Strategies and Tactics

Question 1

Hazards in stripmalls:
Occupancies are often _____
Each occupancy presents _____
Almost every roof is _____ or ______
In the attic fire can run unchecked ______
Metal roof decks will allow fire spread by ___
Tar is used on metal + wood roof decks it is ___

Answer 1

Transient
Different hazards + fire behavior
Lightweight wood or metal roof - 1 truss fails multiple will fail

Horizontally
conduction
Combustible and can ignite

Question 2

Strip malls or strip center construction

Long narrow one story buildings
Typically masonry walls
May or may not have fire walls
Front of building often have large _____ + ____, that may be secured at night by ______ or _______

Rear door are usually

Answer 2

Windows + glass doors

Roll gates and shutters

Standard single 32 to 36 swinging door

Question 3

Overhaul in commercial building:
It may be necessary to request:
Because they undergo visual change to try to keep buildings looking new, ______ are created by renovations.

Salvage:
Materials not exposed to fire should be:

Answer 3

Outside contractors Ex. Forklifts, cranes

Voids + hidden spaces

Covered or removed

Question 4

Ventilation in Commercial building

____ may be required
____ may be necessary
Fans can be used w/ horizontal vent but remember:
If you open skylights or vents, make sure:

Answer 4

Verticle Ventilation
a trench cut
May intensify or spread fire
It is as close to the body of fire as possible

Question 5

Extinguishment in Commercial if fire already so large handlines are ineffective:
FF should use:
Make use of any:
Hand lines of _______ inches or more are needed
Do not attack the fire with:
Larger hose=

Answer 5

Heavy elevated streams, ground monitors, large handlines, deck guns
Built in fire protection systems
2 1/2
Less than the volume required
Less friction loss, more water at point of attack

Question 6

When fire spreads from floor to floor as a result of fire coming out of a window and into the one above. Also may be called _____

Answer 6

Auto extension or autoexposure

Question 7

Commercial Buildings
_____ and _____ is common in people today
They may not leave when alarm sounds.
Exposure protection should be ____ and ____
Exposure method on closely exposed buildings:
Hoseliness should be placed to support:
Large open areas make confinement tough heat and smoke and fire can spread by _____

Answer 7

Complacency and disregard
Internal and external (large structures)
Flow water using large hose lines or master streams on the exposed buildings
Firewalls
Convection
* Autoextension is possible by extension of fire through windows

Question 8

Search and rescue in Commercial buildings:
People tend to leave:
Check rear exits because:
Evacuation should begin:
\_\_\_\_\_\_ may be a option depending on:

Answer 8

The way they came in
They can be blocked by storage (look for victims)
Firebuilding , 2 adjacent buildings, work outward
Shelter in place
Depending on severity of the incident and number of evacuees

Question 9

Commercial Buildings
High ceilings make it hard to assess true heat intensity ______ can occur with very little warning

Many occupants also build ______ for storage

Answer 9

Flashover

a second floor

• collapse hazard
• Life hazard is typically reduced in the overnight hrs. however some stay running 24/7, also ,some apps on the floor above

Question 10

Comm BLDG
Accountability must be established:
Preferably a RIC should be assigned:
Storage often blocks:
It is essential to have a :
FF's working without hoselines should use:

Answer 10

At every entrance and exit point 
at every entrance
Means of egress in the rear of the strucuture
well thought out evac plan 
a guide rope

Question 11

Comm Building

It is best to begin preplanning when:

Answer 11

The building is under construction

Question 12

Commercial occupancies can be broken down into 3 catgories

Answer 12

Mercantile - Retail business, supermarkets, dept store, drug store

Business - Courthouses, barbershops, doc office, they provide a service to the public

Industrial properties - Factory or a manufacturing location

Question 13

ONCE ______ is accomplished in a MFD _____ operations can begin

Answer 13

confinement

Extinguishment

Question 14

Both ______ and _____ are indicated for garden apt’s

Answer 14

Horizontal and vertical ventilation

Question 15

Garden Apt

typically have balconies with large glass openings. Fire can ____
Balconies can store:
Usually TL’s can’t be used because

Answer 15

Extend rapidly through these opening to the upper floors and the cockloft

Hazardous materials

They can’t reach the building

Question 16

Generally constructed of wood
built during baby boomer generation
can be covered by siding or brick veneer
2 to 4 stories high
up to several hundred ft in length
present large fire loads
placement of entrances causes access problems

Answer 16

Garden apartments

because they are surrounded by landscaping instead of concrete

Question 17

Brownstone MFD’s
Brickwalls separate each building including:
When a pocket door is closed
if the fire is located on the first floor
the first line should be pulled to:

Answer 17

the cockloft area

it creates void for vertical extension

the second floor to protect the stairs from fire spread or a second line can be stretched to the first floor entrance to extinguish the fire. The latter method is preferred.
Pg 264

Question 18

Brownstone MFD’s

Built with a high stoop that leads:
Under the high stoop is the ______ entrance
Below that is the ________

Answer 18

Second floor parlor * main floor

first floor or basement

Cellar

Question 19

Construction
Built using non fire resistive materials
exterior is made of stone masonry, which is how it got its name
3 to 5 stories high
used to be occupied by a rich family
now every invidual room is rented out and tenants share kitchen and bathrooms
Can take up entire block

Answer 19

Brown stone

Multiple family dwellings

Question 20

Row Frame MFD's
In a rapidly spreading cockloft fire:
Top floor fires are very dangerous
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is critical
   \_\_\_\_\_ is often necessary

Answer 20

Crews may have to operate a few buildings down to get ahead of the fire

Roof ventialtion

Trench cut

Question 21

Row Frame MFD

Because of maneuverability _____ or ____ inch hoselines are recommended

Should also stretch lines to :

Any line stretched must be:

Answer 21

1 1/2 or 1 3/4

Top floor of fire building and top floors of adjoining structures

Long enough to cover the entire structure, front to rear

Question 22

One of the greatest threats to FF safety in row frame MFD is :
It is prudent to begin roof ops ______
Preferred access to roof in a row frame is ____
FF operating on fire escapes should be aware that

