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Biology > Excretion > Flashcards

Excretion Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Least toxic form of nitrogenous waste

A

Uric acid

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2
Q

Ammonotelic organisms

A

Bony fishes, aquatic amphibians, aquatic insects

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3
Q

Ammonia is generally excreted by

A

Diffusion (No role of kidneys)

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4
Q

Ureotelic organisms

A

Mammals, terrestrial amphibians, MARINE FISHES

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5
Q

Uricotelic organisms

A

Reptiles, birds, land snails, insects

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6
Q

Protonephridia/flame cells are excretory structures in

A

Platyhelminthes, rotifers, some annelids, Amphioxus (cephalochordate)

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7
Q

Protonephridia are primarily concerned with

A

Osmoregulation

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8
Q

Nephridia are excretory structures of

A

Earthworms and other annnelids

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9
Q

Function of nephridia

A

Remove nitrogenous wastes and help in osmoregulation

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10
Q

Excretory organs of insects are

A

Malpighian tubules - remove nitrogenous wastes and help in osmoregulation

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11
Q

Antennal/green glands perform excretion in

A

Crustaceans like prawns

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12
Q

Kidneys are situated between the levels of

A

Last thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae

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13
Q

Dimensions of human kidney

A

Length : 10-12 cm
Width : 5-7 cm
Thickness : 2-3 cm
Weight : 120-170 g

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14
Q

Cortex extends between medullary pyramids as

A

Renal columns of Bertini

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15
Q

EACH kidney has ___ nephrons

A

1 million

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16
Q

Parts of nephron

A

Glomerulus and renal tubules

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17
Q

Glomerulus is a

A

Tuft of capillaries formed by afferent arteriole

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18
Q

Renal tubule begins with

A

Bowman’s capsule

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19
Q

Glomerulus along with bowman’s capsule is called

A

Malpighian body or renal corpuscle

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20
Q

Shape of loop of henle

A

Hair-pin shaped

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21
Q

Collecting ducts converge and open into ______ through ___________ in the calyces

A

Renal pelvis through medullary pyramids

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22
Q

Efferent arteriole forms a fine capillary network around the renal tubule called

A

Peritubular capillaries

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23
Q

Vasa recta is _______ in cortical nephrons

A

Absent/highly reduced

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24
Q

Processes involved in urine formation

A

Glomerular filtration, secretion and reabsorption

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25
Q

Volume of blood filtered by kidneyS per minute

A

1100-1200 ml of blood (1/5th of blood pumped out by each ventricle in a minute)

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26
Q

Blood in kidneys is filtered through

A

3 layers - Endothelium of glomerular blood vessels, Epithelium of bowman’s capsule (podocytes), basement membrane

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27
Q

Filtrate has all constituents of plasma except

A

Proteins

28
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is

A

125 ml/minute or 180 L per day

29
Q

JGA is formed by cellular modification in

A

Distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole at the location of their contact

30
Q

Fall in GFR activates the JGA to secrete

A

Renin

31
Q

__ % of filtrate is reabsorbed by renal tubules

A

99%

32
Q

Substances reabsorbed actively

A

Glucose, amino acids, Na+

33
Q

Substances reabsorbed passively

A

Nitrogenous wastes, water (in initial segment of nephron)

34
Q

Tubular cells secrete substances like

A

H+, K+ and ammonia

35
Q

Process which helps in maintenance of ionic and acid base balance of body fluids

A

Tubular secretion

36
Q

PCT is lined by

A

Simple CUBOIDAL brush bordered epithelium

37
Q

Substances absorbed in PCT

A

All essential nutrients, 70-80% of electrolytes (HCO3-, NaCl), water

38
Q

Tubule which helps to maintain pH and ionic balance

A

PCT - selective secretion of H+, NH3, K+ and absorption of HCO3-

39
Q

Reabsorption is minimum in ____ limb of loop of henle

A

Ascending

40
Q

Sodium-potassium balance in body is maintained by

A

DCT

41
Q

Reabsorption and secretion in DCT

A

Reabsorption of NaCl, water, HCO3-, secretion of H+, K+, NH3

42
Q

Reabsorption and secretion in collecting duct

A

Reabsorption of water (large amounts), urea, secretion of H+, K+

43
Q

Ability to produce concentrated urine is attributed to

A

Henle’s loop and vasa recta

44
Q

Concentration gradient in Henle’s loop is due to

A

NaCl and urea

45
Q

NaCl is transported by ______ limb of Henle’s loop which is exchanged with _________ limb of vasa recta

A

Ascending, descending

46
Q

Human kidneys produce urine ___ times concentrated than initial filtrate

A

4

47
Q

Function of kidneys is monitored by

A

Hypothalamus, JGA, heart

48
Q

Increase in body fluid volume can switch ___ osmoreceptors and _______ ADH release

A

Off, supress

49
Q

ADH also affects kidney function by its _________ effect on blood vessels

A

Constrictory

50
Q

ADH ________ GFR

A

Increases

51
Q

Angiotensin 2 activates ________ to produce ______

A

Adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone

52
Q

Aldosterone causes reabsorption of

A

Na+ and water from DCT

53
Q

Stretch receptors on walls of bladder send signals to

A

CNS

54
Q

Process of release of urine is called

A

Micturition

55
Q

An adult human on average excretes

A

1-1.5 litres of urine per day

56
Q

Organs involved in elimination of excretory waste

A

Kidneys, lungs, liver, skin

57
Q

Amount of CO2 removed by lungs

A

200 ml/minute

58
Q

Constituents of sweat

A

Water, NaCl, urea, lactic acid

59
Q

Sebaceous glands eliminate substances like

A

Sterols, hydrocarbons and waxes through sebum

60
Q

Small amounts of nitrogenous wastes are eliminated through saliva - true/false

A

True

61
Q

Accumulation of urea in blood is called

A

Uremia

62
Q

Heparin is an

A

Anticoagulant

63
Q

Artificial kidney membrane is made of

A

Cellophane

64
Q

Renal calculi is

A

Stone or insoluble mass of crystallized salts like oxalates formed within the kidney

65
Q

Glomerulonephritis is

A

Inflammation of glomeruli of kidney

Biology (10 decks)

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