Strategies and Tactics Flashcards
Hazards in stripmalls:
Occupancies are often _____
Each occupancy presents _____
Almost every roof is _____ or ______
In the attic fire can run unchecked ______
Metal roof decks will allow fire spread by ___
Tar is used on metal + wood roof decks it is ___
Transient
Different hazards + fire behavior
Lightweight wood or metal roof - 1 truss fails multiple will fail
Horizontally
conduction
Combustible and can ignite
Strip malls or strip center construction
Long narrow one story buildings
Typically masonry walls
May or may not have fire walls
Front of building often have large _____ + ____, that may be secured at night by ______ or _______
Rear door are usually
Windows + glass doors
Roll gates and shutters
Standard single 32 to 36 swinging door
Overhaul in commercial building:
It may be necessary to request:
Because they undergo visual change to try to keep buildings looking new, ______ are created by renovations.
Salvage:
Materials not exposed to fire should be:
Outside contractors Ex. Forklifts, cranes
Voids + hidden spaces
Covered or removed
Ventilation in Commercial building
____ may be required
____ may be necessary
Fans can be used w/ horizontal vent but remember:
If you open skylights or vents, make sure:
Verticle Ventilation
a trench cut
May intensify or spread fire
It is as close to the body of fire as possible
Extinguishment in Commercial if fire already so large handlines are ineffective:
FF should use:
Make use of any:
Hand lines of _______ inches or more are needed
Do not attack the fire with:
Larger hose=
Heavy elevated streams, ground monitors, large handlines, deck guns
Built in fire protection systems
2 1/2
Less than the volume required
Less friction loss, more water at point of attack
When fire spreads from floor to floor as a result of fire coming out of a window and into the one above. Also may be called _____
Auto extension or autoexposure
Commercial Buildings
_____ and _____ is common in people today
They may not leave when alarm sounds.
Exposure protection should be ____ and ____
Exposure method on closely exposed buildings:
Hoseliness should be placed to support:
Large open areas make confinement tough heat and smoke and fire can spread by _____
Complacency and disregard
Internal and external (large structures)
Flow water using large hose lines or master streams on the exposed buildings
Firewalls
Convection
* Autoextension is possible by extension of fire through windows
Search and rescue in Commercial buildings: People tend to leave: Check rear exits because: Evacuation should begin: \_\_\_\_\_\_ may be a option depending on:
The way they came in
They can be blocked by storage (look for victims)
Firebuilding , 2 adjacent buildings, work outward
Shelter in place
Depending on severity of the incident and number of evacuees
Commercial Buildings
High ceilings make it hard to assess true heat intensity ______ can occur with very little warning
Many occupants also build ______ for storage
Flashover
a second floor
- collapse hazard
- Life hazard is typically reduced in the overnight hrs. however some stay running 24/7, also ,some apps on the floor above
Comm BLDG Accountability must be established: Preferably a RIC should be assigned: Storage often blocks: It is essential to have a : FF's working without hoselines should use:
At every entrance and exit point at every entrance Means of egress in the rear of the strucuture well thought out evac plan a guide rope
Comm Building
It is best to begin preplanning when:
The building is under construction
Commercial occupancies can be broken down into 3 catgories
Mercantile - Retail business, supermarkets, dept store, drug store
Business - Courthouses, barbershops, doc office, they provide a service to the public
Industrial properties - Factory or a manufacturing location
ONCE ______ is accomplished in a MFD _____ operations can begin
confinement
Extinguishment
Both ______ and _____ are indicated for garden apt’s
Horizontal and vertical ventilation
Garden Apt
typically have balconies with large glass openings. Fire can ____
Balconies can store:
Usually TL’s can’t be used because
Extend rapidly through these opening to the upper floors and the cockloft
Hazardous materials
They can’t reach the building
Generally constructed of wood built during baby boomer generation can be covered by siding or brick veneer 2 to 4 stories high up to several hundred ft in length present large fire loads placement of entrances causes access problems
Garden apartments
because they are surrounded by landscaping instead of concrete
Brownstone MFD’s
Brickwalls separate each building including:
When a pocket door is closed
if the fire is located on the first floor
the first line should be pulled to:
the cockloft area
it creates void for vertical extension
the second floor to protect the stairs from fire spread or a second line can be stretched to the first floor entrance to extinguish the fire. The latter method is preferred.
Pg 264
Brownstone MFD’s
Built with a high stoop that leads:
Under the high stoop is the ______ entrance
Below that is the ________
Second floor parlor * main floor
first floor or basement
Cellar
Construction
Built using non fire resistive materials
exterior is made of stone masonry, which is how it got its name
3 to 5 stories high
used to be occupied by a rich family
now every invidual room is rented out and tenants share kitchen and bathrooms
Can take up entire block
Brown stone
Multiple family dwellings
Row Frame MFD's In a rapidly spreading cockloft fire: Top floor fires are very dangerous \_\_\_\_\_\_ is critical \_\_\_\_\_ is often necessary
Crews may have to operate a few buildings down to get ahead of the fire
Roof ventialtion
Trench cut
Row Frame MFD
Because of maneuverability _____ or ____ inch hoselines are recommended
Should also stretch lines to :
Any line stretched must be:
1 1/2 or 1 3/4
Top floor of fire building and top floors of adjoining structures
Long enough to cover the entire structure, front to rear
One of the greatest threats to FF safety in row frame MFD is :
It is prudent to begin roof ops ______
Preferred access to roof in a row frame is ____
FF operating on fire escapes should be aware that
- common cockloft*
underestimating the amount of manpower needed
Immediately
Tower ladder (common attic space)
It can pull away from the building and collapse
General concern with row frame MFD’s:
Timing is _______
Rapid fire spread / potential for collapse
Everything
- could very well dictate whether you lose one building or an entire block
- common cockloft
Constructed soley of wood . Built side by side arranged in a row as many as 20 in a row can be 5 stories high 1 or 2 apps per floor
Row frame multiple family dwelling
Fire resistive material are not used
- common cockloft
Fire resistive MFD’s
Backup line should be stretched:
They could have _____ or _____ running vertcally through them
If there is a fire in there ______
_____ is not usually a consideration, but open the _____ just in case
At least 2 floor below fire floor in the same stairway as the first line
Incinerators or compactors
Put a line in the shaft first floor above burning material
Verticle ventilation
open the bulkhead
Exposure protection in fire restive MFD’s should focus on ______
If flames are impinging on upper floors:
As engine Companies are hooking up attack lines, the ladder company should be ______
Adjoining apartments
* because of fire resistive construction
Get homeliness up there ASAP
Locating the fire apartment
Fire Resistive MFD
Before engine companies advance their lines the IC need to ensure:
All occupants have evacuated all floors above the fire and the attack stairway
Fire Resistive MFD
The floor above the fire floor generally does not become _______ in this type of construction, But it still must be searched.