• common cockloft*

Answer 22

underestimating the amount of manpower needed

Immediately

Tower ladder (common attic space)

It can pull away from the building and collapse

Question 23

General concern with row frame MFD’s:

Timing is _______

Answer 23

Rapid fire spread / potential for collapse

Everything

• could very well dictate whether you lose one building or an entire block
• common cockloft

Question 24

Constructed soley of wood .
Built side by side
arranged in a row
as many as 20 in a row
can be 5 stories high
1 or 2 apps per floor

Answer 24

Row frame multiple family dwelling

Fire resistive material are not used

• common cockloft

Question 25

Fire resistive MFD's Backup line should be stretched: They could have _____ or _____ running vertcally through them If there is a fire in there ______ _____ is not usually a consideration, but open the _____ just in case

Answer 25

At least 2 floor below fire floor in the same stairway as the first line Incinerators or compactors Put a line in the shaft first floor above burning material Verticle ventilation open the bulkhead

Question 26

Exposure protection in fire restive MFD's should focus on ______ If flames are impinging on upper floors: As engine Companies are hooking up attack lines, the ladder company should be ______

Answer 26

Adjoining apartments * because of fire resistive construction Get homeliness up there ASAP Locating the fire apartment

Question 27

Fire Resistive MFD Before engine companies advance their lines the IC need to ensure:

Answer 27

All occupants have evacuated all floors above the fire and the attack stairway

Question 28

Fire Resistive MFD The floor above the fire floor generally does not become _______ in this type of construction, But it still must be searched. One stairway should be ______ When using an elevator to get to the fire floor stop ________ ****

Answer 28

an exposure problem Designated only for evacuation no FF ops * stop at least 2 floors below

Question 29

Fire resistive MFD Water supply for standpipes can be ____ or __ There is NO justification to ______ A FF with a radio should stay ______ In all situations the standpipe system should be _____ It will take several FF to _____

Answer 29

City water main , gravity tank on roof Hook up to a standpipe on the fire floor At the valve wheel to control water pressure Augmented by the FD Advance a 2 1/2 down a hallway

Question 30

Fire resistive MFD ON an upper floor fire ______ can make extinguishment extremely difficult

Answer 30

Wind conditions Where the windows have self vented fire will be funneled by the wind

Question 31

Well constructed buildings fire usually contained to the apt on fire. Fires in these buildings produce _____ An _____ interior attack is critical At least one _____ should go to the hallway where the apt door has been left open

Answer 31

Fire resistive MFD Great heat Aggressive 2 1/2 hoseline

Question 32

New Apt building Overhauling must be done on all _____ with emphasis on _______

Answer 32

All floors above the original fire floor the floor directly above the fire floor

Question 33

New Apt Building If the entire building needs to be vented, use ______ If contained to a bedroom in an apt. with light smoke in the hallway use

Answer 33

roof ventilation PPV

Question 34

New Apt Building Preferred method for getting on a roof: FF should go to the top floor and ____, If a fire in the cockloft is located _______. In an extensive cockloft fire _____ should take place. This is a ______. It should start _____ to ______ from the main vent hole.

Answer 34

Adjacent building * Pull ceilings, roof, cutting op should begin immediately A trench cut * last resort 20 to 30 ft

Question 35

When long hose lays are required to reach the fire look for a _______ in the stairway. One 50ft length of hose at the base of the stairs can usually reach ______ floors. Apt should be _____ after a search has been completed

Answer 35

Well pg 255 5 floors Marked *any mark will work look at the dept SOG

Question 36

Paths for fire to travel in newer apt buildings: The use of _____ allows a path for fire to travel because ______ conducts heat.

Answer 36

Elevators, trash chutes, dumbwaiters Steel I beams can help it travel vertically or horizontally

Question 37

New Apt buildings 3 types of stair layouts

Answer 37

Isolated - singles that serves a certain part of the building Wing - Located on each wing, you cannot go from 1 wing to the other unless you're in the lobby Transverse-located on each wing, you can cross to opposite wings on each floor *best kind for FF

Question 38

Newer apt building An advantage from a FF standpoint: Access to the basement is through: Basement ceilings may have ______ Interior stairways are constructed with: Interior apt walls are _____ at each ____ Apt doors are _______

Answer 38

No interior stairs leading to the basement Exterior courtyards and alleys fire resistive construction Fire resistive materials and surrounded by the fire resistive walls Firestopped, each floor Fire resistive

Question 39

Newer Apt building construction: ______,______,_____ than older buildings Biggest structural difference: Most buildings have 2 wing sections and a _____ that separates them

Answer 39

Higher, wider, deeper * unprotected steel I beam Vertical and horizontal support structures Throat Throat - Stairwells , elevators wings - apartments

Question 40

After a hose line is in position to attack, ______ can begin. For max ventilation from windows open them : * premature ventilation could cause: ____ can be used in conjunction with horizontal ventilation in old apt buildings

Answer 40

Horizontal ventilation Maximize the opening Double hung : 2/3 from the top 1/3 from bottom the bottom allows fresh air to enter Backdraft and expose FF to fire, heat and smoke PPV

Question 41

In older apt buildings: ______ can be used to ventilate stairwells. Use ____ or ____ to get on the roof, don't use _____ After lifting a door to the roof bulkhead:

Answer 41

Bulkheads Adjacent buildings or TL's not interior stairwells Check floor below for victims and then continue ventilation by removing skylights and vent covers

Question 42

Older Apt Buildings: Stretch hoseline via the _____ to the fire apt. to ensure protection of this vital stairway For a basement fire: Its crucial to stretch the first hose line through the front door to the _____ to protect the interior hall for evacuees

Answer 42

interior stairway Cellar stairs * After occupants are out you can attempt to descend and extinguish

Question 43

Getting the initial hose line between the buildings occupants and the fire may _____ Visible hazards like people hanging out windows or coming down fire escapes might indicate: _____ of an older building is imparative

Answer 43

Save more lives than trying to perform multiple rescues An even greater life hazard inside the building not visible from the street Evacuation * Because of construction fire and smoke can spread anywhere, cannot shelter in place

Question 44

In older apt buildings FF should be particularly careful about ascending or descending the _____. They are usually old and the _____ are open without any fire resistant quality. Susceptible to collapse under ____

