strategies of spoken discoure Flashcards
topic management
how we initiate, change, develop, maintain topics
turn taking
interlocutors need to respect cultural rules and social norms in a conversation. in formal situations there are strict rules about turn taking, there’s explicit signals to indicate whos turn it is to speak
taking the floor
signal that we want to take the floor with a discourse particle ‘well’ ‘now’, may also interrupt overlap speech
holding the floor
continuing intonation indicating a sentence or thought is not finished. using conjunctions. filled pauses when thinking. temporal markers ‘ firstly… secondly…’
passing the floor
formulaic phrases. floor sharing is generally questions and answers
minimal response
shows the person speaking you want them to continue to hold the floor ‘ mmm ‘ ‘oh’ ‘ok’ ‘right’. also laughter, echoing, and body language
coherence
text that is logical and can be easily understood. ideas are related to each other.
coherence list
cohesion
inference
logical ordering
formatting
consistency ad conventions
cohesion
glue that holds a piece of writing together. establishes connections on different structural levels.
inference
a conclusion that has been reached based on evidence and reasoning often linking to the setting, context, field, register, function, mode. requires knowing and understanding what is left out.
logical ordering
visually and textually structured in a way that makes sense. how texts are set out. eg. TEEL in paragraphs.
formatting
headings and subheadings, typography, bullet points, images/graphs/charts
consistency and conventions
can be achieved through lexical choice in the same semantic field. eg. slice, bake, stir. and dominant sentence types. eg. imperative - fold in the mixture
cohesion list
lexical choice
information flow
anaphoric reference
cataphoric
deictic
repetition
ellipses
substitution
lexical choice
synonymy and antonymy - used to vary the language used in a text
hyponymy - hypernym = cutlery, hyponym = fork
collocation - words that are associated within phrases, likely to appear near each other, eg. bite to eat, car park
information flow
clefting - unmarked: the cat stole the fish from the fridge
it-cleft: it was the fish that the cat stole from the fridge
pseudo-cleft: what was stolen from the fridge by the cat was the fish
front focus - to all of us he seemed to be acting suspiciously
end focus - my cat dropped a mouse on the doorstep this morning, dead!
anaphoric reference
substitution that occurs in texts. when something has been introduced in the text, its possible to refer back to it using substitution. initial phrase is referent, replacement is anaphor. avoid unnecessary repetition
cataphoric reference
substitution like anaphoric reference but substitution is used before
deictics
substitution with contextual information. not mentioned in the text. wheres the book? over thered (points) spoken informal language
repetition
helps reinforce or maintain a topic
substitution
ya know
conjunctions and adverbials
additives - furthermore, and, also, by the way
contrastive - yet, but, nor, either, or
cause and effects - therefore, thus, so, as a result
sequences and timing - after, meanwhile, finally,previously