One stairway should be ______
When using an elevator to get to the fire floor stop ________ **
an exposure problem
Designated only for evacuation no FF ops
- stop at least 2 floors below
Fire resistive MFD
Water supply for standpipes can be ____ or __
There is NO justification to ______
A FF with a radio should stay ______
In all situations the standpipe system should be _____
It will take several FF to _____
City water main , gravity tank on roof
Hook up to a standpipe on the fire floor
At the valve wheel to control water pressure
Augmented by the FD
Advance a 2 1/2 down a hallway
Fire resistive MFD
ON an upper floor fire ______ can make extinguishment extremely difficult
Wind conditions
Where the windows have self vented fire will be funneled by the wind
Well constructed buildings fire usually contained to the apt on fire.
Fires in these buildings produce _____
An _____ interior attack is critical
At least one _____ should go to the hallway where the apt door has been left open
Fire resistive MFD
Great heat
Aggressive
2 1/2 hoseline
New Apt building
Overhauling must be done on all _____ with emphasis on _______
All floors above the original fire floor
the floor directly above the fire floor
New Apt Building
If the entire building needs to be vented, use ______
If contained to a bedroom in an apt. with light smoke in the hallway use
roof ventilation
PPV
New Apt Building
Preferred method for getting on a roof:
FF should go to the top floor and ____, If a fire in the cockloft is located _______. In an extensive cockloft fire _____ should take place. This is a ______. It should start _____ to ______ from the main vent hole.
Adjacent building
- Pull ceilings, roof, cutting op should begin immediately
A trench cut
- last resort
20 to 30 ft
When long hose lays are required to reach the fire look for a _______ in the stairway. One 50ft length of hose at the base of the stairs can usually reach ______ floors.
Apt should be _____ after a search has been completed
Well pg 255
5 floors
Marked
*any mark will work look at the dept SOG
Paths for fire to travel in newer apt buildings:
The use of _____ allows a path for fire to travel because ______ conducts heat.
Elevators, trash chutes, dumbwaiters
Steel I beams
can help it travel vertically or horizontally
New Apt buildings
3 types of stair layouts
Isolated - singles that serves a certain part of the building
Wing - Located on each wing, you cannot go from 1 wing to the other unless you’re in the lobby
Transverse-located on each wing, you can cross to opposite wings on each floor
*best kind for FF
Newer apt building
An advantage from a FF standpoint:
Access to the basement is through:
Basement ceilings may have ______
Interior stairways are constructed with:
Interior apt walls are _____ at each ____
Apt doors are _______
No interior stairs leading to the basement
Exterior courtyards and alleys
fire resistive construction
Fire resistive materials and surrounded by the fire resistive walls
Firestopped, each floor
Fire resistive
Newer Apt building construction:
______,______,_____ than older buildings
Biggest structural difference:
Most buildings have 2 wing sections and a _____ that separates them
Higher, wider, deeper
- unprotected steel I beam
Vertical and horizontal support structures
Throat
Throat - Stairwells , elevators
wings - apartments
After a hose line is in position to attack, ______ can begin. For max ventilation from windows open them :
* premature ventilation could cause:
____ can be used in conjunction with horizontal ventilation in old apt buildings
Horizontal ventilation
Maximize the opening
Double hung : 2/3 from the top 1/3 from bottom the bottom allows fresh air to enter
Backdraft and expose FF to fire, heat and smoke
PPV
In older apt buildings:
______ can be used to ventilate stairwells.
Use ____ or ____ to get on the roof, don’t use _____
After lifting a door to the roof bulkhead:
Bulkheads
Adjacent buildings or TL’s not interior stairwells
Check floor below for victims and then continue ventilation by removing skylights and vent covers
Older Apt Buildings:
Stretch hoseline via the _____ to the fire apt. to ensure protection of this vital stairway
For a basement fire: Its crucial to stretch the first hose line through the front door to the _____ to protect the interior hall for evacuees
interior stairway
Cellar stairs
* After occupants are out you can attempt to descend and extinguish
Getting the initial hose line between the buildings occupants and the fire may _____
Visible hazards like people hanging out windows or coming down fire escapes might indicate:
_____ of an older building is imparative
Save more lives than trying to perform multiple rescues
An even greater life hazard inside the building not visible from the street
Evacuation
* Because of construction fire and smoke can spread anywhere, cannot shelter in place
In older apt buildings FF should be particularly careful about ascending or descending the _____. They are usually old and the _____ are open without any fire resistant quality.
