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Biology > Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production > Flashcards

Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Flashcards

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1
Q

India and China combined have

A

> 70% of World’s livestock population

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2
Q

Animal husbandry is

A

As much science as it is art

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3
Q

Extended, animal husbandry includes

A

Poultry farming and fisheries

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4
Q

Fisheries include

A

Rearing, catching, selling of fish, molluscs (shell fish) and crustaceans (prawns, crabs)

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5
Q

Contribution to world farm produce of India + China

A

25% - productivity per unit is very low

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6
Q

Milk yield is primarily dependent on

A

Quality of breeds

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7
Q

Poultry includes

A

Domesticated fowl used for food and eggs like chicken, ducks, turkey and geese

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8
Q

Inbreeding

A

Mating of closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations

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9
Q

Superior female (cattle)

A

The one which gives more milk per lactation

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10
Q

Superior male (cattle)

A

The one which gives superior progeny

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11
Q

Inbreeding exposes

A

Harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection

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12
Q

Inbreeding helps in

A

Accumulation of superior genes and elimination of less desirable genes

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13
Q

In inbreeding, there is selection at

A

Each and every step

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14
Q

Continued close inbreeding

A

Decreases fertility and productivity (inbreeding depression)

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15
Q

Best method to overcome inbreeding depression

A

Out-crossing

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16
Q

Out-crossing

A

Mating of unrelated superior animals of the same breed having no common ancestor for 4-6 generations

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17
Q

Out-breeding includes

A

Out-crossing, cross-breeding, Interspecific hybridization

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18
Q

Cross breeding

A

Superior males of 1 breed + superior females of another breed

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19
Q

Hybrid progeny may

A

May be used directly or may undergo inbreeding and selection to produce stable breeds

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20
Q

Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams

A

Hisardale (Cross breeding)

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21
Q

Interspecific-hybridization

A

Male and female animals of 2 different related species are mated (Mule)

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22
Q

Controlled breeding experiments are carried out using

A

Artificial insemination

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23
Q

Mostly, success rate of artificial insemination in cattle is

A

Fairly low

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24
Q

MOET

A

Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer

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25
Q

In MOET, the cow is administered hormones with

A

FSH like activity to induce follicular maturation and super ovulation

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26
Q

In MOET, number of eggs produced by cow per cycle

A

6-8 eggs

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27
Q

In MOET, eggs are fertilised by

A

Elite bull or artificial insemination

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28
Q

Fertilized eggs in MOET are recovered at

A

8-32 celled stage, non surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers

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29
Q

MOET technology has been demonstrated for

A

Cattle, sheep, rabbits, buffaloes, mares

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30
Q

High quality meat is

A

Lean meat with less lipid content

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31
Q

Bee-keeping is AKA

A

Apiculture

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32
Q

Beeswax uses

A

Cosmetics, polishes

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33
Q

Most common honeybee species

A

Apis indica

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34
Q

Bee keeping

A

Is NOT labour intensive

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35
Q

Bee keeping, though easy requires some

A

Specialized knowledge

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36
Q

Crops pollinated by bees

A

Sunflower, Brassica, apple, pear

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37
Q

Important points for successful bee keeping

A

Nature and habits of bees, location of beehives, management during different seasons, collection of honey and beeswax

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38
Q

Freshwater fishes (edible)

A

Catla, Rohu, common carp

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39
Q

Marine fishes (edible)

A

Hilsa, Sardines, Mackerel, Pomfrets

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40
Q

Increase in production of aquatic plants and animals is achieved through

A

Aquaculture and pisciculture

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41
Q

Difference between aquaculture and pisciculture

A

Pisciculture involves only rearing of fish whereas aquaculture involves rearing of fish as well as other aquatic organisms such as prawn, oyster, etc.