Answer 44

Stairs to the basement Risers A FF weight

Question 45

In older apt buildings ______ are used as a secondary means of egress, but may not be well maintained. Interior stairways and landings are typically made of ____ and are very narrow A _____ may be present and will contribute to fire spread

Answer 45

Fire escapes Wood Shaft Ex Light shaft

Question 46

Older apt building construction

Answer 46

Fire resistive brick exterior with sold wood material for the interior Betweej 4 to 6 stories high Generally 2 to 4 apartments per floor

Question 47

Multi family dwellings typically have unprotected vertical opening between floor and horizontal openings between apartments. So ____ is always indicated

Answer 47

Overhaul Bedding and furnishing should still be removed from the building even in a multi story structure

Question 48

PPV works very well in

Answer 48

Stairwells

Question 49

Formula to determine correct water flow and correct sizehose

Answer 49

Fire ground fire flow | Pg 246

Question 50

In multi fam dwell The IC must consider the resources needed for total eva as compared to ______ Hose lines should confine the fire to a room, apartment or floor and also _____ to slow fire spread

Answer 50

Shelter in place Protect stairwells and other means of egress Close the door on fire room

Question 51

Multiple Fam Dwellings Searches should be performed ______ with _____ taken care of first Priorities for a multiple floor search

Answer 51

Systematically - those in the worst danger Fire floor, floor above fire, top floor, rest of building

Question 52

FF working on upper floors require: In a large building accountability officers should be placed _______

Answer 52

A RIC in a position to respond quickly * maybe in the fire building but away from the fire area At entrance points

