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Plant Kingdon Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Earlier classification systems used

A

Gross superficial morphological characters - habit, colour, number and shape of leaves

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2
Q

Classification systems given by Linnaeus used

A

Structure of androecium

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3
Q

Characters more easily affected by environment

A

Vegetative characters

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4
Q

Artificial systems give equal weightage to

A

Vegetative and sexual characteristics

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5
Q

Natural classification system uses

A

External and internal features like ultrastructure, anatomy, embryology, phytochemistry

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6
Q

Natural classification for flowering plants was given by

A

George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker

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7
Q

Phylogenetic classification assumes organisms belonging to same taxa have

A

Common ancestor

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8
Q

Numerical taxonomy is based on

A

All observable characters

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9
Q

In numerical taxonomy, each character is given

A

Equal importance

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10
Q

Cytotaxonomy includes

A

Cytological information like chromosome number, structure and behaviour

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11
Q

Chemotaxonomy uses

A

Chemical constituents of plant (DNA, proteins, etc.) to resolve confusions

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12
Q

Colonial algae

A

Volvox

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13
Q

Filamentous algae

A

Spirogyra, ultothrix

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14
Q

Vegetative reproduction in algae

A

By fragmentation

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15
Q

Asexual reproduction in algae

A

By spores [mainly zoospores (motile)]

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16
Q

Sexual reproduction in algae

A

Fusion of gametes

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17
Q

Isogamous flagellated gametes in algae

A

Ulothrix, chlamydomonas

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18
Q

Isogamous non-flagellated gametes in algae

A

Spirogyra

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19
Q

Anisogamous gametes in algae

A

Eudorina

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20
Q

Oogamy in algae

A

Volvox, fucus

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21
Q

% of total carbon dioxide fixation carried out by algae

A

At least 50%

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22
Q

Number of species of algae used as food with examples

A

70 species - Porphyra, laminaria, sargassum

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23
Q

Large amounts of hydrocolloids are produced by

A

marine brown (algin) and red (carrageen) algae

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24
Q

Agar is obtained from

A

Gracilaria and gelidium

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25
Q

Alga used as food supplement by space travellers

A

Chlorella (unicellular)

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26
Q

Pigments of chlorophyceae

A

Chlorophyll a, b

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27
Q

Pigments in chlorophyceae are

A

Localized in definite chloroplasts which may be discoid, plate like, reticulate, cup shaped, spiral or ribbon shaped

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28
Q

Storage bodies of chlorophyceae

A

Pyrenoids (protein + starch) - located inside chloroplast

Some store food as oil droplets

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29
Q

Cell wall of green algae

A

Inner layer of cellulose and outer layer of pectose

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30
Q

Asexual reproduction in chlorophyceae

A

Flagellated zoospores produced in zoosporangia

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31
Q

Examples of chlorophyceae

A

Chlamydomonas, spirogyra, volvox, chara, ulothrix

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32
Q

Members show great variation in size and form

A

Brown algae

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33
Q

Simple branched filamentous brown algae

A

Ectocarpus

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34
Q

Kelps may reach a height of

A

100 metres

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35
Q

Pigments of phaeophyceae

A

Chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids, xanthophylls

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36
Q

Colour of brown algae varies from

A

Olive green to brown depending on the amount of fucoxanthin present

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37
Q

Food stored in brown algae

A

Complex carbohydrates - laminarin and mannitol

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38
Q

Cell wall of brown algae

A

Cellulosic, with a gelatinous coating of algin

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39
Q

In brown algae in addition to plastids, protoplast contains

A

Centrally located vacuole and nucleus

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40
Q

Plant body of brown algae is differentiated into

A

Frond, stipe and holdfast

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41
Q

Asexual reproduction in brown algae

A

Pyriform biflagellated heterokont zoospores (flagella are laterally attached)

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42
Q

Examples of phaeophyceae

A

Ectocarpus, dictyota, laminaria, sargassum, fucus

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43
Q

Brown algae are mostly found in

A

Salt water

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44
Q

Pigment in red algae

A

Chlorophyll a, d, R- phycoerythrin, R- phycocyanin

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45
Q

Majority red algae are found in

A

Marine habitat in warmer areas and at great depths

46
Q

Most red algae are

A

Multicellular

47
Q

Food is stored in red algae as

A

Floridean starch - very similar to amylopectin and glycogen

48
Q

Asexual reproduction in red algae is by

A

Non - motile spores

49
Q

Complex body organization in found in

A

Red algae

50
Q

Sexual reproduction in red algae is by

A

Non - motile gametes - oogamous - followed by complex post fertilizational development

51
Q

Examples of red algae

A

Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria, Gelidium

52
Q

Number of flagella found in chlorophyceae

A

2-8, apical and equal

53
Q

Cell wall of red algae

A

Cellulose, pectin, polysulphate esters

54
Q

Bryophytes include

A

Mosses and liverworts

55
Q

Amphibians of plant kingdom

A

Bryophytes

56
Q

Main plant body of bryophyte is

A

Haploid

57
Q

Sex organs in bryophytes are

A

Multicellular

58
Q

Male gametes in bryophytes

A

Biflagellated antherozoids

59
Q

Archegonium produces

A

Single egg

60
Q

Sporophyte of bryophyte is

A

Not free living, derives nutrition from photosynthetic gametophyte

61
Q

Peat moss

A

Sphagnum - packing material, trans - shipment of living material as they can hold water, also used as fuel

