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Behavioral Neuroscience > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

brain growth and development

A

is tremendous
continuous to physically grow and develop throughout our lifetimes

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2
Q

rapid growth from birth (age 0) until age 5

A

almost a tripling size in brain

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3
Q

by age 5

A

you reach almost your maximum wave weight and (basically) maintain that throughout life

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4
Q

growth continues until about age 25->

A

stabilizes

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5
Q

neurogenesis

A

most neurogenesis (i.e. birth of new neurons) occurs before birth
therefore tripling of size of brain after birth is not due to neurogenesis

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6
Q

older age

A

may see decreases in brain size, volume, waves, etc.

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7
Q

women’s brains vs. male brains

A

women’s brains are physically smaller than male brain (in weight)
doesn’t affect any cognitive or behavioral processes

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8
Q

If most neurons are born before birth, what do you think causes the brain weight to increase so much after birth?
A) Synapses form
B) Axons become myelinated
C) Both

A

C) Both

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9
Q

in the first few years of life, neurons are already set in place but…

A

synapses are formed
axons that weren’t myelinated-> become myelinated
process of myelination-> physically makes brain bigger and heavier
net glial cells, microglia, etc.
neuron cell bodies can grow over time!

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10
Q

nervous system is organized at

A

all stages
during all stages of development

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11
Q

organization is a result of

A

genes
environment & experience
interaction of two- affects which genes or proteins are expressed

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12
Q

interaction of genes and environment & experience

A

Pups with a bad mother who experience care of a good mother are then good mothers!
Tells us it was the experience that drove their behavior
Despite having the genes of a bad mother, experience with a good mother won out!
Pups from a good mother who experience care of a bad mother are then good mothers!
Even though they didn’t experience much attention as pups, they still know how to be good mother’s themselves
Tells us it was the genes that drove their behavior

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13
Q

never solely nature vs. nurture

A

almost always a combinatorial effect that dictates the details of organization in nervous system and development

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14
Q

embryo

A

3 layer disk
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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15
Q

ectoderm

A

nervous system & skin
neural plate

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16
Q

neural plate

A

whole process called “Neurulation”
development of plate into your nervous system

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17
Q

mesoderm

A

skeleton & muscles

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18
Q

endoderm

A

internal organs

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19
Q

neural groove

A

day 20- uneven rates of cell division in the neural plate causes formation of neural groove
neural crest

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20
Q

neural crest

A

cells are progenitors for entire PNS
rest of cells that form that curve= cells for the CNS

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21
Q

neural tube

A

day 22- neural groove joins together to form neural tube with fluid-filled central canal
cranial end forks out to form brain plate- 1 end forms the brain plate

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22
Q

central canal

A

will form ventricles and spinal cord canal- cerebral spinal fluid

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23
Q

cells lining neural tube

A

will be progenitor for entire CNS

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24
Q

brain structures begin to form

A

day 24- brain plate begins to divide and grow
different parts of the brain plate become different parts of the brain
this all occurs at 1 end of embryonic discs
at the bottom side, begins to splay open-> becomes our spinal cord

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25
Q

parts that form at 24 days

A

telencephalon
diencephalon
midbrain structures
hindbrain
cranial end of neural tube
neural crest cells

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26
Q

telencephalon

A

dorsal parts of brain
cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

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27
Q

diencephalon

A

sit lower in the center of the brain
thalamus and hypothalamus

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28
Q

midbrain structures

A

substantia nigra (ie. motor control)

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29
Q

hindbrain

A

ventral parts of brain
cerebellum, pons, medulla
cranial nerves finally exit

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30
Q

cranial end of neural tube

A

swells as a result of new cells being born (neurogenesis)

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31
Q

neural crest cells

A

neurons of somatic and autonomic nervous system
PNS

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32
Q

at 3 weeks

A

already organization and patterning of the embryo

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33
Q

if you slice through the embryonic disc

A

we once again have those two brown spots that will become the peripheral system

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34
Q

2 embryonic discs

A

one will become right and one will be left

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35
Q

entire central canal and neural tube that go the length of the embryonic disc becomes all of the

A

CNS

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36
Q

progenetic cells

A

becomes PNS
one on left will become PNS for the left side of the body

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37
Q

nervous system develops earlier

A

needs to be fully developed before we are born
lung system is developed mostly last
by 3 and a half weeks of life we already have organization and structures that we can carry throughout our lifetime

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38
Q

first trimester

A

week by week more development!
rest of 1st trimester, brain really starts to take shape

