Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Flashcards
1
Q
India and China combined have
A
> 70% of World’s livestock population
2
Q
Animal husbandry is
A
As much science as it is art
3
Q
Extended, animal husbandry includes
A
Poultry farming and fisheries
4
Q
Fisheries include
A
Rearing, catching, selling of fish, molluscs (shell fish) and crustaceans (prawns, crabs)
5
Q
Contribution to world farm produce of India + China
A
25% - productivity per unit is very low
6
Q
Milk yield is primarily dependent on
A
Quality of breeds
7
Q
Poultry includes
A
Domesticated fowl used for food and eggs like chicken, ducks, turkey and geese
8
Q
Inbreeding
A
Mating of closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations
9
Q
Superior female (cattle)
A
The one which gives more milk per lactation
10
Q
Superior male (cattle)
A
The one which gives superior progeny
11
Q
Inbreeding exposes
A
Harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection
12
Q
Inbreeding helps in
A
Accumulation of superior genes and elimination of less desirable genes
13
Q
In inbreeding, there is selection at
A
Each and every step
14
Q
Continued close inbreeding
A
Decreases fertility and productivity (inbreeding depression)
15
Q
Best method to overcome inbreeding depression
A
Out-crossing
16
Q
Out-crossing
A
Mating of unrelated superior animals of the same breed having no common ancestor for 4-6 generations
17
Q
Out-breeding includes
A
Out-crossing, cross-breeding, Interspecific hybridization
18
Q
Cross breeding
A
Superior males of 1 breed + superior females of another breed
19
Q
Hybrid progeny may
A
May be used directly or may undergo inbreeding and selection to produce stable breeds
20
Q
Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams
A
Hisardale (Cross breeding)
21
Q
Interspecific-hybridization
A
Male and female animals of 2 different related species are mated (Mule)
22
Q
Controlled breeding experiments are carried out using
A
Artificial insemination
23
Q
Mostly, success rate of artificial insemination in cattle is
A
Fairly low
24
Q
MOET
A
Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer
25
In MOET, the cow is administered hormones with
FSH like activity to induce follicular maturation and super ovulation
26
In MOET, number of eggs produced by cow per cycle
6-8 eggs
27
In MOET, eggs are fertilised by
Elite bull or artificial insemination
28
Fertilized eggs in MOET are recovered at
8-32 celled stage, non surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers
29
MOET technology has been demonstrated for
Cattle, sheep, rabbits, buffaloes, mares
30
High quality meat is
Lean meat with less lipid content
31
Bee-keeping is AKA
Apiculture
32
Beeswax uses
Cosmetics, polishes
33
Most common honeybee species
Apis indica
34
Bee keeping
Is NOT labour intensive
35
Bee keeping, though easy requires some
Specialized knowledge
36
Crops pollinated by bees
Sunflower, Brassica, apple, pear
37
Important points for successful bee keeping
Nature and habits of bees, location of beehives, management during different seasons, collection of honey and beeswax
38
Freshwater fishes (edible)
Catla, Rohu, common carp
39
Marine fishes (edible)
Hilsa, Sardines, Mackerel, Pomfrets
40
Increase in production of aquatic plants and animals is achieved through
Aquaculture and pisciculture
41
Difference between aquaculture and pisciculture
Pisciculture involves only rearing of fish whereas aquaculture involves rearing of fish as well as other aquatic organisms such as prawn, oyster, etc.
42
Green revolution was largely dependent on
Plant breeding techniques for developing high yielding and disease resistant varieties
43
Recorded evidence of plant breeding dates back to
9000-11000 years ago
44
Many present day crops are a result of
Domestication in ancient times
45
Classical plant breeding involves
Hybridization of pure lines followed by artificial selection
46
Aims of plant breeding
Increased crop yield, improved quality, increased tolerance to environmental stresses (salinity, drought, temperature), resistance to pathogens, increased tolerance to insect pests
47
Main steps in plant breeding are
Collection of variability, Evaluation and selection of parents, Cross hybridization among selected parents, Selection and testing of superior recombinants, Testing, release and commercialization of new cultivars
48
Root of any breeding programme
Genetic variability
49
Germplasm collection is
Entire collection (plants/seeds) having all diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop
50
Frequency of obtaining a desired combination by hybridization
One in a few hundred to thousand (very low frequency)
51
The step crucial to the success of the breeding programme
Selection and testing of recombinants
52
Superior progeny obtained are
Self pollinated for several generations till homozygosity is reached, so that characters will not segregate in the progeny
53
Testing of new cultivars is done in research fields under
Ideal fertilizer application, irrigation and other crop management practices
54
After evaluation of new cultivars in research fields, further testing of the cultivars is done in
Farmer's fields for at least 3 GROWING SEASONS at SEVERAL LOCATIONS representing several agroclimatic zones
55
The new cultivar is evaluated in comparison to