62
Q

Pioneer species in xeric succession

A

Bryophytes - mosses

63
Q

Spore dispersion in liverworts is by

A

Elaters

64
Q

Plant body of liverwort is

A

Thalloid

65
Q

Leafy members of liverworts have

A

Tiny leaf like appendages in 2 rows on stem like structures

66
Q

Asexual reproduction in liverworts

A

Fragmentation of thalli or by gemmae

67
Q

Gemmae are

A

Green multicellular asexual buds

68
Q

Sporophyte of bryophytes is differentiated into

A

Foot, seta and capsule

69
Q

After meiosis in liverworts, spores are produced

A

Within the capsule

70
Q

Gametophyte of mosses consists of

A

Protonema stage and leafy stage

71
Q

Protonema stage is

A

Creeping, green, branched, frequently filamentous stage

72
Q

Leafy stage develops from

A

Secondary protonema as a lateral bud

73
Q

Leafy stage consists of

A

Upright slender axes bearing spirally arranged leaves

74
Q

Leafy stage is attached to soil through

A

Multicellular and branched rhizoids

75
Q

In mosses, the stage which bears the sex organs

A

Leafy stage

76
Q

Vegetative reproduction in mosses

A

Fragmentation and budding in SECONDARY PROTONEMA

77
Q

Sex organs in mosses are produced at

A

Apex of the leafy shoots

78
Q

Sporophyte in mosses consists of

A

Foot, seta, capsule and is more elaborate than the sporophyte of liverworts

79
Q

Spore dispersal in mosses is

A

Elaborate and occurs by peristomal teeth

80
Q

Examples of mosses

A

Funaria, Polytrichum, Sphagnum

81
Q

Examples of liverworts

A

Marchantia, riccia

82
Q

Pteridophytes are used for

A

Medicinal purposes and as soil binders

83
Q

1st terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues

A

Pteridophytes

84
Q

Plants which may flourish well in sandy soil conditions

A

Pteridophytes

85
Q

Main plant body in pteridophytes

A

Sporophyte

86
Q

Sporophyte of pteridophyte is differentiated into

A

True roots, stems, leaves

87
Q

Microphylls are present in

A

Selaginella

88
Q

Macrophylls are present in

A

Ferns

89
Q

The sporophytes bear ________ which are subtended by _____ like appendages called __________

A

Sporangia, leaf like, sporophylls

90
Q

Sporophylls may form compact structures called

A

Strobili/cones in Selaginella, Equisetum

91
Q

Gametophytes of pteridophytes are

A

Inconspicuous, small but multicellular, free living, photosynthetic, thalloid

92
Q

Gametophyte of pteridophytes are called

A

Prothallus

93
Q

Spread of living pteridophytes is limited because

A

Gametophytes require cool, damp and shady places to grow and water is needed for fertilization

94
Q

Homosporous pteridophytes examples

A

Majority pteridophyes

95
Q

Heterosporous pteridophytes examples

A

Selaginella and Salvinia

96
Q

Precursor to seed habit is seen in

A

Pteridophytes - Female gametophyte is retained on parent sporophyte for variable duration and development of zygote into embryos takes place within the female gametophyte

97
Q

Pteridophytes are further classified into

A

4 classes - Psilopsida (Psilotum), Lycopsida (Selaginella, Lycopodium), Sphenopsida (Equisetum), Pteopsida (Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum)

98
Q

Tallest tree species

A

Sequoia - Redwood - Gymnosperm

99
Q

Roots of gymnosperms are generally

A

Tap roots

100
Q

Mycorrhiza is formed by

A

Pinus

101
Q

Coralloid roots are seen in

A

Cycas with cyanobacteria (Nitrogen fixers)

102
Q

Unbranched stems in gymnosperms

A

Cycas

103
Q

Branched stems in gymnosperms

A

Pinus, cedrus

104
Q

Leaves of cycas are

A

Compound - Pinnate - leaves persist for a few years

105
Q

Types of spores of gymnosperms

A

Heterosporous

106
Q

The 2 kinds of spores in gymnosperms are produced ___________________ that are borne on ___________ which are arranged __________ to form ________ or _______

A
  1. Within sporangia
  2. Sporophylls
  3. Spirally along the axis
  4. Lax/compact strobili/cones
107
Q

Monoecious gymnosperm

A

Pinus

108
Q

Dioecious gymnosperm

A

Cycas

109
Q

Haplontic life cycle

A

Many algae such as Volvox, Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas

110
Q

Diplontic life cycle

A

Fucus (alga), Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

111
Q

Haplo-diplontic life cycle

A

Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia, kelps

Biology (10 decks)

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