Susceptible to collapse under ____
Stairs to the basement
Risers
A FF weight
In older apt buildings
______ are used as a secondary means of egress, but may not be well maintained.
Interior stairways and landings are typically made of ____ and are very narrow
A _____ may be present and will contribute to fire spread
Fire escapes
Wood
Shaft
Ex Light shaft
Older apt building construction
Fire resistive brick exterior with sold wood material for the interior
Betweej 4 to 6 stories high
Generally 2 to 4 apartments per floor
Multi family dwellings typically have unprotected vertical opening between floor and horizontal openings between apartments. So ____ is always indicated
Overhaul
Bedding and furnishing should still be removed from the building even in a multi story structure
PPV works very well in
Stairwells
Formula to determine correct water flow and correct sizehose
Fire ground fire flow
Pg 246
In multi fam dwell
The IC must consider the resources needed for total eva as compared to ______
Hose lines should confine the fire to a room, apartment or floor and also _____
to slow fire spread
Shelter in place
Protect stairwells and other means of egress
Close the door on fire room
Multiple Fam Dwellings
Searches should be performed ______ with _____ taken care of first
Priorities for a multiple floor search
Systematically - those in the worst danger
Fire floor, floor above fire, top floor, rest of building
FF working on upper floors require:
In a large building accountability officers should be placed _______
A RIC in a position to respond quickly
* maybe in the fire building but away from the fire area
At entrance points
Categories of Multiple family dwellings
Old apartment building New """ Fire resistive Row frame Brown stone Garden apartments
______ are occupancies that have 3 or more families
These buildings have ____ that present a safety hazard for FF
Multiple family dwelling
Complex layouts
Uses standard 2x4 studs exterior framing members (wall studs) extend vertically from the basement to the roof
Balloon frame construction
A good first tactic at a mobile home fire might be :
If a propane cylinder is outside the motor home:
Never attempt ____ at a MH fire.
Be aware of grow houses, they often tap into the high voltage electrical system to bypass the meter. Electrical system is always live up to ____
Quick fire knockdown from the exterior
Turn off and protect from heat
, Vertical ventilation
240 volts
____ times as many people die in mobile home fires proportionally than in 1 and 2 dwelling
For every 1000 fires that break out ___ victims
Will die in mobile homes, whereas fewer than ____ will die in 1 and 2 am dwelling
The main causes of this:
3 times
21 , 7
Rapid fire spread through mobile home contents and fewer safe exits
Manufactured homes are :
Transportable structures that are fixed to a chassis and designed to be towed
- used to be called “mobile homes”
Garages are like basements regarding _____
Garage _____ can be hazardous
They are usually made of _____, ______, or _____
2 kinds:
It is imperative that
Storage
overhead doors
wood, aluminum, light steel
Rolls on tracks, slides back against ceiling
They are braced open
3 types of garages in homes
One story - Truss connect with house w/ no fire spottiest an extension of the structure - kitchen or utility room
2 story - garage roof is separate and ties into the side of the house providing a fire stop
Under living quarters - ceiling is the floor for living quarters. Interior entry door goes into the basement
If there is no life safety concern with victims, the IC should:
Not create one with FF
Most IC’s choose _____ to vent an attic fire.
Many officers don’t consider _______ ventilation, but it can be useful.
If you can’t go on a roof remove ______ to create an opening from the safety of a _____
Vertical ventilation
PPV
Attic vent from a ground ladder
In an attic fire if the fire has broken through the roof don’t:
You can use a ______
Another method would be to use a _____
Lob water on it with a hand line from outside
Ladder pipe or TL
Piercing nozzle
As second means of egress in an attic fire:
A finished attic should be searched like:
Confining fire to an attic will ______
If you can’t find the fire in a reasonable amount of time the IC should:
Attic fires must be fought from _______
Pull ceiling and insert attic ladders
A bedroom would
Not be difficult
Evacuate the building collapse is inevitable
Below
The _______ element is the most hazardous condition encountered in an attic fire.
Finished attics usually have the same fire load as:
Hazards in an attic:
Roofs with fiberglass or asphalt shingle have:
Most unfinished attics don’t have _______
unknown pg 230
The typical bedroom
Low sloping roofs, unstable floors, wires, lack of ingress and egress, extreme weight, potential for rapid collapse
Nails protruding into the attic
Flooring throughout
Windows will not vent a lot of smoke if :
A more useful method is :
If a fan is turned on premature in second story fire ______
Drapes and blinds are not removed
Open window first then start PPV
Heat and fire can be blown back down on crews
On second story fires the officer needs to consider the ______
The _____ may not be enough
length of the hose lay
150 ft
If a FF is going to make entry from a second story window, he should check _______. If it is determined that he needs to enter he should VES and immediately _______
Access may be possible from ______ to second floor areas
Directly under the sill
Shut the door to seal it from the hall
Porch roofs
FF biggest safety concern in upper floor fires is
The way into a building ______
If FF enter a second story via stairs then:
If FF enter second story via a ladder then:
Lack of egress
Is not always the best way out
A ladder should be placed to a window
A second ladder should be raised and the interior stairway should be protected
4 story houses could look like 2 story houses because of :
Its important for an IC to :
Sloping terrain (built on a hill)
Conduct a full exterior survey
______, _______ and ________ produce significant smoke and heat.
Smoke on a second story floor has no way to escape unless:
Mattress, box springs, furniture
A window fails
Excellent tool during overhaul:
Officer in charge of salvage should meet with _______
There has been an increase in suspicious _____
If above is suspected you should ______
TIC
The occupant
Kitchen fires
Bring engine companies back to the fire scene to explain damages
In most small structures _______ is not needed
If it is . Place the hole ______ on a multistory structure, if egress is a concern, it should be placed ______
Vertical ventilation
Over the fire
Over the stairs
On first floor fire the hose line should be used to :
A backup line provides protection for :
Contain the fire and allow search and rescue to begin *** There is always a potential for failure of the first hose line
First hose line crew and search and rescue crew
Critical element for FF safety on a first floor fire _____
On a first floor fire the ______ floor should be first for Search and rescue
a good size up
first floor pg 227
Second hazard on a first floor fire:
Key element for tactics in a first floor fire.
