question 18

does stress shrink HPC to produce PTSD? or are smaller HPC a risk for developing PTSD?

Answer 18

twin study- both twins have smaller hippocampus- higher risk for developing PTSD

Question 19

PTSD involves a type of learned fear

Answer 19

if tone has a regular pattern, animal will habituate
chronic, unpredictable stressor (tone) will continue to elicit “freezing”

Question 20

model of PTSD

Answer 20

original trauma
subsequent stressors produced heightened alarm stress response
triggers traumatic memory (via amygdala)
over time, traumatic memory associations and physiological response are strengthened

Question 21

original trauma activates

Answer 21

locus coeruleus- norepinephrine
ventral tegmental area- dopamine
corticotropin-releasing hormone
low road/high road-> amygdala

Question 22

depression brain changes

Answer 22

greater brain activity in PFC and amygdala
persists after depression period over
electroconvulsive therapy/repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
smaller hippocampus

Question 23

depression neurotransmitter activity

Answer 23

reduced monoamine transmitter activity
serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
ketamine, psilocybin?

Question 24

co-morbitity of anxiety and depression

Answer 24

have very similar symptoms and things that can make a person develop the disorder
may not be directly linked to each other but may have the same genetic causes and environmental causes

Question 25

co-morbitity

Answer 25

when two disease traits co-occur at a frequency that is higher than expected based upon the base rates of the two alone