Question 53

Categories of Multiple family dwellings

Answer 53

``` Old apartment building New """ Fire resistive Row frame Brown stone Garden apartments ```

Question 54

______ are occupancies that have 3 or more families These buildings have ____ that present a safety hazard for FF

Answer 54

Multiple family dwelling Complex layouts

Question 55

Uses standard 2x4 studs exterior framing members (wall studs) extend vertically from the basement to the roof

Answer 55

Balloon frame construction

Question 56

A good first tactic at a mobile home fire might be : If a propane cylinder is outside the motor home: Never attempt ____ at a MH fire. Be aware of grow houses, they often tap into the high voltage electrical system to bypass the meter. Electrical system is always live up to ____

Answer 56

Quick fire knockdown from the exterior Turn off and protect from heat , Vertical ventilation 240 volts

Question 57

____ times as many people die in mobile home fires proportionally than in 1 and 2 dwelling For every 1000 fires that break out ___ victims Will die in mobile homes, whereas fewer than ____ will die in 1 and 2 am dwelling The main causes of this:

Answer 57

3 times 21 , 7 Rapid fire spread through mobile home contents and fewer safe exits

Question 58

Manufactured homes are :

Answer 58

Transportable structures that are fixed to a chassis and designed to be towed * used to be called "mobile homes"

Question 59

Garages are like basements regarding _____ Garage _____ can be hazardous They are usually made of _____, ______, or _____ 2 kinds: It is imperative that

Answer 59

Storage overhead doors wood, aluminum, light steel Rolls on tracks, slides back against ceiling They are braced open

Question 60

3 types of garages in homes

Answer 60

One story - Truss connect with house w/ no fire spottiest an extension of the structure - kitchen or utility room 2 story - garage roof is separate and ties into the side of the house providing a fire stop Under living quarters - ceiling is the floor for living quarters. Interior entry door goes into the basement

Question 61

If there is no life safety concern with victims, the IC should:

Answer 61

Not create one with FF

Question 62

Most IC's choose _____ to vent an attic fire. Many officers don't consider _______ ventilation, but it can be useful. If you can't go on a roof remove ______ to create an opening from the safety of a _____

Answer 62

Vertical ventilation PPV Attic vent from a ground ladder

Question 63

In an attic fire if the fire has broken through the roof don't: You can use a ______ Another method would be to use a _____

Answer 63

Lob water on it with a hand line from outside Ladder pipe or TL Piercing nozzle

Question 64

As second means of egress in an attic fire: A finished attic should be searched like: Confining fire to an attic will ______ If you can't find the fire in a reasonable amount of time the IC should: Attic fires must be fought from _______

Answer 64

Pull ceiling and insert attic ladders A bedroom would Not be difficult Evacuate the building collapse is inevitable Below

Question 65

The _______ element is the most hazardous condition encountered in an attic fire. Finished attics usually have the same fire load as: Hazards in an attic: Roofs with fiberglass or asphalt shingle have: Most unfinished attics don't have _______

Answer 65

unknown pg 230 The typical bedroom Low sloping roofs, unstable floors, wires, lack of ingress and egress, extreme weight, potential for rapid collapse Nails protruding into the attic Flooring throughout

Question 66

Windows will not vent a lot of smoke if : A more useful method is : If a fan is turned on premature in second story fire ______

Answer 66

Drapes and blinds are not removed Open window first then start PPV Heat and fire can be blown back down on crews

Question 67

On second story fires the officer needs to consider the ______ The _____ may not be enough

Answer 67

length of the hose lay 150 ft

Question 68

If a FF is going to make entry from a second story window, he should check _______. If it is determined that he needs to enter he should VES and immediately _______ Access may be possible from ______ to second floor areas

Answer 68

Directly under the sill Shut the door to seal it from the hall Porch roofs

Question 69

FF biggest safety concern in upper floor fires is The way into a building ______ If FF enter a second story via stairs then: If FF enter second story via a ladder then:

Answer 69

Lack of egress Is not always the best way out A ladder should be placed to a window A second ladder should be raised and the interior stairway should be protected

Question 70

4 story houses could look like 2 story houses because of : Its important for an IC to :

Answer 70

Sloping terrain (built on a hill) Conduct a full exterior survey

Question 71

______, _______ and ________ produce significant smoke and heat. Smoke on a second story floor has no way to escape unless:

Answer 71

Mattress, box springs, furniture A window fails

Question 72

Excellent tool during overhaul: Officer in charge of salvage should meet with _______ There has been an increase in suspicious _____ If above is suspected you should ______

Answer 72

TIC The occupant Kitchen fires Bring engine companies back to the fire scene to explain damages

Question 73

In most small structures _______ is not needed If it is . Place the hole ______ on a multistory structure, if egress is a concern, it should be placed ______

Answer 73

Vertical ventilation Over the fire Over the stairs

Question 74

On first floor fire the hose line should be used to : A backup line provides protection for :

Answer 74

Contain the fire and allow search and rescue to begin *** There is always a potential for failure of the first hose line First hose line crew and search and rescue crew

Question 75

Critical element for FF safety on a first floor fire _____ On a first floor fire the ______ floor should be first for Search and rescue

Answer 75

a good size up first floor pg 227

Question 76

Second hazard on a first floor fire: Key element for tactics in a first floor fire.

Answer 76

Complacency of FF's , FF feel "comfortable fighting this", Complacency can kill Determining exact location of fire. IC should do a 360 and look for venting fire or concentration of smoke from windows eaves.

Question 77

Biggest hazard encountered on a first floor fire ______

Answer 77

Potential speed of fire spread Fam room, living room and kitchen are usually open to the entire house

Question 78

Basement fires are very dangerous, however, the _______ floor should be searched first. Basements may also be used as :

Answer 78

first floor in law quarters, recreation rooms, studio apartments

Question 79

_____ should be for rapid use if a mayday is sounded Crews must maintain control of the _____ to present fire spread

Answer 79

Ground ladders Stairs

Question 80

Confinement of a basement fire comes from: Primary clue of a basement fire:

Answer 80

Locating the fire and making a quick attack Smoke is not lifted when you open the front door for ventilation

Question 81

After making sure there is enough hose to make it to the bottom of the basement stairs, the hose should be advanced ______ but _____. If poor ventilation , use a _____ nozzle.

Answer 81

Quickly but controlled Smooth bore * If it doesn't jeopardize interior crews, vent the exterior windows

Question 82

In a basement fire, outside ______ could make conditions inside worse. first vent hole second vent hole

Answer 82

Ventilation Over the top of the stairwell 2nd - 1st floor under a window about 1 foot away. Then remove window

Question 83

In a basement fire where balloon frame is suspected Overhaul should be started in ______

Answer 83

The attic

Question 84

IC's first safety consideration at a basement fire should be: Most basement windows:

Answer 84

The FF entering the basement Are not large enough or low enough for a FF to escape without assistance * some basements have no windows

Question 85

Basement Fire Hazards: Final destination for many unwanted items in a house go to the _____ Second hazard encountered in a basement fires _____

Answer 85

Basement Most basements have only 1 entrance

Question 86

Salvage in residential structures presents ______ and the _____ for FF

Answer 86

the greatest challenge the greatest opportunity

Question 87

It is best to move materials involved in the fire _____. However the area of the origin should ______

Answer 87

Outside the structure Remain undistributed * For fire investigation

Question 88

Ventilation is directed by ______ Overhaul is necessary especially in _______ construction

Answer 88

Location of the fire within the structure Balloon frame construction

Question 89

Use a ______ attack when fire has not reached the free burning stage Once in free burning or flashover stage a ______ attack may be indicated

Answer 89

Direct Indirect

Question 90

If an offensive attack hose lines should be placed _______ Hoselines must also be in a position to protect : FF are often playing catch up when it comes to ______

Answer 90

On the unburned side. However, water can be applied from either side Interior paths of egress and stairwells Defensive attacks

Question 91

The leading specific location where residential civilian fire fatalities are found: _____% were trying to escape _____% were sleeping

Answer 91

Bedrroms 55% 36% 35%

Question 92

Certain areas in a house present a higher likelihood of finding a victim. Ex:

Answer 92

Paths of travel, Below windows, behind doors, hallways, bedrooms

Question 93

______ are a component of the life safety concern

Answer 93

FF

Question 94

Commonly referred to as "routine" fires. Unless the occupants of a home are accounted for a ____ must be started if in offensive mode

Answer 94

1 and 2 family dwellings Primary search

Question 95

Hoarding task forces may be staffed with _____, _____, _____. ____ and ____ also need to be considered a concern for 1 and 2 family dwellings

Answer 95

Building inspectors, animal control officers, and first responders Grow houses and Meth labs

Question 96

1 and 2 family dwelling are not subject to inspections so ____, _____, ____ and ____ may be stored there. There is almost always _____ and ____ in the structure

Answer 96

Flammable liquids, gas, explosives and poisonous chemicals Electric and water

Question 97

In a home with modern furnishings flashover can occur in ______. ______ is another danger to FF in a 1 and 2 family dwelling

Answer 97

1/2 the time as in one with legacy materials ( not sure about this) Hoarding

Question 98

Normal contents of a house add to the ____ This may be increased during the _______

Answer 98

Fire load Holidays

Question 99

New stone coated steel roofing is made from ____ gauge structural grade steel. These roofs have the highest strength rating. Nearly _____ and Fire crew may not be able to _____

Answer 99

26 Impenatrable Ventilate the roof

Question 100

____ shingles add to fire old and fire spread _____ ventilation is the method of choice in residential structures

Answer 100

Wood shake Positive pressure * not vertical because of roof construction

Question 101

_____ add weight and make it difficult to ventilate a roof

Answer 101

Tile roofs

Question 102

_____ and ____ both create individual components that contain the fire to room and contents

Answer 102

Platform frame Masonry

Question 103

IC at a fire involving a balloon frame structure should:

Answer 103

Extend a line to the fire floor and the attic. The fire can also drop down these channels (burning embers)

Question 104