Complacency of FF’s , FF feel “comfortable fighting this”, Complacency can kill
Determining exact location of fire. IC should do a 360 and look for venting fire or concentration of smoke from windows eaves.
Biggest hazard encountered on a first floor fire ______
Potential speed of fire spread
Fam room, living room and kitchen are usually open to the entire house
Basement fires are very dangerous, however, the _______ floor should be searched first.
Basements may also be used as :
first floor
in law quarters, recreation rooms, studio apartments
_____ should be for rapid use if a mayday is sounded
Crews must maintain control of the _____ to present fire spread
Ground ladders
Stairs
Confinement of a basement fire comes from:
Primary clue of a basement fire:
Locating the fire and making a quick attack
Smoke is not lifted when you open the front door for ventilation
After making sure there is enough hose to make it to the bottom of the basement stairs, the hose should be advanced ______ but _____. If poor ventilation , use a _____ nozzle.
Quickly but controlled
Smooth bore
* If it doesn’t jeopardize interior crews, vent the exterior windows
In a basement fire, outside ______ could make conditions inside worse.
first vent hole
second vent hole
Ventilation
Over the top of the stairwell
2nd - 1st floor under a window about 1 foot away. Then remove window
In a basement fire where balloon frame is suspected
Overhaul should be started in ______
The attic
IC’s first safety consideration at a basement fire should be:
Most basement windows:
The FF entering the basement
Are not large enough or low enough for a FF to escape without assistance
* some basements have no windows
Basement Fire Hazards:
Final destination for many unwanted items in a house go to the _____
Second hazard encountered in a basement fires _____
Basement
Most basements have only 1 entrance
Salvage in residential structures presents ______ and the _____ for FF
the greatest challenge
the greatest opportunity
It is best to move materials involved in the fire _____.
However the area of the origin should ______
Outside the structure
Remain undistributed
* For fire investigation
Ventilation is directed by ______
Overhaul is necessary especially in _______ construction
Location of the fire within the structure
Balloon frame construction
Use a ______ attack when fire has not reached the free burning stage
Once in free burning or flashover stage a ______ attack may be indicated
Direct
Indirect
If an offensive attack hose lines should be placed _______
Hoselines must also be in a position to protect :
FF are often playing catch up when it comes to ______
On the unburned side. However, water can be applied from either side
Interior paths of egress and stairwells
Defensive attacks
The leading specific location where residential civilian fire fatalities are found:
_____% were trying to escape
_____% were sleeping
Bedrroms 55%
36%
35%
Certain areas in a house present a higher likelihood of finding a victim. Ex:
Paths of travel, Below windows, behind doors, hallways, bedrooms
______ are a component of the life safety concern
FF
Commonly referred to as “routine” fires.
Unless the occupants of a home are accounted for a ____ must be started if in offensive mode
1 and 2 family dwellings
Primary search
Hoarding task forces may be staffed with _____, _____, _____.
____ and ____ also need to be considered a concern for 1 and 2 family dwellings
Building inspectors, animal control officers, and first responders
Grow houses and Meth labs
1 and 2 family dwelling are not subject to inspections so ____, _____, ____ and ____ may be stored there.
There is almost always _____ and ____ in the structure
Flammable liquids, gas, explosives and poisonous chemicals
Electric and water
In a home with modern furnishings flashover can occur in ______.
______ is another danger to FF in a 1 and 2 family dwelling
1/2 the time as in one with legacy materials ( not sure about this)
Hoarding
Normal contents of a house add to the ____
This may be increased during the _______
Fire load
Holidays
New stone coated steel roofing is made from ____ gauge structural grade steel. These roofs have the highest strength rating.
Nearly _____ and Fire crew may not be able to _____
26
Impenatrable
Ventilate the roof
____ shingles add to fire old and fire spread
_____ ventilation is the method of choice in residential structures
Wood shake
Positive pressure
* not vertical because of roof construction
_____ add weight and make it difficult to ventilate a roof
Tile roofs
_____ and ____ both create individual components that contain the fire to room and contents
Platform frame
Masonry
IC at a fire involving a balloon frame structure should:
Extend a line to the fire floor and the attic.
The fire can also drop down these channels (burning embers)
The paths for least resistance in 1 and 2 family dwellings are:
Exteriors of houses made of _____, _____, and ______ will assist in spreading fire
Hallways and stairwells
* Close doors to confine*
Wood, vinyl, tar coverings
Brick concrete stucco and asbestos will not assist with fire spread
The strategic goal is to place hose streams in a position to prevent fire spread _____
If it appears the fire will not be contained to the structure of origin, work toward saving the ____
beyond the structure of origin
Block of origin
Difference between masonry (ordinary) home and wood frame homes lie in the ______
In masonry home walls are ____
Interior walls, floors and ceiling are ______
Very prevalent in southern states where hurricanes are prevalent
The construction methods used are _____ and ______
Load bearing walls
Cement, concrete block and masonry
Wood
Platform or post beam
2x4 inch wood member placed in the joist channel.
