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Behavioral Neuroscience > Emotion > Flashcards

Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemical signal that plays an important role like feeding, sexual reproduction, emotion

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2
Q

hormones

A

chemical signals
secreted by specialized cells (ex. glands)
travel widely (often bloodstream) to act on specific receptors

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3
Q

hormones effect

A

a large variety of human behaviors

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4
Q

hormone release

A

endocrine glands
exocrine glands

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5
Q

endocrine glands

A

release hormones within the body

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6
Q

exocrine glands

A

use ducts to secrete fluids/hormones such as sweat outside the body

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7
Q

nervous system

A

contains endocrine glands- hypothalamus and pituitary gland
many parts of brain that are the target of endocrine glands and the hormones they secrete

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8
Q

endocrine communication

A

a hormone is release into the bloodstream to act on target cells/organs

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9
Q

paracrine communication

A

a released chemical diffuses to nearby target cells; no synapse involved- different from synaptic transmission

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10
Q

autocrine communication

A

a released chemical acts on the receptor that released it- negative feedback loop

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11
Q

pheromone communication

A

hormones between individuals of the same species

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12
Q

general principles of hormone action

A

hormones are released widely- effects determined by where receptors located & each organ may respond differently
hormonal signals can be slow (seconds to hours)
hormonal effects can be gradual and last up to weeks
hormone levels cycle over day, month, lifetime…

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13
Q

hormones modulate behavior

A

don’t usually initiate/terminate behaviors
behavior can alter hormone release

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14
Q

similarities between hormones and neurotransmitters

A

both systems synthesize, store and release chemical signals
both use specific receptors, often with intracellular biochemical pathways
both systems can affect behavior

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15
Q

differences between hormones and neurotransmitters

A

NTs travel to precise destinations (because neurons are connected via synapses)
hormones spread throughout body, but only act on cells with correct receptor
neural messages are rapid, and hormonal messages are slower and can last longer

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16
Q

some chemicals can be BOTH

A

hormones and neurotransmitters
norepinephrine- arousal, cognitive function and can act as a stress hormone

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17
Q

neuroendocrine cells pathway

A

located in hypothalamus
are neurons that receive neurotransmitters from previous cells-> EPSP or IPSP-> action potential-> travels down axon-> release hormone directly into blood

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18
Q

neuroendocrine cell function

A

primary way nervous system can influence the endocrine system- what hormones and what responses

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19
Q

hormones bind to

A

metabotropic or nuclear receptors

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20
Q

peptide & amine hormones

A

specific metabotropic receptors
cAMP, IP3, DAG
gets released into blood and travels- seconds to minutes to take effect

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21
Q

steroid & neurosteroid hormones

A

nuclear receptors
bind transcription factor to increase gene expression of proteins and molecules
can take longer, hours to days

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22
Q

hypothalamus and pituitary gland pathway

A

hypothalamus: neuroendocrine cells secrete releasing hormones -> pituitary gland: secrete tropic hormones-> endocrine glands: secretes hormones targeting specific cells/organ

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23
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland
anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary

24
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus neurons release peptide hormones into bloodstream of the posterior pituitary gland-> peptide hormones spread throughout the body
oxytocin, vasopressin

25
Q

oxytocin

A

social bond formation (parents/offspring, sexual partners)
reproductive physiology, uterine contractions, and lactation

26
Q

vasopressin

A

thirst/water regulation
increases blood pressure and inhibits urine formation

27
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

hypothalamic neurons release “releasing hormones” into median eminence blood vessels-> called the hypophyseal portal system
releasing hormones are carried to the anterior pituitary -> releases tropic hormones-> tropic hormones spread throughout the body

28
Q

HPA axis

A

hypothalamus- pituitary gland- adrenal cortex

29
Q

adrenal cortex secretes

A

steroids, including glucocorticoids

30
Q

cortisol

A

a glucocorticoid hormone that prepares the body to deal with stress
increases blood glucose
promotes metabolism
suppresses inflammation

31
Q

negative feedback loops- regulation/inhibition

A

detect, evaluate and regulate hormone levels and biological effects
hormone is steadily released, and once enough release the negative feedback signal gets sent
multiple levels of hormone release, multiple levels of negative feedback

32
Q

what do emotions do?

A

subjective mental state
verbal & non-verbal communication
help us deal with a wide variety of situations
facilitate social contact and learning

33
Q

subjective mental state

A

feelings
involuntary physiological changes caused by autonomic NS

34
Q

verbal communication

A

words, tone of voice

35
Q

non-verbal communication

A

body language, facial expressions

36
Q

universal facial expressions of emotion

A

facial expressions provide emphasis and context for verbal communication
-> mostly for an audience- for communication with others

37
Q

human emotions- biological and cultural influences

A

agreement about meaning of most facial expressions
non-literate groups had trouble with disgust and surprise

38
Q

range of human emotions

A

core set of emotions
degrees of intensity

39
Q

individual variability

A

emotional reactivity
high reactive child
low reactive child

40
Q

emotional reactivity

A

measured in infants (heart rate, blood pressure, tears)
40% low, 20% high
similar responses throughout life

41
Q

high reactive child

A

shy, risk averse, exaggerated amygdala responses, greater risk for anxiety disorders

42
Q

low reactive child

A

outgoing, fearless

43
Q

what drives emotional responses?

A

physiology drives feelings
feelings drive physiology
cognitive analysis drives emotional responses

44
Q

physiology drives feelings

A

botox- experience the world with less emotion
cannot physically move their face as much- no longer experience intensity of the emotion

45
Q

feelings drive physiology

A

thinking about something happy/sad can make you feel that way

46
Q

cognitive analysis drives emotional responses

A

epinephrine studies
body is reacting and we don’t know why- analyze what is going on to see what is causing the feeling

47
Q

circuit 1: medial forebrain bundle

A

electrical stimulation studies - brain self-stimulation (reinforcing or aversive)
positive emotion elicited by stimulating medial forebrain bundle -> ventral tegmental area releases dopamine into nucleus accumbens
-> drugs of abuse

48
Q

circuit 2: limbic system

A

negative emotion elicited by stimulating limbic system
amygdala
Kluver-Bucy syndrome

49
Q

amygdala

A

anxiety, stress, fear
lesions to this brain region may eliminate these emotions

50
Q

patient S.M.

A

developed fearlessness in childhood
outgoing, but few good friends
confronts risk
low sympathetic NS responses

51
Q

calcium deposits in patient S.M.’s amygdala

A

strong panicky fear in response to physiological challenge
external threats detected by amygdala
internal threats detected by brainstem

52
Q

how does the amygdala detect external threats?

A

low road
high road

53
Q

high road

A

allows for higher level cognitive processing
PFC allows for observational fear and learning- negative emotions
sensory info-> thalamus-> routed to appropriate primary cortex-> hippocampus or amygdala-> learning of that experience

54
Q

low road

A

allows for immediate responses

55
Q

brain regions for other emotions

A

there are no other individual brain regions for other emotions like the amygdala for fear, more like a network of brain regions

Behavioral Neuroscience (19 decks)

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