The paths for least resistance in 1 and 2 family dwellings are: Exteriors of houses made of _____, _____, and ______ will assist in spreading fire

Answer 104

Hallways and stairwells * Close doors to confine* Wood, vinyl, tar coverings Brick concrete stucco and asbestos will not assist with fire spread

Question 105

The strategic goal is to place hose streams in a position to prevent fire spread _____ If it appears the fire will not be contained to the structure of origin, work toward saving the ____

Answer 105

beyond the structure of origin Block of origin

Question 106

Difference between masonry (ordinary) home and wood frame homes lie in the ______ In masonry home walls are ____ Interior walls, floors and ceiling are ______ Very prevalent in southern states where hurricanes are prevalent The construction methods used are _____ and ______

Answer 106

Load bearing walls Cement, concrete block and masonry Wood Platform or post beam

Question 107

2x4 inch wood member placed in the joist channel.

Answer 107

Fire stops

Question 108

3 framing methods for wood frame construction

Answer 108

Post and Frame ( Plank and beam) - uses a few large wood members, rather than a lot of small wood frame members Ex. log cabins, great rooms Balloon Frame - Uses 2x4 studs, framing members run from the foundation to the eave line. Prior to 1940 they did not include fire stops Platform frame - Each floor is built as a box. Creates inherent fire stopping. * found in most contemporary construction standards Ex. Split level, bi level and tri level homes

Question 109

Most common construction types for 1 and 2 family dwellings:

Answer 109

Type V - Wood frame Type 3 - masonry

Question 110

Must have a working knowledge of building construction: Understanding building construction is equivalent to _____

Answer 110

IC's, company officers and FF Understanding Fire dynamics

Question 111

Underwriter released a study identify gaps in current fire service knowledge The gaps included:

Answer 111

Impact of : Door control, vent hole size, vent hole location, impact of flow paths between the hole and the fire, impact of modern fuel loads, exterior suppression with various flow paths configurations

Question 112

50% of civilian fire fatalities occur in residential buildings between the hours of _____ and ___ This time period accounts for 49% of all fatal fires * Not just residential Peak night hours are from ____ to _____

Answer 112

10 pm to 6 am 1a to 5a Smoking was the leading cause of fatal residential building fires pg 213

Question 113

In 2010 residential homes accounted for ___% of all structure fires and more than ____% in civilian fire deaths. In the US, FD's respond to a residential structure fire every _____ Of their residential structure fires 1 and 2 family homes account for ____% of the fires and ____% of civilian fire deaths.

Answer 113

80 85 65 sec pg 213 58 71

Question 114

In 2010 there were ____ fires ___ civilian fatalities ____ civilian injuries $___ in property damage There was a civilian death every ____ mins and a civilian fire injury every _____

Answer 114

1,331,500 3120 17,720 11,593,000,000 169 mins 30 mins

Question 115

The most common structure fire response in the US Most common construction style:

Answer 115

1 and 2 family dwellings Wood frame and masonry

Question 116

The act of keeping the fire in the area, room, or building of origin:

Answer 116

Suppression

Question 117

All FF's should understand: Engines on board water tank is called: A team of FF with apparatus assigned to perform a specific function in a designated response area:

Answer 117

Pumping principles Booster tank Company

Question 118

You can stretch a hose but ( don't know what goes here maybe up) ______ In well involved buildings keep the apparatus out of the ______

Answer 118

A ladder Collapse zone

Question 119

Engine location ______ Ladder location ______ Aerial location _______

Answer 119

Should allow room for aerial trucks to access the front of a structure Allow ladder max versatility Allow access to the best scrub area - area that can be reached with an aerial ladder once the apparatus is set up

Question 120

The function that the company is to perform determines:

Answer 120

Where the apparatus should be placed

Question 121

Salvage is usually a function of the : Salvage begins _____ and ends ______ Treat valuables as if ________ _____ ______ _______ should be covered to protect the building and its contents

Answer 121

Ladder Co Arrival on scene , when FD ops have ended They were ur own Door, windows, roof openings

Question 122

Indiscriminate overhaul can cause unnecessary damage. But when its necessary no one should hesitate to overhaul. If possible when overhauling ______ Overhaul must be performed by opening up walls and ceiling until _______

Answer 122

Pile all contents in the center of the room and put a tarp over them Areas that have not been burned are found

Question 123

Overhaul is broken down in 2 stages : | * Its performed to expose hidden pockets of fire and prevent reignition

Answer 123

Pre control - Unfavorable conditions - Intent is toward charmed areas back toward charred area to determine fire extent * Pulling ceiling, examining baseboards and shafts Post control - More favorable conditions Extremely meticulous. By a fresh company * Overhaul is performed during the entire operation

Question 124

Proper placement of ladders, lies with the : Portable ladders should be placed or as many sides of the fire building and at as many windows as possible. At a minimum ______

Answer 124

Ladder Co. 1 ladder must be extended to each floor on which FF's are operating * Tower ladders provide an excellent platform for ventilation, Search and rescue, and apply elevated streams

Question 125

In double pane or thermal insulated windows: By removing entire window your in essence:

Answer 125

Both panes must be removed Creating another door

Question 126

Depending on the amount of ventilation needed windows can either _______ Double hung windows should be : Windows can be forced by:

Answer 126

Removed or opened opened 2/3 from the top and 1/3 from the bottom Fork end of the halogen under the bottom of the window and exerting downward pressure, popping the window lock. * New window have depressible clips so you don't have to break the window

Question 127

To force a padlock:

Answer 127

Saws, torches and hand tools Duck bill with an axe a pipe wrench across both shackles then twist to snap shackles Pg 203

Question 128

Outward opening door are indicative of :

Answer 128

Commercial occupancies, elevators, and closets | * Adz end of the tool above or below the lock, force the tool down and out to pop the door

Question 129

Inward opening door with a halligan: If you attack hinges attack the ____ first ____ to ____ pumps of a rabbit tool will pop the door

Answer 129

Fork side 6 inches above or below lock, bevel side against the door angled slightly up or down. Strike with axe, push towards the door Top hinge 4 to 6 pumps can also use hydraulic ram

Question 130

____ and ____ make good area to conduct mock search drills

Answer 130

Fire house bunk rooms and offices

Question 131

During search ``` Check ______ If 1 victim is found on a bed _____ If disoriented ______ Primary exit is ______ Plan your _______ ```

Answer 131

Refridgeratos Check for additional victims Look out a window The way you came in Escape route

Question 132

If door opens easily then stops _____ Don't let a door lock behind you _____ or ____ Confine fire by ______ Do not assume locked rooms are _____ Treat furniture as an _____ Search through piles of ______

Answer 132

Good chance a victim is behind it Chock it or leave a FF there Closing the door Empty rooms Extension of the wall, don't move it Clothes

Question 133

Victims are commonly found: Follow the walls as you search vent _______ unless ______

Answer 133

behind entrance doors or below windows As you go It will extend the fire

Question 134

When forcing a door: When entering a window:

Answer 134

tie a rope to it so you can shut it if fire blows out Probe the floor to make sure its there and to feel for victims

Question 135

When possible searchers should determines and work towards an ______ When searching for the seat of the fire, find it, use it as your start point and then work

Answer 135

alternate means of egress back toward the door they entered

Question 136

Searched are broke down into 2 stages

Answer 136

Primary - quick and thorough Secondary - meticulous through search * A different crew should perform the secondary * Should include buildings exterior, shafts, basements, cellars

Question 137

Several functions of a ladder co: Along with proper placement of hoselines, there is no greater tool than a well developed ______

Answer 137

Search for life, fire and fire extension Search plan

Question 138

Potential drawback to PPV:

Answer 138

good possibility of pushing smoke and fire into uninvolved areas

Question 139

Procedure for fog nozzle ventilations:

Answer 139

Stand 6 to 8 ft from a window direct a fog stream roughly the size of the opening, out the window

Question 140

Natural ventilation: open existing openings a building Mechanical ventilation: Using machines such as _______ to remove smoke from a building * Using a fog nozzle is considered mechanical

Answer 140

Smoke ejectors, PPV fans, exhaust fans, HVAC, Fog streams * fans are not the most efficient method * time consuming, trip hazards

Question 141

A ventilation opening has 2 purposes:

Answer 141

Exhaust for products of combustion ( from the top) Inlet for fresh air ( from the bottom)

Question 142

In multi story wind impacted fires the initial tactic may be to :

Answer 142

Deploy a thermal blanket from the floor above | or deploying a high rise nozzle from the floor below

Question 143

The movement of heat and smoke from an area of high pressure to low pressure

Answer 143

Flow path path of least resistance ( low pressure area) * in a high rise the fire apartment and public hallway will be a path for fire , heat and smoke

Question 144

Vent for fire: Vent for life:

Answer 144

Facilitating engne co. advance in the area To enter an IDLH atmosphere where there is a known or suspected victim * pop window instead of breaking it, feel for heat before entering * windows must be completely removed before entry

Question 145

Horizontal ventilation is usually performed after: If done prematurely it can cause:

Answer 145

Engine Co line is stretched charged and ready to begin fire attack Rapid extension or auto extension

Question 146

When roof condition is in doubt, such as _____ or ______ don't put FF's up there. _____ roofs or ______ are determined, immediately evacuate the roof

Answer 146

Vacant building Heavy fire conditions Membrane roofs Gypsum poured over gypsum slab ( White paste on a saw blade indicates wet gypsum)

Question 147

After roof section is pulled out ______ must happen for the operation to be succesful

Answer 147

Top floor ceiling must be taken out 6 ft pike pole

Question 148

A roof cut should be at least _____ x ______ and easy to pulls. Directly _______

Answer 148

4x4 over the fire Don't make it too big you can't open it easily

Question 149

When breaking skylights, the roof division should notify:

Answer 149

The FF operating below by radio Only use power tails to cut roofs after opening up all existing openings

Question 150

Once on the roof the first considerations should be ______

Answer 150

A way of getting off Must always have a secondary means of egress

Question 151

3 basic ways to get to a roof

Answer 151