Fire stops
3 framing methods for wood frame construction
Post and Frame ( Plank and beam) - uses a few large wood members, rather than a lot of small wood frame members Ex. log cabins, great rooms
Balloon Frame - Uses 2x4 studs, framing members run from the foundation to the eave line. Prior to 1940 they did not include fire stops
Platform frame - Each floor is built as a box. Creates inherent fire stopping. * found in most contemporary construction standards
Ex. Split level, bi level and tri level homes
Most common construction types for 1 and 2 family dwellings:
Type V - Wood frame
Type 3 - masonry
Must have a working knowledge of building construction:
Understanding building construction is equivalent to _____
IC’s, company officers and FF
Understanding Fire dynamics
Underwriter released a study identify gaps in current fire service knowledge
The gaps included:
Impact of : Door control, vent hole size, vent hole location, impact of flow paths between the hole and the fire, impact of modern fuel loads, exterior suppression with various flow paths configurations
50% of civilian fire fatalities occur in residential buildings between the hours of _____ and ___
This time period accounts for 49% of all fatal fires * Not just residential
Peak night hours are from ____ to _____
10 pm to 6 am
1a to 5a
Smoking was the leading cause of fatal residential building fires pg 213
In 2010 residential homes accounted for ___% of all structure fires and more than ____% in civilian fire deaths.
In the US, FD’s respond to a residential structure fire every _____
Of their residential structure fires 1 and 2 family homes account for ____% of the fires and ____% of civilian fire deaths.
80
85
65 sec pg 213
58
71
In 2010 there were ____ fires
___ civilian fatalities
____ civilian injuries
$___ in property damage
There was a civilian death every ____ mins
and a civilian fire injury every _____
1,331,500
3120
17,720
11,593,000,000
169 mins
30 mins
The most common structure fire response in the US
Most common construction style:
1 and 2 family dwellings
Wood frame and masonry
The act of keeping the fire in the area, room, or building of origin:
Suppression
All FF’s should understand:
Engines on board water tank is called:
A team of FF with apparatus assigned to perform a specific function in a designated response area:
Pumping principles
Booster tank
Company
You can stretch a hose but ( don’t know what goes here maybe up) ______
In well involved buildings keep the apparatus out of the ______
A ladder
Collapse zone
Engine location ______
Ladder location ______
Aerial location _______
Should allow room for aerial trucks to access the front of a structure
Allow ladder max versatility
Allow access to the best scrub area - area that can be reached with an aerial ladder once the apparatus is set up
The function that the company is to perform determines:
Where the apparatus should be placed
Salvage is usually a function of the :
Salvage begins _____ and ends ______
Treat valuables as if ________
_____ ______ _______ should be covered to protect the building and its contents
Ladder Co
Arrival on scene , when FD ops have ended
They were ur own
Door, windows, roof openings
Indiscriminate overhaul can cause unnecessary damage. But when its necessary no one should hesitate to overhaul.
If possible when overhauling ______
Overhaul must be performed by opening up walls and ceiling until _______
Pile all contents in the center of the room and put a tarp over them
Areas that have not been burned are found
Overhaul is broken down in 2 stages :
* Its performed to expose hidden pockets of fire and prevent reignition
Pre control - Unfavorable conditions - Intent is toward charmed areas back toward charred area to determine fire extent * Pulling ceiling, examining baseboards and shafts
Post control - More favorable conditions
Extremely meticulous. By a fresh company
* Overhaul is performed during the entire operation
Proper placement of ladders, lies with the :
Portable ladders should be placed or as many sides of the fire building and at as many windows as possible. At a minimum ______
Ladder Co.
1 ladder must be extended to each floor on which FF’s are operating
- Tower ladders provide an excellent platform for ventilation, Search and rescue, and apply elevated streams
In double pane or thermal insulated windows:
By removing entire window your in essence:
Both panes must be removed
Creating another door
Depending on the amount of ventilation needed windows can either _______
Double hung windows should be :
Windows can be forced by:
Removed or opened
opened 2/3 from the top and 1/3 from the bottom
Fork end of the halogen under the bottom of the window and exerting downward pressure, popping the window lock.
