strategies of spoken discoure

Question 1

topic management

Answer 1

how we initiate, change, develop, maintain topics

Question 2

turn taking

Answer 2

interlocutors need to respect cultural rules and social norms in a conversation. in formal situations there are strict rules about turn taking, there’s explicit signals to indicate whos turn it is to speak

Question 3

taking the floor

Answer 3

signal that we want to take the floor with a discourse particle ‘well’ ‘now’, may also interrupt overlap speech

Question 4

holding the floor

Answer 4

continuing intonation indicating a sentence or thought is not finished. using conjunctions. filled pauses when thinking. temporal markers ‘ firstly… secondly…’

Question 5

passing the floor

Answer 5

formulaic phrases. floor sharing is generally questions and answers

Question 6

minimal response

Answer 6

shows the person speaking you want them to continue to hold the floor ‘ mmm ‘ ‘oh’ ‘ok’ ‘right’. also laughter, echoing, and body language

Question 7

coherence

Answer 7

text that is logical and can be easily understood. ideas are related to each other.

Question 8

coherence list

Answer 8

cohesion
inference
logical ordering
formatting
consistency ad conventions

Question 9

cohesion

Answer 9

glue that holds a piece of writing together. establishes connections on different structural levels.

Question 10

inference

Answer 10

a conclusion that has been reached based on evidence and reasoning often linking to the setting, context, field, register, function, mode. requires knowing and understanding what is left out.

Question 11

logical ordering

Answer 11

visually and textually structured in a way that makes sense. how texts are set out. eg. TEEL in paragraphs.

Question 12

formatting

Answer 12

headings and subheadings, typography, bullet points, images/graphs/charts

Question 13

consistency and conventions

Answer 13

can be achieved through lexical choice in the same semantic field. eg. slice, bake, stir. and dominant sentence types. eg. imperative - fold in the mixture

Question 14

cohesion list

Answer 14

lexical choice
information flow
anaphoric reference
cataphoric
deictic
repetition
ellipses
substitution

Question 15

lexical choice

Answer 15

synonymy and antonymy - used to vary the language used in a text
hyponymy - hypernym = cutlery, hyponym = fork
collocation - words that are associated within phrases, likely to appear near each other, eg. bite to eat, car park

Question 16

information flow

Answer 16

clefting - unmarked: the cat stole the fish from the fridge
it-cleft: it was the fish that the cat stole from the fridge
pseudo-cleft: what was stolen from the fridge by the cat was the fish
front focus - to all of us he seemed to be acting suspiciously
end focus - my cat dropped a mouse on the doorstep this morning, dead!

Question 17

anaphoric reference

Answer 17

substitution that occurs in texts. when something has been introduced in the text, its possible to refer back to it using substitution. initial phrase is referent, replacement is anaphor. avoid unnecessary repetition

Question 18

cataphoric reference

Answer 18

substitution like anaphoric reference but substitution is used before

Question 19

deictics

Answer 19

substitution with contextual information. not mentioned in the text. wheres the book? over thered (points) spoken informal language

Question 20

repetition

Answer 20

helps reinforce or maintain a topic

Question 21

substitution

Answer 21

ya know

Question 22

conjunctions and adverbials

Answer 22

additives - furthermore, and, also, by the way
contrastive - yet, but, nor, either, or
cause and effects - therefore, thus, so, as a result
sequences and timing - after, meanwhile, finally,previously