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42
Q

Green revolution was largely dependent on

A

Plant breeding techniques for developing high yielding and disease resistant varieties

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43
Q

Recorded evidence of plant breeding dates back to

A

9000-11000 years ago

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44
Q

Many present day crops are a result of

A

Domestication in ancient times

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45
Q

Classical plant breeding involves

A

Hybridization of pure lines followed by artificial selection

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46
Q

Aims of plant breeding

A

Increased crop yield, improved quality, increased tolerance to environmental stresses (salinity, drought, temperature), resistance to pathogens, increased tolerance to insect pests

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47
Q

Main steps in plant breeding are

A

Collection of variability, Evaluation and selection of parents, Cross hybridization among selected parents, Selection and testing of superior recombinants, Testing, release and commercialization of new cultivars

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48
Q

Root of any breeding programme

A

Genetic variability

49
Q

Germplasm collection is

A

Entire collection (plants/seeds) having all diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop

50
Q

Frequency of obtaining a desired combination by hybridization

A

One in a few hundred to thousand (very low frequency)

51
Q

The step crucial to the success of the breeding programme

A

Selection and testing of recombinants

52
Q

Superior progeny obtained are

A

Self pollinated for several generations till homozygosity is reached, so that characters will not segregate in the progeny

53
Q

Testing of new cultivars is done in research fields under

A

Ideal fertilizer application, irrigation and other crop management practices

54
Q

After evaluation of new cultivars in research fields, further testing of the cultivars is done in

A

Farmer’s fields for at least 3 GROWING SEASONS at SEVERAL LOCATIONS representing several agroclimatic zones

55
Q

The new cultivar is evaluated in comparison to

A

Best available local cultivar which serves as check/reference cultivar

56
Q

Agriculture accounts for

A

33% of India’s GDP

57
Q

Agriculture employs nearly

A

62% of the population in India

58
Q

Several high yielding varieties of wheat and rice were developed in

A

Mid - 1960s (Green revolution)

59
Q

Sonalika

A

Wheat variety, 1967, code HD1553

60
Q

Garden pea variety code

A

P 1542

61
Q

From 1960 to 2000, wheat production increased from

A

11 million tonnes to 75 million tonnes

62
Q

From 1960 to 2000, rice production increased from

A

35 million tonnes to 89.5 million tonnes

63
Q

Who developed semi-dwarf wheat varieties

A

Norman E. Borlaug at International Center for Wheat and Maize Improvement in Mexico

64
Q

Sonalika and Kalyan Sona were introduced in

A

1963

65
Q

Semi dwarf varieties of rice were derived from

A

IR-8 developed at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines) and Taichung Native - 1 from taiwan

66
Q

Rice derivatives were introduced in

A

1966

67
Q

Better yielding semi dwarf rice varieties are

A

Jaya, Ratna, developed in India

68
Q

Sugarcane grown in north India

A

Saccharum barberi (Poor sugar content and yield)

