other metalanguage Flashcards
behaviorism
nurture
innatism
nature
interactionism
both nature and nurture. the correct one
prescriptivism
the view that there is right and correct use of language, there are rules. they believe one language variety to be better than others. believing standard is right and nonstandard is wrong
descriptivism
not concerned with what must be, and more concerned with what is. standard and nonstandard only describes its use not whether a language variety is good or bad. believe all language varieties have merit.
standardisation
the process by which a variety of language is established as the proper variety. used by the class with the most prestige and power in a society.
codified
to become standard a variety must be codified. rules and conventions need to be organised in a systematic way and written down
pidgin
type of language that evolves out of cross-cultural contact. arise from any situation where speakers have no common language and need to communicate. often has a dominant language thayt contributes to the vocabulary while the other language or languages have a greater influence on the syntax.
- not a first language
- reduced vocab
- highly unstable
- limited to contexts
- short-lived
creole
over time when a pidgin language becomes the main means of communication it becomes a creole. occurs when pidgin language increases vocabulary and grammar and becomes complex and standardised.
aboriginal english
collective term that describes the range of english varieties spoken by indigenous australians. strong mark of identity.
standard vs nonstandard english
standard english is codified english. nonstandard is more common in daily communication and doesnt follow as strict rules, informal
slang
informal nonstandard speech, specific to a language or dialect. is exclusive. mostly to form in group membership and exclude
jargon
particular to a trade, occupation, hobby, or group. highly specific to context. exclusive. jargon is mostly for efficiency. also for obfuscating. relies on knowledge and expertise.
colloquial language/ colloquialisms
informal language that demonstrates relaxed casual tone.
colloquialisms are more permanent than slang and more widely understood.
taboo language
deliberately offensive, controversial or insensitive. shouldnt be used in public context.
profanity - offensive to particular religious group
obscenity - offends the morality of the time
expletive - swear word
slur - offensive insulting word to a particular group
epithet - words that describe a person with negative connotations
positive face needs
need to be liked, respected, and treated as a member of a group. any language behaviour that bulds rapport, signals approval, encourages solidarity, intimacy, equality, or inclusiveness.
negative face needs
need to speak or act without imposing on others. language/behavior that demonstrates respect, or minimizes impositions. avoidance of behaviors such as giving orders, lateness, making demands, providing criticism. using hedges to soften the force. politeness markers like please and thank you.
rhetoric
language used when the intent to be strongly persuasive.
ethos - appeal to audience ethical repsonsibility
pathos - appeal to audiences empathy
logos - appeal audience logic and reasoning
public language
politics
media
law
bureaucracy
double speak
euphemistic, ambiguous, indirect language to deliberately mislead, confuse, or obscure meaning.
political correctness
language designed to reduce or avoid potential offence or exclusion.
- be careful addressing individuals and groups in ways that include all rather than only a specific demographic.
- avoid gender exclusion in titles
- avoid derogatory expressions
- avoid discriminatory language
overt norms
linguistic practices that are widely accepted as prestigious within society. codified standard english, creating identity associated with high socioeconomic status. language allows them to present as well educated and from upper classes, employed with respected occupation.
covert norms
linguistic practices that are not given prestige by the wider community, but, within particular social groups are more valuable than overt norms, because of their ability to include and exclude. covert norms are rarely codified and are associated with nonstandard english. construct identity and reinforce group membership.
language varieties
or dialects. geographical varieties, cultural varieties. how people speak different versions of the same language based on social or geographical factors.
ethnolects
language variety associated with a specific ethnic group
sociolects
language variety associated with specific social roles or groups. social class, interests, age, gender, occupation
idiolects
personal linguistic speech habits. product of our identity, influenced by various personal, cultural, and social factors. eg. gender, age, economic status, nationality, personality, aspirations,
social purposes
informal
- encourage intimacy
- encourage solidarity
- encourage equality
- maintain/challenging positive/negative face needs
- support in group membership
formal
- maintain/challenging positive/negative face needs
- reinforce social distance/authority
- promoting social harmony
- building rapport
- clarifying, obfuscating, manipulating
functions
- expressing ideas, emotions, attitudes
- ritual
- inform
- build rapport
- persuade
- entertain
- instruct
