other metalanguage

Question 1

behaviorism

Answer 1

nurture

Question 2

innatism

Answer 2

nature

Question 3

interactionism

Answer 3

both nature and nurture. the correct one

Question 4

prescriptivism

Answer 4

the view that there is right and correct use of language, there are rules. they believe one language variety to be better than others. believing standard is right and nonstandard is wrong

Question 5

descriptivism

Answer 5

not concerned with what must be, and more concerned with what is. standard and nonstandard only describes its use not whether a language variety is good or bad. believe all language varieties have merit.

Question 6

standardisation

Answer 6

the process by which a variety of language is established as the proper variety. used by the class with the most prestige and power in a society.

Question 7

codified

Answer 7

to become standard a variety must be codified. rules and conventions need to be organised in a systematic way and written down

Question 8

pidgin

Answer 8

type of language that evolves out of cross-cultural contact. arise from any situation where speakers have no common language and need to communicate. often has a dominant language thayt contributes to the vocabulary while the other language or languages have a greater influence on the syntax.
- not a first language
- reduced vocab
- highly unstable
- limited to contexts
- short-lived

Question 9

creole

Answer 9

over time when a pidgin language becomes the main means of communication it becomes a creole. occurs when pidgin language increases vocabulary and grammar and becomes complex and standardised.

Question 10

aboriginal english

Answer 10

collective term that describes the range of english varieties spoken by indigenous australians. strong mark of identity.

Question 11

standard vs nonstandard english

Answer 11

standard english is codified english. nonstandard is more common in daily communication and doesnt follow as strict rules, informal

Question 12

slang

Answer 12

informal nonstandard speech, specific to a language or dialect. is exclusive. mostly to form in group membership and exclude

Question 13

jargon

Answer 13

particular to a trade, occupation, hobby, or group. highly specific to context. exclusive. jargon is mostly for efficiency. also for obfuscating. relies on knowledge and expertise.

Question 14

colloquial language/ colloquialisms

Answer 14

informal language that demonstrates relaxed casual tone.
colloquialisms are more permanent than slang and more widely understood.

Question 15

taboo language

Answer 15

deliberately offensive, controversial or insensitive. shouldnt be used in public context.
profanity - offensive to particular religious group
obscenity - offends the morality of the time
expletive - swear word
slur - offensive insulting word to a particular group
epithet - words that describe a person with negative connotations

Question 16

positive face needs

Answer 16

need to be liked, respected, and treated as a member of a group. any language behaviour that bulds rapport, signals approval, encourages solidarity, intimacy, equality, or inclusiveness.

Question 17

negative face needs

Answer 17

need to speak or act without imposing on others. language/behavior that demonstrates respect, or minimizes impositions. avoidance of behaviors such as giving orders, lateness, making demands, providing criticism. using hedges to soften the force. politeness markers like please and thank you.

Question 18

rhetoric

Answer 18

language used when the intent to be strongly persuasive.
ethos - appeal to audience ethical repsonsibility
pathos - appeal to audiences empathy
logos - appeal audience logic and reasoning

Question 19

public language

Answer 19

politics

media

law

bureaucracy

Question 20

double speak

Answer 20

euphemistic, ambiguous, indirect language to deliberately mislead, confuse, or obscure meaning.

Question 21

political correctness

Answer 21

language designed to reduce or avoid potential offence or exclusion.
- be careful addressing individuals and groups in ways that include all rather than only a specific demographic.
- avoid gender exclusion in titles
- avoid derogatory expressions
- avoid discriminatory language

Question 22

overt norms

Answer 22

linguistic practices that are widely accepted as prestigious within society. codified standard english, creating identity associated with high socioeconomic status. language allows them to present as well educated and from upper classes, employed with respected occupation.

Question 23

covert norms

Answer 23

linguistic practices that are not given prestige by the wider community, but, within particular social groups are more valuable than overt norms, because of their ability to include and exclude. covert norms are rarely codified and are associated with nonstandard english. construct identity and reinforce group membership.

Question 24

language varieties

Answer 24

or dialects. geographical varieties, cultural varieties. how people speak different versions of the same language based on social or geographical factors.

Question 25

ethnolects

Answer 25

language variety associated with a specific ethnic group

Question 26

sociolects

Answer 26

language variety associated with specific social roles or groups. social class, interests, age, gender, occupation

Question 27

idiolects

Answer 27

personal linguistic speech habits. product of our identity, influenced by various personal, cultural, and social factors. eg. gender, age, economic status, nationality, personality, aspirations,

Question 28

social purposes

Answer 28

informal
- encourage intimacy
- encourage solidarity
- encourage equality
- maintain/challenging positive/negative face needs
- support in group membership

formal
- maintain/challenging positive/negative face needs
- reinforce social distance/authority
- promoting social harmony
- building rapport
- clarifying, obfuscating, manipulating

Question 29

functions

Answer 29

• expressing ideas, emotions, attitudes
• ritual
• inform
• build rapport
• persuade
• entertain
• instruct