``` Adjoining building (preffered) Aerial or TL Rear fire escape (least preferred, they don't always go to the roof) ``` * Interior stairs are to be avoided

Question 152

Possible vertical roof openings:

Answer 152

Bulkheads , scuttles, skylights

Question 153

In many situations _______ determines the outcome of a fire

Answer 153

Ventilation | * Must be done in conjunction with fire attack so that the steam produced has an exit path

Question 154

Roles of the ladder Co. at a fire:

Answer 154

Forcible entry, S and R, Ventilation Also includes: laddering the building , Overhaul and salvage ops, shutting of utilities

Question 155

In the smoldering stage, after the fire has burned itself out, _____ needs to happen before entry by FD

Answer 155

Vertical ventilation

Question 156

Take position at the _____ of the fire room Fire burning in walls and ceilings can only be extinguished after being _____

Answer 156

Doorway Opened up

Question 157

Never advance into fire apartment without ______ To get the layout , go into the apartment _____ Don't use the hose line on smoke unless ____ Operate hoseline in a ____ or ____ pattern

Answer 157

Charged hose line Directly below fire apt To cool a super heated ceiling to prevent flashover Clockwise or Z

Question 158

FF should regard every opening as a _____ opening Opening doors and windows indiscriminately is ______

Answer 158

Vent Irresponsible and dangerous

Question 159

Prior to entering a building FF should:

Answer 159

Identify : construction type, occupancy, ned for rescue, type of fire ( vent or fuel controlled), need for ventilation

Question 160

2 basic functions of Engine Co

Answer 160

Put a line into operation | Obtain adequate water supply

Question 161

To confine fire

Answer 161

close a door | use and extinguisher

Question 162

3 basic steps of fire suppression: A vent controlled fire displays: A fuel controlled fire is one that is : Fully involved fires are examples of :

Answer 162

Locating, confining and extinguishing High smoke volume and pressure Growth is limited by supply of combustibles Fuel controlled fires

Question 163

1 3/4 line at 50 psi produces ____ gym 2 1/2 line at 50 psi produces _____ gym Both using a smooth bore nozzle

Answer 163

180 gpm 320 gpm

Question 164

In areas where hydrants are not available you will have to use _____ or ______

Answer 164

Drafting - static water location: lake, river , dry hydrant Tender (tanker) shuttles - may carry 1000 to 8000 gallons can connect directly to the operating engine or dump water into a portable tank TDR - Tender delivery Rate

Question 165

3 types of lays for water supply:

Answer 165

Forward Reverse Split

Question 166

Standard for automotive fire Apparatus NFPA 1901 requires _____ of an engine company

Answer 166

Min water tank of 300 gallons Hose compartment of at least 30 cubic ft for 2 1/2 supply hose or greater and 2 compartments of at least 3.5 cft for 1 1/2 or larger attack hose Min pump size of 750 gym