* New window have depressible clips so you don’t have to break the window
To force a padlock:
Saws, torches and hand tools
Duck bill with an axe
a pipe wrench across both shackles then twist to snap shackles Pg 203
Outward opening door are indicative of :
Commercial occupancies, elevators, and closets
* Adz end of the tool above or below the lock, force the tool down and out to pop the door
Inward opening door with a halligan:
If you attack hinges attack the ____ first
____ to ____ pumps of a rabbit tool will pop the door
Fork side 6 inches above or below lock, bevel side against the door angled slightly up or down. Strike with axe, push towards the door
Top hinge
4 to 6 pumps can also use hydraulic ram
____ and ____ make good area to conduct mock search drills
Fire house bunk rooms and offices
During search
Check \_\_\_\_\_\_ If 1 victim is found on a bed \_\_\_\_\_ If disoriented \_\_\_\_\_\_ Primary exit is \_\_\_\_\_\_ Plan your \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Refridgeratos
Check for additional victims
Look out a window
The way you came in
Escape route
If door opens easily then stops _____
Don’t let a door lock behind you _____ or ____
Confine fire by ______
Do not assume locked rooms are _____
Treat furniture as an _____
Search through piles of ______
Good chance a victim is behind it
Chock it or leave a FF there
Closing the door
Empty rooms
Extension of the wall, don’t move it
Clothes
Victims are commonly found:
Follow the walls as you search vent _______ unless ______
behind entrance doors or below windows
As you go
It will extend the fire
When forcing a door:
When entering a window:
tie a rope to it so you can shut it if fire blows out
Probe the floor to make sure its there and to feel for victims
When possible searchers should determines and work towards an ______
When searching for the seat of the fire, find it, use it as your start point and then work
alternate means of egress
back toward the door they entered
Searched are broke down into 2 stages
Primary - quick and thorough
Secondary - meticulous through search
- A different crew should perform the secondary
- Should include buildings exterior, shafts, basements, cellars
Several functions of a ladder co:
Along with proper placement of hoselines, there is no greater tool than a well developed ______
Search for life, fire and fire extension
Search plan
Potential drawback to PPV:
good possibility of pushing smoke and fire into uninvolved areas
Procedure for fog nozzle ventilations:
Stand 6 to 8 ft from a window direct a fog stream roughly the size of the opening, out the window
Natural ventilation: open existing openings a building
Mechanical ventilation: Using machines such as _______ to remove smoke from a building
- Using a fog nozzle is considered mechanical
Smoke ejectors, PPV fans, exhaust fans, HVAC, Fog streams
- fans are not the most efficient method
- time consuming, trip hazards
A ventilation opening has 2 purposes:
Exhaust for products of combustion ( from the top)
Inlet for fresh air ( from the bottom)
In multi story wind impacted fires the initial tactic may be to :
Deploy a thermal blanket from the floor above
or deploying a high rise nozzle from the floor below
The movement of heat and smoke from an area of high pressure to low pressure
Flow path
path of least resistance ( low pressure area)
- in a high rise the fire apartment and public hallway will be a path for fire , heat and smoke
Vent for fire:
Vent for life:
Facilitating engne co. advance in the area
To enter an IDLH atmosphere where there is a known or suspected victim
- pop window instead of breaking it, feel for heat before entering
- windows must be completely removed before entry
Horizontal ventilation is usually performed after:
If done prematurely it can cause:
Engine Co line is stretched charged and ready to begin fire attack
Rapid extension or auto extension
When roof condition is in doubt, such as _____ or ______ don’t put FF’s up there.
_____ roofs or ______ are determined, immediately evacuate the roof
Vacant building
Heavy fire conditions
Membrane roofs
Gypsum poured over gypsum slab
( White paste on a saw blade indicates wet gypsum)
After roof section is pulled out ______ must happen for the operation to be succesful
Top floor ceiling must be taken out
6 ft pike pole
A roof cut should be at least _____ x ______ and easy to pulls. Directly _______
4x4
over the fire
Don’t make it too big you can’t open it easily
When breaking skylights, the roof division should notify:
The FF operating below by radio
Only use power tails to cut roofs after opening up all existing openings
Once on the roof the first considerations should be ______
A way of getting off
Must always have a secondary means of egress
3 basic ways to get to a roof
Adjoining building (preffered) Aerial or TL Rear fire escape (least preferred, they don't always go to the roof)
- Interior stairs are to be avoided
Possible vertical roof openings:
Bulkheads , scuttles, skylights
In many situations _______ determines the outcome of a fire
Ventilation
* Must be done in conjunction with fire attack so that the steam produced has an exit path
Roles of the ladder Co. at a fire:
Forcible entry, S and R, Ventilation
Also includes: laddering the building , Overhaul and salvage ops, shutting of utilities
In the smoldering stage, after the fire has burned itself out, _____ needs to happen before entry by FD
Vertical ventilation
Take position at the _____ of the fire room
Fire burning in walls and ceilings can only be extinguished after being _____
Doorway
Opened up
Never advance into fire apartment without ______
To get the layout , go into the apartment _____
Don’t use the hose line on smoke unless ____
Operate hoseline in a ____ or ____ pattern
Charged hose line
Directly below fire apt
To cool a super heated ceiling to prevent flashover
Clockwise or Z
FF should regard every opening as a _____ opening
Opening doors and windows indiscriminately is ______
Vent
Irresponsible and dangerous
Prior to entering a building FF should:
Identify : construction type, occupancy, ned for rescue, type of fire ( vent or fuel controlled), need for ventilation
2 basic functions of Engine Co
Put a line into operation
Obtain adequate water supply
To confine fire
close a door
use and extinguisher
3 basic steps of fire suppression:
A vent controlled fire displays:
A fuel controlled fire is one that is :
Fully involved fires are examples of :
Locating, confining and extinguishing
High smoke volume and pressure
Growth is limited by supply of combustibles
Fuel controlled fires
1 3/4 line at 50 psi produces ____ gym
2 1/2 line at 50 psi produces _____ gym
Both using a smooth bore nozzle
180 gpm
320 gpm
In areas where hydrants are not available you will have to use _____ or ______
Drafting - static water location: lake, river , dry hydrant
