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Behavioral Neuroscience > How Do We Detect Light? > Flashcards

How Do We Detect Light? Flashcards

1
Q

light

A

electromagnetic radiation
electromagnetic wave that we can detect (aka photons)

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2
Q

what distinguishes the different colors of light

A

wavelength of light
red light= higher wavelength, lower frequency (moves slower)
purple/indigo light= lower wavelength, higher frequency

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3
Q

frequency

A

cycles per second (Hertz)

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4
Q

some electromagnetic radiation we cannot detect

A

UV rays, infrared, etc.

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5
Q

radio waves

A

higher wavelength, lower frequency
travels through the air, radio takes the wavelengths-> transforms them into things we can hear-> how we have a radio

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6
Q

human vision vs. dog vision

A

dogs don’t have the ability to see as many colors as we do
we only see colors based on the cones and number of cone receptor cells we have

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7
Q

dogs

A

2 cone receptor cells

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8
Q

humans

A

3 receptor cells

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9
Q

human vision vs. snail vision

A

snails see in black and white, but don’t see in the same acuity as humans
snails see within our visual spectrum, but with less acuity (shockness, clearness)

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10
Q

acuity

A

clearness

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11
Q

human vision vs. gecko vision

A

gecko’s can receive and detect spectra that humans cannot see and protect
can see into the UV light spectrum (lower wavelength, higher frequency)

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12
Q

pheromones

A

all mosquitos detect and if you get eaten, its cause you have sweet pheromones

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13
Q

human vs. snake

A

snakes can detect heat
see wavelengths (longer) than we can see, on the infrared spectrum

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14
Q

human vision vs. bird vision

A

can see shorter wavelengths (UV spectrum)
can see more bright things

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15
Q

human vision vs. mantis shrimp vision

A

12 photoreceptors that detect color vs. 3 photoreceptors in humans (3 colors)

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16
Q

physics of light

A

white light is made up of the spectrum of all the colors (ROYGBP).. put white light into a prism, (rain causes) light bends at different angles depending on wavelengths-> see a rainbow
see the separation of white light into all of those colors

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17
Q

when we see colors

A

colors are being absorbed
black= absence of wavelength (0 photons coming into my eyes)

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18
Q

packet of energy

A

photons, which are both particles and waves
energy from lights come into our eyes

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19
Q

number of photons emitted by source

A

brightness
bright white light or dim white light (it will be white either way)

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20
Q

frequency of photon waves

A

color
wavelengths determines the color

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21
Q

light -> vision

A

white light bounces off the background of the slide… wavelengths bounce off and come into our eyes

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22
Q

black and red

A

black- no wavelengths bounce off
red- only red wavelengths are being bounced off and entering eye
all other color wavelengths are being absorbed, no red wavelengths to bounce back… apple looks black

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23
Q

shine only green light onto a red apple

A

green wavelengths get absorbed, no red wavelengths to bounce back… apple looks black

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24
Q

Class Question: The frequency of light waves conveys information about ____, while the frequency of sound waves conveys information about ____
A. Color; loudness
B. Color; pitch
Wavelength or frequency of the light = color
C. Brightness; loudness
Brightness = number of photons
D. Brightness; pitch

A

B. color;pitch

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25
Q

structural features of the eye

A

cornea
retina
lens
pupil
iris

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26
Q

cornea refracts and is inverted

A

light entering the eye so that it is transferred to retina
inverted top-bottom and reversed left-right

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27
Q

lens

A

focuses image on retina by changing shape

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28
Q

pupil

A

opening in the iris

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29
Q

pupil controls

A

how much light enters
brightness
optometrist dilates pupil by blocking acetylcholine transmission in iris muscles

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30
Q

retina has

A

photoreceptors
visual processing begins in the retina

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31
Q

photoreceptor cells

A

rods and cones

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32
Q

rods

A

scotopic
1 photoreceptor, 100 million
more common in peripheral parts of retina
very high sensitivity-> respond in low light conditions, and saturated in bright light
wavelength insensitive (gray)

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33
Q

cones

A

photopic
3 photoreceptors, 4 million
more common in fovea
low sensitivity-> only active under brighter conditions
wavelength sensitive (colors)

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34
Q

fovea

A

center of the retina (more cones)

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35
Q

transduction

A

photoreceptor cells transduce light to electrical signals to chemical signals

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36
Q

transduction steps

A

light deforms rhodopsin in rods (photopsins for cones)-> releases transducin (like a G-protein)-> transducin activates PDE (phosphodiesterase)-> PDE reduces cGMP levels-> less cGMP causes Na+ channels to close-> hyperpolarization
*1 photon closes hundreds of Na+ channels and blocks 1 million Na+ ions

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37
Q

light _____ the photoreceptor cell->

A

hyper polarizes-> leading to less glutamate release

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38
Q

cones have the same general mechanisms as

A

rods
but, photopsins are deformed by specific ranges of wavelengths

39
Q

three separate opsin proteins

A

three type of cones

40
Q

color blindness

A

usually only can distinguish short wavelength from long wavelength

41
Q

retinal cells include

A

photoreceptor cells
bipolar cells
horizontal cells
amacrine cells

42
Q

photoreceptor cells

A

release glutamate onto bipolar cells

43
Q

bipolar cells

A

synapse onto ganglion cells, whose axons form the optic nerve fibers

44
Q

lateral interactions

A

horizontal cells
amacrine cells

45
Q

horizontal cells

A

contact photoreceptor and bipolar cells

46
Q

amacrine cells

A

contact bipolar and ganglion cells

47
Q

bipolar cells integrate

A

a bipolar cell receives info from multiple photoreceptors, so can monitor and integrate what they are all “seeing”