Question 167

The basic building block of every FD

Answer 167

Engine company

Question 168

Initial fire attack tactics are impacted by various factors:

Answer 168

Requirement for immediate rescue Human and physical resources required Water supply Access to the subject or structure

Question 169

Specialized extinguishing systems include:

Answer 169

Carbon dioxide Halogenated agent Dry chem Wet Chem

Question 170

Vertical piping in a sprinkler or standpipe system:

Answer 170

Riser

Question 171

Standpipe connection should always be made on ______ Flake the hose to the floor ______

Answer 171

Floor below the fire Floor above the fire

Question 172

High rise kit should be capable of flowing _____ GPM | Kit should contain:

Answer 172

250 psi ``` Min of 100 ft of 1 3/4 or 2 inch gated y or water thief spanners, pipe wrench * hand wheel for standpipe outlet nozzle (smooth bore prefferrable) Door wedges Typical hand tools ```

Question 173

Initial pressure to pump an FDC at : A minimum of _____ should supply the sprinkler or standpipe system 1 FF must locate the main water control valve and make sure it is open

Answer 173

150 psi *could be increased to 175 to 200 Two 2 1/2 inch hose lines The FF should not leave the main control walve

Question 174

Each type of built in fire protection system, when activated, requires ______

Answer 174

Support from the FD

Question 175

FDC's must be _____ connections Standards mandate that there can be NO WAY of shutting off the supply between the FDC and where it enters the system

Answer 175

Female

Question 176

Standpipe systems are limited to ______ ft. per zone No 2 zones are allowed to exceed _____ ft

Answer 176

275 550

Question 177

Standpipes can be ____ or ____ and are broken down into _____ types

Answer 177

Wet or dry 4 types wet - outlet opens, water flows dry- no air pressure, must open a valve to get water into system dry- filled w/ air under pressure dry- no water supply, must be supplied by FD

Question 178

FF should be aware of ____ when dealing with standpipes They are commonly found on class 3 systems Any systems above 150 psi should be marked

Answer 178

pressure reducing devices

Question 179

Same flow requirements of a class 1 standpipe system FF should always change out the systems _____

Answer 179

Class 3 standpipe system | Hoses and use their own

Question 180

Must flow 100 gpm for 30 min. Min residential pressure of 65 psi at highest furthest outlet while flowing 100 gpm

Answer 180

class 2 standpipe system

Question 181

Must be able to flow 500 gpm for 30 min must provide a minimal residual pressure of ___ psi to the highest furthest outlet while flowing 500 gpm

Answer 181

Class 1 standpipe 65 psi

Question 182

Sprinkler systems and standpipe systems must have a water supply that is _____, _____. _____

Answer 182

Reliable Adequate volume adequate pressure

Question 183

Standpipe connections are basically an extension of a fire engines _____ 3 classes:

Answer 183

Discharge outlet 1 Use by FD 2 Use by building occupants 3 used for both

Question 184

Residential Sprinkler systems are becoming more popular. They are not required to have a _____ It is imperative that the system be pumped at ____

Answer 184

FDC Standard domestic pressure * pipes can't handle higher pressure

Question 185

Preaction and deluge are similar to:

Answer 185

Dry pipe Sprinkler system

Question 186

All heads are open No water stored in pipes Alarm is activated when water begins to flow All hands flow at once

Answer 186

Deluge Sprinkler System

Question 187

Only fills with water once the separate additional alarm detection equipment is activated. Once filled with water, a head needs to be exposed to heat before it will flow water * Use in locations where water damage must be prevented

Answer 187

Pre action Sprinkler system | * An alarm sounds prior to the activation of a sprinkler head

Question 188

System that has no water past the check valve. The pipes are filled with air under pressure, When a head is activated the pressure escapes and water is able to pass the check valve. Used in building that has possibility of water freeing

Answer 188

Dry Pipe SS * Takes longer to get water to the fire Uses accelerators or exhausters to speed up the process

Question 189

Constantly has water under pressure throughout the system

Answer 189

Wet Pipe SS

Question 190

The _____ and ____ of a sprinkler system should be of upmost importance

Answer 190

utilization and support

Question 191

When connecting to the FDC, ensure that you are getting a water supply from a source other than ______

Answer 191

The one supplying the buildings fire protection system

Question 192

Three common types of main water control valves

Answer 192

Outside screw and yoke - Threaded stem is visible when valve is open Post indicator valve - No visible stem. It has a window where you can read open or shut Wall post indicator valve - the same as the PIV except it protrude horizontally from the structures wall

Question 193

Valve that controls the flow of water from the domestic water supply system and / or on site fire pumps It is an _____ valve The valve is always operated manually and should always be chain locked in the _____ position

Answer 193

Main water control valve Indicating valve Open

Question 194

____% of fires in all sprinklered buildings ar either extinguished or held in check

Answer 194

96%

Question 195

4 types of sprinkler systems

Answer 195

Wet pipe dry pipe deluge preaction

Question 196

Banned from production after the clean air act of 1994

Answer 196

Halon

Question 197

Carbon Dioxide (Co2) used on class ____ and ____ fires extinguished by ______ pg161

