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Behavioral Neuroscience > Feeding > Flashcards

Feeding Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we eat and drink?

A

To fuel our body- nutrients to perform functions

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2
Q

eating and drinking

A

internal and external (sensory) experiences drive feeding behaviors to restore balance

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3
Q

Do I need the food?

A

Homeostasis (balance)- thirst, hunger
glucose levels, proteins, fats, salts, water

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4
Q

Do I want the food?

A

Incentive motivation
flavors, reward, hedonic tone

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5
Q

homeostasis

A

maintaining “set point”

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6
Q

homeostasis monitors physiological mechanisms

A

blood glucose, body fat, salt levels, etc.
compare to “set point”
more water, more food/bigger meal if more expended

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7
Q

if deficient, stimulate seeking/feeding

A

a little hungry after you come home from class
hungry after a swim practice
extremely hungry/starving if you get lost while hiking

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8
Q

if surplus, suppress seeking/feeding

A

negative feedback regulation
had a big lunch, not as hungry when dinnertime comes

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9
Q

redundancies

A

multiple mechanisms of maintaining homeostasis
in case one system fails, another one can help pick up slack

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10
Q

endotherms

A

generate our own heat through metabolism and muscles

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11
Q

body temperature tracked on face

A

trigeminal nerve- controls movement in face and sensory - received information about temperature of face- is important because is close to brain and brain is important

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12
Q

internal body core

A

collecting info and sending it to the brain
brain receives information about the entire body- if cold or hot

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13
Q

most important brain region in controlling temperature

A

pre optic area/ thalamus

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14
Q

if we are cold

A

stimulate (shiver, reduce blood flow, increase metabolism)
reduce sweat, suppress the increase in blood flow, suppress the increase in respiration
can also change behavior
redundancies- makes it more complicated!

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15
Q

why do we drink water?

A

loses a lot of water a day
urination, feces, sweating, evaporate water

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16
Q

osmolality

A

number of particles (salts) per unit volume of water

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17
Q

isotonic salt solution

A

0.9% NaCl
0.9 grams NaCl in 100 milliliters water

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18
Q

hypertonic

A

more salty than an isotonic solution

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19
Q

hypotonic

A

less salty than an isotonic solution

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20
Q

What is a 0.5% NaCl solution?
A. Hypertonic
B. Hypotonic
C. Isotonic

A

B. hypotonic

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21
Q

how does water move in/out of cells?

A

intracellular/extracellular
osmosis

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22
Q

intracellular compartment

A

within cells

23
Q

extracellular compartment

A

outside of cell (includes fluid between cells and blood plasma)

24
Q

osmotic thirst

A

high salt concentration in extracellular compartment
regular water loss (respiration, perspiration, urine)
eat something salty
water flows out of cells
more common kind of thirst

25
Q

osmosensory neurons in hypothalamus (OVLT)

A

cells shrink based on water content (like a shriveled balloon)
ion channels open-> EPSP
action potential -> triggers osmotic thirst response
vasopressin release

26
Q

OVLT->

A

preoptic area-> hypothalamic thirst network-> drinking
OR
preoptic area-> supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus-> water conservation

27
Q

vasopressin

A

reduces urination- conserves water that you have

28
Q

hypovolemic thirst

A

too little volume of extracellular fluid
large water loss (vomiting, hemorrhage, diarrhea)
lose water AND salts so no change in osmolarity/concentration of salt

29
Q

blood pressure drops causing

A

baroreceptors (detect pressure changes in blood vessels/heart) signal to brain via autonomic nervous system
baroreceptors (detect pressure changes in kidney) cause renin-> angiotensin 2 release into the blood
pre-optic area (like osmotic thirst)- different pathways to preoptic area

30
Q

hypovolemic thirst->

A

blood pressure drops-> cardiac baroreceptors detect-> vagus nerve-> brain-> preoptic area
AND
kidney baroreceptors detect pressure change-> renin-> angiotensin 2 -> subformical organ-> preoptic area

31
Q

angiotensin 2 release triggers

A

hypovolemic thirst (drink water and eat salty food) via circumventricular organ- saline IV. or Gatorate
reduces urination, increases blood pressure

32
Q

circumventricular organ/formical organ

A

structure that senses angiotensin 2 and activates the preoptic area

33
Q

What monitors hypovolemic thirst?
A. Hormones in the blood
B. Baroreceptors in blood vessels
C. Neurons in the hypothalamus

A

B. baroreceptors in blood vessels

34
Q

why do we stop feeling thirsty (satiety)?

A

combination of factors:
mouth and throat are wet
water in stomach, but extracellular compartment not replenished
estimate of how much we have consumed

35
Q

food allows for energy storage

A

short-term storage as glycogen in muscles and liver requires insulin
long-term storage as adipose tissue

36
Q

what causes us to feel hungry vs sated?

A

insulin? NO!
blood glucose levels? NO!
multiple hypothalamic systems

37
Q

insulin

A

low blood insulin leads to hunger
high blood insulin also leads to hunger since it causes hypoglycemia

38
Q

blood glucose levels

A

people with untreated diabetes have high blood sugar levels, but are hungry

39
Q

hypothalamic systems for eating regulation

A

ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
lateral hypothalamus (LH)

40
Q

ventromedual hypothalamus (VMH)

A

damages leads to hyperphagia, then new set point
“satiety center”

41
Q

lateral hypothalamus (LH)

A

damaged leads to aphagia, then new set point
“hunger center”

42
Q

hyperphagia

A

eating more- damaged VMH= eating excessively

43
Q

aphagia

A

eating less- damaged LH=eating close to nothing

44
Q

body warns hypothalamus about nutrient surplus/deficiency

A

leptin, insulin, ghrelin, PYY (3-36)

45
Q

leptin

A

released by fat cells into blood, allow for monitoring of body energy reserves

46
Q

insulin

A

released by pancreas into blood, allow for monitoring of blood glucose levels

47
Q

ghrelin

A

released by stomach into blood while fasting, appetite stimulant

48
Q

PYY (3-36)

A

released by intestine into blood while ingesting food, appetite suppressant

49
Q

hypothalamic circuits for feeding

A

feeding hormones travel to 2 sets of neurons (POMC and NPY neurons) in arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus -> neurons either decrease or increase appetite

50
Q

NPY cells

A

ghrelin activates - do need to eat- has opposite effect compared to other 3
leptin, insulin, PYY 3-36 inhibits - don’t need to eat

51
Q

POMC neuron

A

leptin activates- signals to not eat- not directly
only chemical that effects POMC

52
Q

anorexigenic neurons

A

of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) decrease appetite and feeding

53
Q

orexigenic neurons

A

of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) increase appetite and food intake

54
Q

CLASS QUESTION
Which of these hormones is released rapidly during/after a meal?
A. Ghrelin
B. PYY 3-36
C. Leptin
D. Insulin

A

B. PYY 3-36

Behavioral Neuroscience (19 decks)

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