Tender (tanker) shuttles - may carry 1000 to 8000 gallons can connect directly to the operating engine or dump water into a portable tank
TDR - Tender delivery Rate
3 types of lays for water supply:
Forward
Reverse
Split
Standard for automotive fire Apparatus NFPA 1901 requires _____ of an engine company
Min water tank of 300 gallons
Hose compartment of at least 30 cubic ft for 2 1/2 supply hose or greater and 2 compartments of at least 3.5 cft for 1 1/2 or larger attack hose
Min pump size of 750 gym
The basic building block of every FD
Engine company
Initial fire attack tactics are impacted by various factors:
Requirement for immediate rescue
Human and physical resources required
Water supply
Access to the subject or structure
Specialized extinguishing systems include:
Carbon dioxide
Halogenated agent
Dry chem
Wet Chem
Vertical piping in a sprinkler or standpipe system:
Riser
Standpipe connection should always be made on ______
Flake the hose to the floor ______
Floor below the fire
Floor above the fire
High rise kit should be capable of flowing _____ GPM
Kit should contain:
250 psi
Min of 100 ft of 1 3/4 or 2 inch gated y or water thief spanners, pipe wrench * hand wheel for standpipe outlet nozzle (smooth bore prefferrable) Door wedges Typical hand tools
Initial pressure to pump an FDC at :
A minimum of _____ should supply the sprinkler or standpipe system
1 FF must locate the main water control valve and make sure it is open
150 psi *could be increased to 175 to 200
Two 2 1/2 inch hose lines
The FF should not leave the main control walve
Each type of built in fire protection system, when activated, requires ______
Support from the FD
FDC’s must be _____ connections
Standards mandate that there can be NO WAY of shutting off the supply between the FDC and where it enters the system
Female
Standpipe systems are limited to ______ ft. per zone
No 2 zones are allowed to exceed _____ ft
275
550
Standpipes can be ____ or ____ and are broken down into _____ types
Wet or dry
4 types
wet - outlet opens, water flows
dry- no air pressure, must open a valve to get water into system
dry- filled w/ air under pressure
dry- no water supply, must be supplied by FD
FF should be aware of ____ when dealing with standpipes
They are commonly found on class 3 systems
Any systems above 150 psi should be marked
pressure reducing devices
Same flow requirements of a class 1 standpipe system
FF should always change out the systems _____
Class 3 standpipe system
Hoses and use their own
Must flow 100 gpm for 30 min. Min residential pressure of 65 psi at highest furthest outlet while flowing 100 gpm
class 2 standpipe system
Must be able to flow 500 gpm for 30 min must provide a minimal residual pressure of ___ psi to the highest furthest outlet while flowing 500 gpm
Class 1 standpipe
65 psi
Sprinkler systems and standpipe systems must have a water supply that is _____, _____. _____
Reliable
Adequate volume
adequate pressure
Standpipe connections are basically an extension of a fire engines _____
3 classes:
Discharge outlet
1 Use by FD
2 Use by building occupants
3 used for both
Residential Sprinkler systems are becoming more popular.
They are not required to have a _____
It is imperative that the system be pumped at ____
FDC
Standard domestic pressure
* pipes can’t handle higher pressure
Preaction and deluge are similar to:
Dry pipe Sprinkler system
All heads are open
No water stored in pipes
Alarm is activated when water begins to flow
All hands flow at once
Deluge Sprinkler System
Only fills with water once the separate additional alarm detection equipment is activated. Once filled with water, a head needs to be exposed to heat before it will flow water
* Use in locations where water damage must be prevented
Pre action Sprinkler system
* An alarm sounds prior to the activation of a sprinkler head
System that has no water past the check valve. The pipes are filled with air under pressure, When a head is activated the pressure escapes and water is able to pass the check valve. Used in building that has possibility of water freeing
Dry Pipe SS
* Takes longer to get water to the fire
Uses accelerators or exhausters to speed up the process
Constantly has water under pressure throughout the system
Wet Pipe SS
The _____ and ____ of a sprinkler system should be of upmost importance
utilization and support
When connecting to the FDC, ensure that you are getting a water supply from a source other than ______
The one supplying the buildings fire protection system
Three common types of main water control valves
Outside screw and yoke - Threaded stem is visible when valve is open
Post indicator valve - No visible stem. It has a window where you can read open or shut
Wall post indicator valve - the same as the PIV except it protrude horizontally from the structures wall
Valve that controls the flow of water from the domestic water supply system and / or on site fire pumps
It is an _____ valve
The valve is always operated manually and should always be chain locked in the _____ position
Main water control valve
Indicating valve
Open
____% of fires in all sprinklered buildings ar either extinguished or held in check
96%
4 types of sprinkler systems
Wet pipe
dry pipe
deluge
preaction
Banned from production after the clean air act of 1994
Halon
Carbon Dioxide (Co2) used on class ____ and ____ fires
extinguished by ______
pg161
B and C
Smothering
Used to protect kitchens from grease fires
Water Chemical
Class K
Dry powders are applied by ____ and are used for _____
Shoveling the product on the burning material
Class D combustible metals
Common Dry Chemicals
Sodium Bicarbonate Potassium Bicarb Potassium Chloride Monoammonium Phosphate Barium sulfate Ammonioum phospahte
Dry Chemical extinguishes class B and C fire by:
Class A fires by:
Interrupting the chemical chain reaction
Coating and smothering
Dry chemicals are generally used on ____ fires
- Very common in fire extinguishers and hood systems
ABC or BC extinguishers
Flammable Liquid fires
Ex Gasoline and grease
Produces high quality foam bubbles that are small and consistant
Compressed air foam system
Class A foam is primarily used on _____
Class A foam works by _____
Class A foam makes water ______
Low proportion rate ______%
*can be added to the booster tank
Wildland
Breaking down the surface design of water allowing product to soak in
Wetter
1%
AFFF is a class _____ foam
Most departments use AFFF ATC or AR because:
Gold foam acts as an AFF ATC but can be used on polar solvents and hydrocarbons both at ____%
B
It is applicable to polar solvents and hydrocarbons at 3 , 6%
3%
Foam applicator depends on:
Type of foam
Type of incident
Topography
Equip used for application
Foam should be proportioned at ____ % for polar solvents
and ____% for hydrocarbons
In line foam educators utilize the ____ system
6%
3%
Venturi
Foam is created by using _____ to mix the ingredients ____ , ____ , and ____.