48
Q

two types of bipolar cells

A

photoreceptor cells steadily release glutamate onto bipolar cells
light causes less glutamate release
on-center vs off-center

49
Q

on-center bipolar cells

A

turning light on in the center of the field (less glutamate) excites them

50
Q

off-center bipolar cells

A

turning off light in the center of the field (more glutamate) excites them

51
Q

bipolar cells release glutamate, which always…

A

depolarizes ganglion cells

52
Q

What happens to an off-center bipolar cell when you turn off a light in the center of its field?
A. It is inhibited
B. It is excited
C. Nothing

A

B. It is excited

53
Q

ganglion cells integrate

A

a ganglion cell receives info from multiple photoreceptors (via bipolar cells), so can monitor and integrate what they are all “seeing”

54
Q

ganglion cells receptive fields

A

on/off center surround ganglion cell

55
Q

bipolar cell responses

A

changes in polarization

56
Q

ganglion cell responses

A

action potentials

57
Q

pathway to the brain

A

optic fibers pass through the retina

58
Q

blindspot or optic disc

A

where ganglion cell axons (optic nerves) cross retina to enter the brain

59
Q

ganglion cell axons-> optic chiasm

A

the optic nerves (ganglion cell axons) from each eye join at the optic chiasm

60
Q

side of chiasm

A

some axons with stay on same side (ipsilateral) and some cross (contralateral)

61
Q

visual fields

A

left and right visual fields

62
Q

binocular vision

A

in the center region of visual field

63
Q

depth perception

A

requires visual field overlap

64
Q

in the end

A

all axons carrying information about the left visual field end up on the right and vice versa

65
Q

which optic nerve fibers stay on the same side?

A

the temporal (lateral) retina views a shared part of the visual field, so those fibers stay on the same side

66
Q

which optic nerve fibers cross?

A

the nasal (medial) retina views the non-overlapping part visual field, so axons cross over

67
Q

Which retina (A or B) will detect the
orange circle?
Which side of the brain will information
about this orange circle be received?
A B

A

both retinas- orange circle is close to the middle
B- left visual field is transferred to the right

68
Q

optic fibers -> lateral geniculate nucleus

A

optic fibers (ganglion cell axons) pass through optic chiasm and synapse in lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN: part of thalamus)

69
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus layers

A

the LGN has six layers
each layer receives input from only one eye
magnocellular & parvocellular

70
Q

magnocellular layers

A

(1 and 2) receive information from rod cells
depth and motion
large receptive fields
1 from one eye, 2 from the other eye

71
Q

parvocellular layers

A

(3 to 6) receive information from cone cells
fine detail and color
small receptive fields
3 and 5- one eye, 4 and 6- other eye

72
Q

LGN-> primary visual cortex (V1)

A

LGN axons send information to the primary visual cortex (V1)

73
Q

retinotopic (location) map in V1- topographic organization

A

V1 is retinotopically organized-> neighboring cells tend to receive information from multiple nearby ganglion cells
V1 cells receptive fields are bigger than LGN fields

74
Q

V1 “simple neuron” receptive fields

A

each “simple cell” monitors a small stripe of the visual field
responds to bars and edges present in that location
orientation matters- horizontal, vertical, slanted

75
Q

V1 “complex neuron” receptive fields

A

each “complex cell” monitors a larger stripe of the visual field
responds to movement
orientation matters

76
Q

complex V1 neurons receive from

A

simple V1 cells<- LGN cells<- V1

77
Q

retinotopic maps in V1 allows for

A

detection of bars/edges and movement in spatial representation

78
Q

a second level of topographic organization

A

ocular dominance column/slab

79
Q

ocular dominance column/slab

A

vertical column of neurons in V1 that respond to one eye
adjacent column of neurons respond to other eye
same receptive field

80
Q

third level of organization

A

orientation column

81
Q

orientation column

A

vertical column of neurons that respond to rod-shaped stimuli of a particular orientation

82
Q

two pathways of higher order visual processing

A

dorsal (where) pathway & ventral (what) pathway
starts at the occipital lobe

83
Q

ventral “what” pathway

A

V1-> V2
V2-> V4
V4-> IT

84
Q

V1->V2

A

V2 combines information from multiple V1 neurons to build complex representations
textures
multiple actual features and some illusionary features
filling in gaps of shapes

85
Q

V2-> V4

A

V4 neurons respond to complex radial and concentric stimuli
wavelength (color) specific receptive fields

86
Q

V4-> IT

A

inferior temporal cortex responds to complex shapes, sensitivity to color and texture
facial recognition (fusiform face area)
prospagnosia or “face-blindness”

87
Q

IT

A

inferior temporal cortex

88
Q

What will a patient with damage to V4 be likely unable to perceive?
A. the brightness of the lights on the roller coaster
B. the color of the roller coaster
C. the motion of the roller coaster

A

B. the color of the roller coaster

89
Q

dorsal “where” pathway

A

V1-> V5
V5-> posterior parietal cortex

90
Q

V1-> V5

A

V5 neurons perceive speed and direction of moving stimulus
motion blindness

91
Q

V5

A

medial temporal lobe

92
Q

V5-> posterior parietal cortex

A

neurons tuned to spatial location of objects
planned movements, visuomotor transformation

93
Q

lesions in the posterior parietal cortex

A

hemi-spatial neglect
visual->motor is biasing one side over the other (able to engage both sides when prompted)

94
Q

What will a patient with damage to the medial temporal area (area
V5) be likely unable to perceive ?
A. the brightness of the lights on the roller coaster
B. the motion of the roller coaster
C. the color of the roller coaster

A

B. motion of the roller coaster

Behavioral Neuroscience (19 decks)

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