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39
Q

by end of first trimester

A

about 100 days
many structures are already in place
may not be as well-developed or connected
the organization and relationship between the brain regions=already formed

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40
Q

if something goes wrong in the first month of development

A

pregnancy won’t be viable
no thoughts but function at a cellular level

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41
Q

Second-Third Trimester

A

10 weeks- end of 1st trimester, start of 2nd
10 weeks= half way b/w 50 days and 100 days

42
Q

end of first trimester

A

it sort of looks like a brain (a bit recognizable)
by 40-42 weeks, brain looks like brain from outside world but is smaller

43
Q

babies born from 22-26 weeks

A

preemie babies

44
Q

Which progenitor cells give rise to the PNS?
A. Neural tube
B. Neural crest
C. Central canal

A

B. Neural crest

45
Q

six stages of neural development

A

neurogenesis
cell migration
differentiation
synaptogenesis
neuronal cell death
synapse rearrangement

46
Q

first stages of neural development

A

lead to development of neurons and glial cells: occur before birth
neurogenesis
cell migration
differentiation

47
Q

neurons & glia development stages

A

neuron specific! occur prenatally and postnatally
synaptogenesis
neuronal cell death
synapse rearrangement

48
Q

neurogenesis definition

A

production of neuronal cells from non-neuronal precursors

49
Q

cell migration definition

A

movement of cells to form distinct brain regions

50
Q

differentiation definition

A

transformation of precursor cells into neurons & glia

51
Q

synaptogenesis definition

A

establishment of synaptic connections

52
Q

neuronal cell death definition

A

selective death of neurons

53
Q

neurogenesis symmetric division

A

most neurons generated before birth, some during childhood, adults?
cells lining central canal= ventricular zone
precursor cells divide symmetrically to expand ventricular zone (mitosis)

54
Q

ventricular zone

A

eventually lining of vesicles -> fluid-filled areas of the brain
have cells that are actively divided- when initially divide, have symmetric division

55
Q

precursor cells

A

divide symmetrically to expand ventricular zone (mitosis)
initial precursor cells come from the neural groove
neurons don’t divide-> precursor cells are not differentiated into neurons yet

56
Q

exception of neurogenesis symmetric division

A

hippocampus (learning and memory) and olfactory receptor neurons
turnover all the time- see adult neurogenesis (in animals and humans)

57
Q

neurogenesis asymmetric division

A

cell division switches to asymmetric division
one daughter cell migrates out, while other continues to divide
1 precursor cell makes itself another precursor cell and another cell that will be the neuron

58
Q

asymmetric precursor cell

A

makes itself another cell that can travel to where it needs to go
these traveling cells form the other parts of the brain
this is a self-replenishing process
precursor cell never leaves the ventricular zone!!!
it’s the daughter cell that leaves and migrates to the right place and then becomes a neuron
doesn’t become a neuron until it’s in the designated destination

59
Q

purpose of neurogenesis stage 1 symmetric division

A

about rapid expansion of the number of precursor cells!

60
Q

purpose of neurogenesis stage 2 asymmetric division

A

maintaining the # of precursor cells and making cells that will become neurons

61
Q

cell migration

A

cells move away from the ventricular zone
more out radially-> widens the neural tube

62
Q

what brain region a cell ends up in is dictated by

A

where and when it was born in the ventricular zone

63
Q

what brain region it ends up in if it was born in the top

A

moves upward-> forms dorsal part of the brain

64
Q

what brain region it ends up in if it was born in the bottom

A

moves downward-> forms ventral part of brain

65
Q

what brain region it ends up in depends of when it was born

A

types of neurons are born at different times

66
Q

what brain region it ends up in if it was formed during early birth

A

neuron makes glutamate

67
Q

what brain region it ends up in if it was formed during later birth

A

neuron makes different neurotransmitters

68
Q

radial glial cells

A

act as guides
these cells connect the ventricular zone with a particular spot in the marginal zone
very first cells=glial cells (not neurons)
stretch from ventricular cells into where they need to go
when cells that are neurons start to migrate-> cling to glial cells as their train tracks (to get to where they need to go)

69
Q

migration is directed by cell adhesion molecules (CAMS)

A

individual neurons clinging to radial glial cells and clinging their way up
chemicals being released at the very top and chemicals attract-> move outwards
as they move away from ventricular zone, neurons move to marginal zone
intermediate= where things are happening

70
Q

as the marginal zone fills, produces cortical plate

A

does not start at bottom of cortical plate, pushes through all the other cells- form a layer just above
each layer of cells that leaves the ventricle will form outside layer