90% of foam is ______
Mechanical agitation (nozzles and foam makers)
Air , water and foam concentrate
Water
Foam is commonly used for 2 types of hazardous material _____ and _____
Hydrocarbons and polar solvents
Foam can be applied to the base of a tank and allowed to float to the top to extinguish the fire
This is called _______
Subsurface injection
A simple friction loss formula:
FL = Q (Q+Q+1)
Fog nozzle _____psi
Master stream smooth bore ___ psi
Handline smooth bore _____ psi
For elevation calculate ____ psi per _____ of elevation.
_____psi per 10 ft floor
100
80
50
1/2 psi per foor
5 psi pg 155
Friction loss that cannot be overcome on the foreground must be overcome by _____
3 steps to determine pump discharge pressure
Pump dischage pressure
calculate the constants
Elevation
Friction loss in the hose
Steps to reduce friction:
Reduce hose length use larger hose Reduce # of couplings and appliances reduce kinks change nozzle type and size
_____ , _____, and ______ all affect friction loss
size of hose
length of hose
type of nozzle
_____ shape fire streams
Nozzles
Fog - most widely used. Better cooling capabilities than any other nozzle . * They can be affected by wind. they may require 100 psi to be effective. New ones are 75 psi .They can disturb thermal layering if applied incorrectly
Smooth bore - creates solid stream of water. Does not disturb thermal layering. Better reach and penetration. Not as affected by wind
Broken stream nozzles - water is applied blindly
_____ typically does not require a large amount of water or pressure
Overhaul
The amount of water needed to extinguish a fire is known as :
3 formulas for this:
NFA formula
Iowa State university formula
Insurance services office formula
Flow requirement
None of these 3 formulas address the material in the building
Water extinguished fire in 3 ways:
Cools burning material
Smothers it
Sports the fuel from the heat
Engine use a _____ pump
3 states of water _____ _____ _____
states most important when talking about extinguishment?
At ____ degrees water begins to freeze
At _____ degrees it is converted into _____
Centrifugal
solid, liquid, gas
32
212
at 212 it expands 1700 times its origanol volume
When a faucet is turn on, water flows because of the ______
Normal operating pressure
_____ is the most prevalent extinguishing agent for 3 reasons
It cannot be _______
Water
Cheap, commonly available, efficient
Compressed * it takes the shape of its container
Common extinguishing agent for FF’s
Water
Dry chem
foam
Dry powder
are identified by various codes standards, laws, and ordinances
Occupancy classifications
Occupancy classifications
Assembly, business, daycare, educational, factory/ industrial, hazardous, institutional, mercantile, residential, storage
Mixed - 2 occupancy classifications in the same building
The final phase for pre incident planning is to :
There is no set time for updating pre plan but _____ can be used as a guideline
Update the plan regularly
Once a year
Pre incident Plan
Sketch does not have to be to ______
Standard for pre incident plans NFPA _____
Scale
1620
Building heating systems are often located in the :
Basement
Pre Fire Plan
______ are invaluable in determining construction features.
Basic info including :name of business, _______, ________.
The tour should begin in the ______
Blue prints
Owner / occupant contact info, Key holder information
****Parking lot ***
Phases of pre incident planning:
- begins with a tour of building
- Any life safety hazards should be mitigated while on scene. Schedule a follow up fire inspection.
1 tour the bldg 2 create sketch 3 incorporate photos 4 complete drawing and docs 5 Put docs on truck 6 sharing and training 7 tour regularly 8 update plans
Pre incident planning should be completed by ______
- It is a systemic approach to learning the major components of a building
FF should be in a different building ______ they report to the fire house
Fire companies
Everyday
Fire grows _______ and ________
Fire is a combustion process that can be _____
Upward and outward
Self sustaining reaction
At the very least the IC should obtain a view of _____ sides
Dark black smoke
Dirty brown smoke
Light smoke
Smoke looks different at night***
3
Hydrocarbons
Oxygen starved fire
Class A fire
Smoke is produced by the incomplete combustion of _____. It contains _____ ______ and multiple _______.
Until smoke is controlled in a fire the fire will be difficult to ______ and _____
Fuel
tar, water and gases
Locate and extinguish
An oxygen starved fire builds up ___- and ____
Fire does not have to smolder long to backdraft
______ must occur prior to FF entering the structure to prevent backdraft
Air must be drawn in for ______ for ignition to occur
Heat and pressure
Vertical ventilation
a few seconds
US navy simulates backdrafts
Premature horizontal ventilation can cause ?
Backdraft
Yellowish brown smoke
stained black windows
thick smoke “under pressure”
High ceiling can mask the amount of heat.
Indicators of impending flashover:
Room size
Unbearable heat
Rollover of finger like flames
In flashover temps can exceed ____ and _____ ft into the room is the _____
Mean death or critical thermal burns
- cool ceiling
- smoked banked and floor with escalating heat
1000 degrees F
5 ft point of no return
The point when all combustible in a room ignite ______
An early indicator of flashover ______
The heating process is caused by _____
Key to recognizing flashover is _______
Flashover
Rollover
Thermal radiation feedback
Smoke movement and fire growth
pg120
Direct flame impingement is sometimes considered a form of :
radiation
Heat transfer in a stationary medium: solid, liquid and gas
Conduction
Most important physical properties for conduction: thermal conductivity, density, specific heat
- there is no heat conduction in a perfect vacuum
____ are of little use stopping radiant energy
Water Curtains
* you must apply water directly on the exposure
"Heat Waves" can penetrate windows Moves equally in all directions from fire It is an \_\_\_\_\_\_ energy It can move through water
Radiation
Electromagnetic
On a high rise the greatest danger floors are the :
Fire floor
Floor above
Top floor