69
Q

South Indian sugarcane

A

Saccharum officinarum

70
Q

Hybrid millet varieties are resistant to

A

Water stress

71
Q

Crop losses due to pathogens

A

20-30% or sometimes total

72
Q

Fungal diseases

A

Brown rust of wheat, red rot of sugarcane, late blight of potato, white rust

73
Q

Bacterial diseases

A

Black rot of crucifers

74
Q

Viral diseases

A

Tobacco mosaic virus, turnip mosaic virus

75
Q

Breeding methods

A

Conventional breeding, mutation breeding

76
Q

Wheat

A

Himgiri - Leaf and stripe rust, Hill bunt

77
Q

Brassica

A

Pusa swarnim (karan rai) - White rust

78
Q

Cauliflower

A

Pusa shubhra, Pusa snowball K-1 - Black rot, curl blight black rot

79
Q

Cowpea

A

Pusa komal - Bacterial blight

80
Q

Chilli

A

Pusa sadabahar - Chilly mosaic virus, Tobacco mosaic virus, Leaf curl

81
Q

Mung bean

A

Mutation breeding - Yellow mosaic virus, powdery mildew

82
Q

Bhindi

A

Parbhani kranti - Abelmoschus + Wild - Yellow mosaic virus

83
Q

Transfer of resistance genes is achieved by

A

Sexual hybridization

84
Q

Resistance of maize to stem borers

A

High aspartic acid, low nitrogen, low sugar content

85
Q

Resistance to pests due to hairy leaves

A

Jassids in cotton, cereal leaf beetle in wheat

86
Q

Resistance of wheat towards insect pests

A

Solid stems - stem sawfly

87
Q

Resistance of cotton towards insect pests

A

Smooth leaves, no nectar - bollworms

88
Q

Rapeseed mustard (brassica)

A

Pusa Gaurav - Aphids

89
Q

Flat bean

A

Pusa sem-2, pusa sem-3 - Jassids, aphids, fruit borer

90
Q

Okra (bhindi)

A

Pusa sawani, Pusa A-4 - Shoot and fruit borer

91
Q

Number of people who do not have enough food to meet daily nutritional requirement

A

840 million

92
Q

Number of people suffering from micronutrient, protein, vitamin deficiencies or hidden hunger

A

3 billion

93
Q

Important micronutrients whose deficiency may result in diseases and reduced life span and mental abilities

A

Iron, Vitamin-A, Iodine, Zinc

94
Q

Objectives of breeding for improved nutrition

A

Protein content and quality, Oil content and quality, Vitamin content, Micronutrient and mineral content

95
Q

In 2000, maize hybrids had 2 times what compared to existing crops

A

Amino acids lysine and tryptophan

96
Q

Atlas-66

A

Wheat variety having high protein content - Used as a donor for improving cultivated wheat

97
Q

Iron fortified rice has

A

Over 5 times the iron content in commonly consumed varieties

98
Q

Institute that has released vitamin and mineral enriched crops

A

Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)

99
Q

Vitamin A enriched crops

A

Carrots, spinach, pumpkin

100
Q

Vitamin C enriched crops

A

Bitter-gourd, bathua, mustard, tomato

101
Q

Iron and calcium enriched crops

A

Spinach, bathua

102
Q

Protein enriched crops

A

Broad beans, lablab beans, french beans, garden peas

103
Q

To produce 1 Kg of meat by animal farming, it takes

A

3-10 Kg of grain

104
Q

Percentage of human population suffering from hunger and malnutrition

A

> 25%

105
Q

SCP

A

Single Cell Protein

106
Q

Spirulina can grow in waste water and sewage - True/false

A

True - it can grow in waste water, straw, molasses, starch, animal manure, sewage

107
Q

Spirulina is rich in

A

Proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, fats, vitamins

108
Q

Organism which is capable of producing 25 tonnes of protein

A

Methylophilus methylotrophus - high rate of biomass production and growth

109
Q

Microscopic fungi cannot become a source of food - true/false

A

false - they may become an acceptable source of food

110
Q

Capacity to generate whole plant from any cell (explant)

A

Totipotency

111
Q

Tissue culture nutrient medium should provide

A

Carbon source, inorganic salts, vitamins, amino acids, PGRs like auxins, gibberelins, etc.

112
Q

Producing thousands of plants through tissue culture is called

A

Micro-propagation

113
Q

Each of the micro-propagated plants are

A

Genetically identical to each other and to the parent i.e. they are somaclones

114
Q

Plants produced commercially using micro-propagation

A

Tomato, banana, apple,etc.

115
Q

Part of plant that is free from virus in an infected plant

A

Meristematic tissue (apical + axillary)

116
Q

Plants successfully grown from cultured meristems

A

Banana, sugarcane, potato

117
Q

Creation of pomato was achieved through

A

Somatic hybridization

118
Q

Pomato is commercially successful - true/false

A

false - it did not have all the desired combinations of characteristics for its commercial utilization

Biology (10 decks)

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