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Behavioral Neuroscience > Attention and Cognition > Flashcards

Attention and Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

arousal

A

overall alertness

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2
Q

attention (selective attention)

A

is the process of selecting/focusing on one or more specific stimuli
sensory input or internal thought
overt vs. covert attention
cocktail party effect

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3
Q

cocktail party effect

A

focuses cognitive processing resources
filter out distracters
enhance processing & analysis
enhance sounds with a pitch similar to the person talking to you

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4
Q

attention is limited

A

focused selective attention on players dressed in white and ball
filter out distracters
enhance processing & analysis

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5
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failure to perceive non-attended stimuli

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6
Q

overt vs. covert attention

A

overt- physically directing attention
covert- peripheral vision, eavesdropping
overlapping brain circuitry

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7
Q

divided-attention tasks

A

attentional spotlight sifts around trying to extract the multiple important pieces of information

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8
Q

early-selection model

A

level of sensory input/processing
filters out unimportant (non-attended) sensory stimuli BEFORE perceptual analysis
deciding ahead before it gets far into brain processing

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9
Q

late-selection model

A

level of higher cognitive processing
filters out unimportant (non-attended) sensory stimuli AFTER perceptual analysis

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10
Q

perceptual load

A

combination of early and late selection

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11
Q

complex vs simple stimulus

A

complex stimulus will lead to early selection
simple stimulus will lead to late selection

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12
Q

What type of filtering may be occurring if you are in a loud room
talking to your friend, and then you hear someone behind you call
your name?
A. Early selection model
B. Late selection model

A

B. Late selection model

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13
Q

What type of filtering may be occurring if you are in a crowded room
looking for your friend in a pink shirt, and you walk right past your
mom without recognizing her?
A. Early selection model
B. Late selection model

A

A. Early selection model

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14
Q

voluntary attention

A

consciously- or endogenously-controlled attention
top-down process

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15
Q

consciously- or endogenously-controlled attention

A

attention shift comes from within
allows for slower, longer-lasting, accurate attention

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16
Q

top-down process

A

higher order processing controls lower order sensory processing - cortical region controls subcortical regions and sensory processing

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17
Q

reflexive attention

A

exogenously-controlled attention
bottom-up process

18
Q

exogenously-controlled attention

A

involuntary reorientation towards sudden or important event
allows for very fast reaction time, but very brief (if irrelevant)

19
Q

bottom-up process

A

sensory inputs trigger higher order processing
stimulus causes you to move your eyes to the stimulus (where the brain tells you the sound or stimulus is coming from)

20
Q

subcortical areas involved in attention

A

pulvinar
superior colliculus
take control in bottom processing- receive info in top-down processing

21
Q

pulvinar

A

thalamus
shifting of attention
sensory information first goes here
isolates relevant information by filtering out distractors (mainly covert attention, some overt) - not directly paying attention to
mainly top-down processes

22
Q

superior colliculus

A

implements planned eye movements
mainly overt attention, though some role in covert attention, though same role in covert attention
also involved in reflexive attention
top-down and bottom-up processes

23
Q

cortical areas involved in voluntary attention

A

dorsal frontoparietal network
intraparietal sulcus/superior parietal lobule (IPS/SPL)
frontal eye field (FEF)
needs to be a lot of communication

24
Q

intraparietal sulcus/superior parietal lobule (IPS/SPL)

A

controls voluntary shifts of attention
eye movement planning

25
Q

frontal eye field (FEF)

A

premotor cortex
established gaze in accordance with cognitive goals (top-down processes)
establish where looking/where paying attention to- so that can carry out goal

26
Q

cortical areas involved in reflexive attention

A

right temporoparietal network
temporoparietal junction (TPJ)

27
Q

temporoparietal junction (TPJ)

A

establishes gaze in accordance with characteristics of stimuli (bottom-up)
shift happens after unexpected event

28
Q

voluntary and reflexive attention are complementary

A

can switch between the two
peak attention in the beginning- reflexive
takes a long time to happen but will stay for a long time- voluntary

29
Q

does attention change individual neuronal function?

A

fired a lot of action potentials when the neuron looks at the red dot
what the monkey is paying attention to can change an individual neurons activity

30
Q

higher cognition

A

the thing that makes us humans
sense of self awareness- consciousness
ability to make complex decisions- planning and strategy, consideration of complex environment

31
Q

consciousness

A

awareness of self
not one clear definition of consciousness- variety of aspects of consciousness

32
Q

claustrum

A

seat of consciousness
reciprocal connections to almost all cortical areas
stimulate it with strong pulse and lose conscious awareness

33
Q

claustrum discovery

A

studied brains while unconscious
during surgery when conscious when claustrum was touched, patient went unconscious

34
Q

cognitively impenetrable

A

neural processing that can’t be simplified

35
Q

easy problems

A

objective conscious experiences

36
Q

hard problems

A

subjective conscious experiences
decision-making and free will (executive function)
ex. what the flavor sweet is

37
Q

decision-making

A

although may not be aware of planning to pick up a water without thinking about it, the brain has a plan involving the premotor cortex - might not think about it, brain has made the decision and you are not conscious of the decision

38
Q

executive function

A

thoughts, feelings, choices
direct attention to important stimulus/task
formulate plan of action
prefrontal cortex

39
Q

prefrontal cortex divisions

A

orbitofrontal PFC
dorsolateral PFC

40
Q

orbitofrontal PFC

A

goal-directed behaviors, signaling expected outcomes (green)

41
Q

dorsolateral PFC

A

judgement, planning, insight, working memory (blue)
weighing pros and cons

Behavioral Neuroscience (19 decks)

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