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Biology > Digestion and Absorption > Flashcards

Digestion and Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

Corti began his scientific career by studying

A

Cardiovascular system of reptiles

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2
Q

Major components of food

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats

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3
Q

Digestive system consists of

A

Alimentary canal and associated glands

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4
Q

Teeth are

A

Thecodont, diphyodont, heterodont

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5
Q

Milk teeth are AKA

A

Deciduous teeth

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6
Q

Dental formula of adult

A

2123/2123

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7
Q

Tongue is attached to floor of oral cavity by

A

Frenulum

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8
Q

Opening of windpipe

A

Glottis

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9
Q

What prevents entry of food into glottis

A

Epiglottis [cartilaginous flap made of elastic cartilage]

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10
Q

Upper surface of the tongue has

A

Small projections called papillae

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11
Q

Oesophagus is a thin long tube which extends

A

Posteriorly through neck, thorax and diaphragm

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12
Q

What regulates opening of oesophagus into stomach

A

Gastro-oesophageal sphincter

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13
Q

Stomach is located in

A

Upper left part of abdominal cavity

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14
Q

4 parts of stomach

A

Fundic, cardiac, body, pyloric

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15
Q

Oesophagus opens into stomach in

A

Cardiac part

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16
Q

Duodenum shape

A

C-shaped

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17
Q

Opening of stomach into duodenum is guarded by

A

Pyloric sphincter

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18
Q

Vermiform appendix arises from

A

Caecum

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19
Q

Serosa is made up of

A

Thin mesothelium with some connective tissue

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20
Q

Muscularis is formed from

A

Smooth muscles in inner circular and outer longitudinal layer [oblique muscle layer may be present]

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21
Q

Submucosa layer is formed from

A

Loose connective tissue containing nerves, blood, lymph vessels

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22
Q

Duodenal glands are present in

A

Submucosa

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23
Q

Mucosa layer forms

A

Rugae in stomach, villi in small intestine, gastric glands of stomach, goblet cells and crypts of Lieberkuhn

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24
Q

Villi have projections called

A

Microvilli which gives brush border appearance

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25
Digestive glands include
Salivary glands, liver, pancreas
26
Salivary glands are located
Just outside buccal cavity
27
Largest gland of the body
Liver [1.2-1.5 Kg]
28
Location of liver
Abdominal cavity just below the diaphragm
29
Structural and functional unit of liver
Hepatic lobules
30
Each hepatic lobule is covered by
Thin connective tissue sheath called glisson's capsule
31
Duct of gall bladder
Cystic duct
32
Duct of liver
Hepatic duct
33
Common bile duct is formed from
Cystic duct + Hepatic duct
34
Hepato-pancreatic duct opens into
Duodenum through sphincter of Oddi
35
Pancreas is located
Between the limbs of C-shaped duodenum
36
Fancy name for swallowing
Deglutition
37
Electrolytes in saliva
Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-
38
Percentage of starch hydrolysed in mouth
30% by salivary amylase
39
Optimum pH for salivary amylase action
6.8
40
Cells of gastric glands
Mucus neck cells - secrete mucus Peptic or chief cells - secrete pepsinogen Parietal or oxyntic cells - secrete HCl and Castle's Intrinsic Factor (B12 absorption)
41
Stomach stores food for
4-5 hours
42
Pepsin converts proteins into
Proteoses and peptones (peptides)
43
Optimal pH for pepsin
1.8
44
Lipases and bicarbonates are not present in gastric juice - true/false
False
45
Enzyme found only in infants
Rennin
46
Enzymes of pancreatic juice
trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, amylase, lipase, nuclease
47
Trypsinogen is activated by
Enterokinase secreted by intestinal mucosa
48
Enzymes of pancreatic juice are activated by
Trypsin
49
Bile contains
Pigments, salts, phospholipids, cholesterol
50
Lipases is activated by
Bile
51
Goblet cells are present in
Intestinal mucosa
52
Succus entericus is secreted by
Goblet cells and brush border cells of mucosa
53
Enzymes of succus entericus
Disaccharidases, dipeptidases, lipases, nucleotidases, nucleosidases
54
Glands which help to maintain alkaline medium pH 7.8
Pancreas (mucus + bicarbonates), sub mucosal Brunner's glands
55
Optimal pH for enzymes of succus entericus
7.8
56
In small intestine, proteins, proteoses, peptones --------------------------->
Dipeptides by action of trypsin/chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase
57
Breakdown of biomacromolecules takes place in
Duodenum
58
Absorption of food mainly takes place in
Jejunum and ileum
59
Substances absorbed in large intestine are
Water, minerals, some drugs
60
Faeces enter caecum through
Ileo-caecal valve
61
Hormonal control of secretion of digestive juices is carried out by
Local hormones produced by gastric and intestinal MUCOSA
62
Gross calorific value of carbohydrates
4.1 kcal/g
63
Gross calorific value of proteins
5.65 kcal/g
64
Gross calorific value of fats
9.45 kcal/g
65
Physiological calorific value of carbohydrates
4 kcal/g
66
Physiological calorific value of proteins
4 kcal/g
67
Physiological calorific value of fats
9 kcal/g
68
Substances absorbed by simple diffusion
Glucose, amino acids, chloride ions
69
Substances absorbed by facilitated diffusion
Glucose, amino acids
70
Substances absorbed by active transport
Glucose, amino acids, sodium ions
71
Mechanism of absorption of fatty acids and glycerol
Fatty acids --------> Micelles ----------> Intestinal mucosa--------> Chylomicrons ------------->Lacteal ----------> Blood stream
72
Chylomicrons are
Protein coated fat globules
73
Maximum absorption occurs in
Small intestine
74
Substances absorbed in mouth
Certain drugs coming in contact with mucosa of mouth
75
Substances absorbed in stomach
Water, simple sugars, alcohol
76
Defaecation is carried of by
Mass peristaltic movement
77
Vomiting reflex action is controlled by
Vomit center in medulla
78
Abnormal frequency of bowel movement
Diarrhoea
79
Irregular bowel movement
Constipation
80
PEM
Protein-energy malnutrition
81
PEM is common in
South and southeast Asia, South America, West and Central Africa
82
PEM happened in
Bangladesh during liberation war and Ethiopia during drought in mid eighties
83
Marasmus and Kwashiorkar are produced by
PEM
84
Marasmus is found in
Infants less than a year in age
85
Marasmus happens if
Mother's milk is replaced too early by foods poor in both proteins and calories
86
Kwashiorkar happens if
Replacement of mother's milk by high calorie, low protein diet
87
Extensive oedema is observed in
Kwashiorkar
88
Kwashiorkar is found in
Children above the age of one
89
This happens if mother has second pregnancy too early
Marasmus
90
Dry and wrinkled skin is a symptom of
Marasmus
91
Most of the water is absorbed in
Large Intestine

Biology (10 decks)

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