Best available local cultivar which serves as check/reference cultivar
56
Agriculture accounts for
33% of India's GDP
57
Agriculture employs nearly
62% of the population in India
58
Several high yielding varieties of wheat and rice were developed in
Mid - 1960s (Green revolution)
59
Sonalika
Wheat variety, 1967, code HD1553
60
Garden pea variety code
P 1542
61
From 1960 to 2000, wheat production increased from
11 million tonnes to 75 million tonnes
62
From 1960 to 2000, rice production increased from
35 million tonnes to 89.5 million tonnes
63
Who developed semi-dwarf wheat varieties
Norman E. Borlaug at International Center for Wheat and Maize Improvement in Mexico
64
Sonalika and Kalyan Sona were introduced in
1963
65
Semi dwarf varieties of rice were derived from
IR-8 developed at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines) and Taichung Native - 1 from taiwan
66
Rice derivatives were introduced in
1966
67
Better yielding semi dwarf rice varieties are
Jaya, Ratna, developed in India
68
Sugarcane grown in north India
Saccharum barberi (Poor sugar content and yield)
69
South Indian sugarcane
Saccharum officinarum
70
Hybrid millet varieties are resistant to
Water stress
71
Crop losses due to pathogens
20-30% or sometimes total
72
Fungal diseases
Brown rust of wheat, red rot of sugarcane, late blight of potato, white rust
73
Bacterial diseases
Black rot of crucifers
74
Viral diseases
Tobacco mosaic virus, turnip mosaic virus
75
Breeding methods
Conventional breeding, mutation breeding
76
Wheat
Himgiri - Leaf and stripe rust, Hill bunt
77
Brassica
Pusa swarnim (karan rai) - White rust
78
Cauliflower
Pusa shubhra, Pusa snowball K-1 - Black rot, curl blight black rot
79
Cowpea
Pusa komal - Bacterial blight
80
Chilli
Pusa sadabahar - Chilly mosaic virus, Tobacco mosaic virus, Leaf curl
81
Mung bean
Mutation breeding - Yellow mosaic virus, powdery mildew
82
Bhindi
Parbhani kranti - Abelmoschus + Wild - Yellow mosaic virus
83
Transfer of resistance genes is achieved by
Sexual hybridization
84
Resistance of maize to stem borers
High aspartic acid, low nitrogen, low sugar content
85
Resistance to pests due to hairy leaves
Jassids in cotton, cereal leaf beetle in wheat
86
Resistance of wheat towards insect pests
Solid stems - stem sawfly
87
Resistance of cotton towards insect pests
Smooth leaves, no nectar - bollworms
88
Rapeseed mustard (brassica)
Pusa Gaurav - Aphids
89
Flat bean
Pusa sem-2, pusa sem-3 - Jassids, aphids, fruit borer
90
Okra (bhindi)
Pusa sawani, Pusa A-4 - Shoot and fruit borer
91
Number of people who do not have enough food to meet daily nutritional requirement
840 million
92
Number of people suffering from micronutrient, protein, vitamin deficiencies or hidden hunger
3 billion
93
Important micronutrients whose deficiency may result in diseases and reduced life span and mental abilities
Iron, Vitamin-A, Iodine, Zinc
94
Objectives of breeding for improved nutrition
Protein content and quality, Oil content and quality, Vitamin content, Micronutrient and mineral content
95
In 2000, maize hybrids had 2 times what compared to existing crops
Amino acids lysine and tryptophan
96
Atlas-66
Wheat variety having high protein content - Used as a donor for improving cultivated wheat
97
Iron fortified rice has
Over 5 times the iron content in commonly consumed varieties
98
Institute that has released vitamin and mineral enriched crops
Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)
99
Vitamin A enriched crops
Carrots, spinach, pumpkin
100
Vitamin C enriched crops
Bitter-gourd, bathua, mustard, tomato
101
Iron and calcium enriched crops
Spinach, bathua
102
Protein enriched crops
Broad beans, lablab beans, french beans, garden peas
103
To produce 1 Kg of meat by animal farming, it takes
3-10 Kg of grain
104
Percentage of human population suffering from hunger and malnutrition
>25%
105
SCP
Single Cell Protein
106
Spirulina can grow in waste water and sewage - True/false
True - it can grow in waste water, straw, molasses, starch, animal manure, sewage
107
Spirulina is rich in
Proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, fats, vitamins
108
Organism which is capable of producing 25 tonnes of protein
Methylophilus methylotrophus - high rate of biomass production and growth
109
Microscopic fungi cannot become a source of food - true/false
false - they may become an acceptable source of food
110
Capacity to generate whole plant from any cell (explant)
Totipotency
111
Tissue culture nutrient medium should provide
Carbon source, inorganic salts, vitamins, amino acids, PGRs like auxins, gibberelins, etc.
112
Producing thousands of plants through tissue culture is called
Micro-propagation
113
Each of the micro-propagated plants are
Genetically identical to each other and to the parent i.e. they are somaclones
114
Plants produced commercially using micro-propagation
Tomato, banana, apple,etc.
115
Part of plant that is free from virus in an infected plant
Meristematic tissue (apical + axillary)
116
Plants successfully grown from cultured meristems
Banana, sugarcane, potato
117
Creation of pomato was achieved through
Somatic hybridization
118
Pomato is commercially successful - true/false
false - it did not have all the desired combinations of characteristics for its commercial utilization
