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Biology > Excretion > Flashcards

Excretion Flashcards

1
Q

Least toxic form of nitrogenous waste

A

Uric acid

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2
Q

Ammonotelic organisms

A

Bony fishes, aquatic amphibians, aquatic insects

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3
Q

Ammonia is generally excreted by

A

Diffusion (No role of kidneys)

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4
Q

Ureotelic organisms

A

Mammals, terrestrial amphibians, MARINE FISHES

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5
Q

Uricotelic organisms

A

Reptiles, birds, land snails, insects

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6
Q

Protonephridia/flame cells are excretory structures in

A

Platyhelminthes, rotifers, some annelids, Amphioxus (cephalochordate)

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7
Q

Protonephridia are primarily concerned with

A

Osmoregulation

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8
Q

Nephridia are excretory structures of

A

Earthworms and other annnelids

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9
Q

Function of nephridia

A

Remove nitrogenous wastes and help in osmoregulation

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10
Q

Excretory organs of insects are

A

Malpighian tubules - remove nitrogenous wastes and help in osmoregulation

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11
Q

Antennal/green glands perform excretion in

A

Crustaceans like prawns

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12
Q

Kidneys are situated between the levels of

A

Last thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae

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13
Q

Dimensions of human kidney

A

Length : 10-12 cm
Width : 5-7 cm
Thickness : 2-3 cm
Weight : 120-170 g

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14
Q

Cortex extends between medullary pyramids as

A

Renal columns of Bertini

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15
Q

EACH kidney has ___ nephrons

A

1 million

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16
Q

Parts of nephron

A

Glomerulus and renal tubules

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17
Q

Glomerulus is a

A

Tuft of capillaries formed by afferent arteriole

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18
Q

Renal tubule begins with

A

Bowman’s capsule

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19
Q

Glomerulus along with bowman’s capsule is called

A

Malpighian body or renal corpuscle

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20
Q

Shape of loop of henle

A

Hair-pin shaped

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21
Q

Collecting ducts converge and open into ______ through ___________ in the calyces

A

Renal pelvis through medullary pyramids

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22
Q

Efferent arteriole forms a fine capillary network around the renal tubule called

A

Peritubular capillaries

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23
Q

Vasa recta is _______ in cortical nephrons

A

Absent/highly reduced

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24
Q

Processes involved in urine formation

A

Glomerular filtration, secretion and reabsorption

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25
Volume of blood filtered by kidneyS per minute
1100-1200 ml of blood (1/5th of blood pumped out by each ventricle in a minute)
26
Blood in kidneys is filtered through
3 layers - Endothelium of glomerular blood vessels, Epithelium of bowman's capsule (podocytes), basement membrane
27
Filtrate has all constituents of plasma except
Proteins
28
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is
125 ml/minute or 180 L per day
29
JGA is formed by cellular modification in
Distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole at the location of their contact
30
Fall in GFR activates the JGA to secrete
Renin
31
__ % of filtrate is reabsorbed by renal tubules
99%
32
Substances reabsorbed actively
Glucose, amino acids, Na+
33
Substances reabsorbed passively
Nitrogenous wastes, water (in initial segment of nephron)
34
Tubular cells secrete substances like
H+, K+ and ammonia
35
Process which helps in maintenance of ionic and acid base balance of body fluids
Tubular secretion
36
PCT is lined by
Simple CUBOIDAL brush bordered epithelium
37
Substances absorbed in PCT
All essential nutrients, 70-80% of electrolytes (HCO3-, NaCl), water
38
Tubule which helps to maintain pH and ionic balance
PCT - selective secretion of H+, NH3, K+ and absorption of HCO3-
39
Reabsorption is minimum in ____ limb of loop of henle
Ascending
40
Sodium-potassium balance in body is maintained by
DCT
41
Reabsorption and secretion in DCT
Reabsorption of NaCl, water, HCO3-, secretion of H+, K+, NH3
42
Reabsorption and secretion in collecting duct
Reabsorption of water (large amounts), urea, secretion of H+, K+
43
Ability to produce concentrated urine is attributed to
Henle's loop and vasa recta
44
Concentration gradient in Henle's loop is due to
NaCl and urea
45
NaCl is transported by ______ limb of Henle's loop which is exchanged with _________ limb of vasa recta
Ascending, descending
46
Human kidneys produce urine ___ times concentrated than initial filtrate
4
47
Function of kidneys is monitored by
Hypothalamus, JGA, heart
48
Increase in body fluid volume can switch ___ osmoreceptors and _______ ADH release
Off, supress
49
ADH also affects kidney function by its _________ effect on blood vessels
Constrictory
50
ADH ________ GFR
Increases
51
Angiotensin 2 activates ________ to produce ______
Adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone
52
Aldosterone causes reabsorption of
Na+ and water from DCT
53
Stretch receptors on walls of bladder send signals to
CNS
54
Process of release of urine is called
Micturition
55
An adult human on average excretes
1-1.5 litres of urine per day
56
Organs involved in elimination of excretory waste
Kidneys, lungs, liver, skin
57
Amount of CO2 removed by lungs
200 ml/minute
58
Constituents of sweat
Water, NaCl, urea, lactic acid
59
Sebaceous glands eliminate substances like
Sterols, hydrocarbons and waxes through sebum
60
Small amounts of nitrogenous wastes are eliminated through saliva - true/false
True
61
Accumulation of urea in blood is called
Uremia
62
Heparin is an
Anticoagulant
63
Artificial kidney membrane is made of
Cellophane
64
Renal calculi is
Stone or insoluble mass of crystallized salts like oxalates formed within the kidney
65
Glomerulonephritis is
Inflammation of glomeruli of kidney

Biology (10 decks)

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