71
Q

how we get expansion

A

each new cell that migrates out pushed through other cells
start with ventricle-> push through and get bigger-> then bigger and bigger

72
Q

this is how we get six layers of the cortex

A

waves of cells form the laminar structure in an inside-out manner

73
Q

neurons that were born first

A

form layer 6

74
Q

neurons that were born last

A

youngest cells form layer 1

75
Q

one glial cell that stretches

A

always stays in contact with ventricular zone
at this point, still not neurons even after being put in layer and ready to form neurons (daughter cells)

76
Q

Which layer of the cortex is born first?
A. The layer closest to the skull (layer 1)
B. The innermost layer (layer 6)

A

B. innermost layer (layer 6)

77
Q

cell differentiation

A

when cells arrive at destination, they begin to express genes to make the specific proteins they need

78
Q

differentiate

A

take on a specific final morphology (glia, neurons, and particular subtypes of each)

79
Q

What controls what a cell will differentiate into?

A

internal vs. extrinsic factors

80
Q

internal factors

A

internal genetic/molecular signals
molecular already within the cell that can program it to become a glial cell or neural cell
programmed inside the cell

81
Q

extrinsic factors

A

molecular/chemical influences around cell
chemicals your body is releasing
molecules around it

82
Q

extrinsic factors- sonic hedgehog

A

notochord releases sonic hedgehog into ventral developing spinal cord, producing motor neurons

83
Q

notochord

A

not part of nervous system; a cluster of cells that will release chemicals

84
Q

cells that receive sonic hedgehog

A

cells closest (receive the most sonic hedgehog)-> turn into motor neurons
when sonic hedgehog drifts over to bottom of neural tube, those precursor cells become the motor neurons because of the effect of sonic hedgehog

85
Q

transplant notochord to the dorsal side

A

if you take it and transplant those cells that were supposed to make other neurons become motor neurons
clutter of cells are doing things together and are organized together- motor neurons part of CNS

86
Q

extrinsic factor=

A

deciding factor
if a neuron comes into contact with sonic hedgehog-> destined to become a motor neuron

87
Q

synaptogenesis

A

growth of axons & dendrites-> connects axon and dendrite to form connection of synapse
almost all neurons generated by birth; but most synapses form post-natal

88
Q

at birth: babies don’t know how to do shit

A

don’t recognize faces yet, just know how to breath and eat
first two weeks-> big developmental things like making eye contact with parents (not intrinsic does not happen at birth)

89
Q

ability to learn is because information is

A

being connected through synapses

90
Q

ability to develop coordination is because of

A

myelination
myelination= signals travel fast
coordinated movement involves walking and being able to speak
not apart of synaptogenesis-> allows for refinement of movement, and occurs alongside it (but not literally apart of it)

91
Q

neurons must

A

grow axons and dendrites
make correct synapses/ connections

92
Q

Synaptogenesis — Growth of Cones

A

cells/tissue secrete chemicals that attract/repel specific axons/dendrites
chemoattractive or chemorepulsize molecules (CAMS)

93
Q

two structures that should be connected share a common

A

chemical substrate that lays down the pathway between them
dendrite and synapse that need to come in contact=attracted by same molecules and repelled by the same molecules- forces them to come together over time

94
Q

neuronal cell death

A

initial neurogenesis overproduces cells
selective elimination of those not necessary
depends on if it receives neurotrophic factors from target cells that it synapsess with

95
Q

apoptosis

A

unneeded cells are instructed to die via a phenomenon of programmed cell death, or apoptosis

96
Q

process of apoptosis

A

Ca2+ influx causes Diablo protein to be released
Diablo blocks inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs)
causes widespread biochemical changes, leading to cell death

97
Q

Synapse Rearrangement/Remodeling

A

initial synaptogenesis overproduces synapses
pruning
selective formation of new synapses (continues for life)
regulated by neuronal activity (action potentials)

98
Q

pruning

A

selective elimination of overproduced synapses
transferring information will stay in place- ones that are there and not doing anything- will be pruned

99
Q

adolescents

A

biologically programmed to make not smart decisions, be moody and pull away from family- be impulsive and take risks

100
Q

auditory cortex

A

in the process of being pruned- language learning is easier at a younger stage compared to adults

101
Q

brain maturation continues into adulthood

A

decrease of grey matter axon terminals/dendrites
increase of myelination/white matter- information sent between cortexes is faster- can catch along faster than a 6 year old

102
Q

importance of each of these stages of nervous system development

A

is demonstrated by the functional effects of abnormal brain development

Behavioral Neuroscience (19 decks)

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