Answer 197

B and C Smothering

Question 198

Used to protect kitchens from grease fires

Answer 198

Water Chemical Class K

Question 199

Dry powders are applied by ____ and are used for _____

Answer 199

Shoveling the product on the burning material Class D combustible metals

Question 200

Common Dry Chemicals

Answer 200

``` Sodium Bicarbonate Potassium Bicarb Potassium Chloride Monoammonium Phosphate Barium sulfate Ammonioum phospahte ```

Question 201

Dry Chemical extinguishes class B and C fire by: Class A fires by:

Answer 201

Interrupting the chemical chain reaction Coating and smothering

Question 202

Dry chemicals are generally used on ____ fires * Very common in fire extinguishers and hood systems ABC or BC extinguishers

Answer 202

Flammable Liquid fires Ex Gasoline and grease

Question 203

Produces high quality foam bubbles that are small and consistant

Answer 203

Compressed air foam system

Question 204

Class A foam is primarily used on _____ Class A foam works by _____ Class A foam makes water ______ Low proportion rate ______% *can be added to the booster tank

Answer 204

Wildland Breaking down the surface design of water allowing product to soak in Wetter 1%

Question 205

AFFF is a class _____ foam Most departments use AFFF ATC or AR because: Gold foam acts as an AFF ATC but can be used on polar solvents and hydrocarbons both at ____%

Answer 205

B It is applicable to polar solvents and hydrocarbons at 3 , 6% 3%

Question 206

Foam applicator depends on:

Answer 206

Type of foam Type of incident Topography Equip used for application

Question 207

Foam should be proportioned at ____ % for polar solvents and ____% for hydrocarbons In line foam educators utilize the ____ system

Answer 207

6% 3% Venturi

Question 208

Foam is created by using _____ to mix the ingredients ____ , ____ , and ____. 90% of foam is ______

Answer 208

Mechanical agitation (nozzles and foam makers) Air , water and foam concentrate Water

Question 209

Foam is commonly used for 2 types of hazardous material _____ and _____

Answer 209

Hydrocarbons and polar solvents

Question 210

Foam can be applied to the base of a tank and allowed to float to the top to extinguish the fire This is called _______

Answer 210

Subsurface injection

Question 211

A simple friction loss formula:

Answer 211

FL = Q (Q+Q+1)

Question 212

Fog nozzle _____psi Master stream smooth bore ___ psi Handline smooth bore _____ psi For elevation calculate ____ psi per _____ of elevation. _____psi per 10 ft floor

Answer 212

100 80 50 1/2 psi per foor 5 psi pg 155

Question 213

Friction loss that cannot be overcome on the foreground must be overcome by _____ 3 steps to determine pump discharge pressure

Answer 213

Pump dischage pressure calculate the constants Elevation Friction loss in the hose

Question 214

Steps to reduce friction:

Answer 214

``` Reduce hose length use larger hose Reduce # of couplings and appliances reduce kinks change nozzle type and size ```

Question 215

_____ , _____, and ______ all affect friction loss

Answer 215

size of hose length of hose type of nozzle

Question 216

_____ shape fire streams

Answer 216

Nozzles Fog - most widely used. Better cooling capabilities than any other nozzle . * They can be affected by wind. they may require 100 psi to be effective. New ones are 75 psi .They can disturb thermal layering if applied incorrectly Smooth bore - creates solid stream of water. Does not disturb thermal layering. Better reach and penetration. Not as affected by wind Broken stream nozzles - water is applied blindly

Question 217

_____ typically does not require a large amount of water or pressure

Answer 217

Overhaul

Question 218

The amount of water needed to extinguish a fire is known as : 3 formulas for this: NFA formula Iowa State university formula Insurance services office formula

Answer 218

Flow requirement None of these 3 formulas address the material in the building

Question 219

Water extinguished fire in 3 ways:

Answer 219

Cools burning material Smothers it Sports the fuel from the heat

Question 220

Engine use a _____ pump 3 states of water _____ _____ _____ states most important when talking about extinguishment? At ____ degrees water begins to freeze At _____ degrees it is converted into _____

Answer 220

Centrifugal solid, liquid, gas 32 212 at 212 it expands 1700 times its origanol volume

Question 221

When a faucet is turn on, water flows because of the ______

Answer 221

Normal operating pressure

Question 222

_____ is the most prevalent extinguishing agent for 3 reasons It cannot be _______

Answer 222

Water Cheap, commonly available, efficient Compressed * it takes the shape of its container

Question 223

Common extinguishing agent for FF's

Answer 223

Water Dry chem foam Dry powder

Question 224

are identified by various codes standards, laws, and ordinances

Answer 224

Occupancy classifications

Question 225

Occupancy classifications

Answer 225

Assembly, business, daycare, educational, factory/ industrial, hazardous, institutional, mercantile, residential, storage Mixed - 2 occupancy classifications in the same building

Question 226

The final phase for pre incident planning is to : There is no set time for updating pre plan but _____ can be used as a guideline

Answer 226

Update the plan regularly Once a year

Question 227

Pre incident Plan Sketch does not have to be to ______ Standard for pre incident plans NFPA _____

Answer 227

Scale 1620

Question 228

Building heating systems are often located in the :

Answer 228

Basement

Question 229

Pre Fire Plan ______ are invaluable in determining construction features. Basic info including :name of business, _______, ________. The tour should begin in the ______

Answer 229

Blue prints Owner / occupant contact info, Key holder information *******Parking lot ******

Question 230

Phases of pre incident planning: * begins with a tour of building * Any life safety hazards should be mitigated while on scene. Schedule a follow up fire inspection.

Answer 230

``` 1 tour the bldg 2 create sketch 3 incorporate photos 4 complete drawing and docs 5 Put docs on truck 6 sharing and training 7 tour regularly 8 update plans ```

Question 231

Pre incident planning should be completed by ______ * It is a systemic approach to learning the major components of a building FF should be in a different building ______ they report to the fire house

Answer 231

Fire companies Everyday

Question 232

Fire grows _______ and ________ Fire is a combustion process that can be _____

Answer 232

Upward and outward Self sustaining reaction

Question 233

At the very least the IC should obtain a view of _____ sides Dark black smoke Dirty brown smoke Light smoke Smoke looks different at night***

Answer 233

3 Hydrocarbons Oxygen starved fire Class A fire

Question 234

Smoke is produced by the incomplete combustion of _____. It contains _____ ______ and multiple _______. Until smoke is controlled in a fire the fire will be difficult to ______ and _____

Answer 234

Fuel tar, water and gases Locate and extinguish

Question 235

An oxygen starved fire builds up ___- and ____ Fire does not have to smolder long to backdraft ______ must occur prior to FF entering the structure to prevent backdraft Air must be drawn in for ______ for ignition to occur

Answer 235

Heat and pressure Vertical ventilation a few seconds US navy simulates backdrafts

Question 236

Premature horizontal ventilation can cause ?

Answer 236

Backdraft Yellowish brown smoke stained black windows thick smoke "under pressure"

Question 237

High ceiling can mask the amount of heat. Indicators of impending flashover:

Answer 237

Room size Unbearable heat Rollover of finger like flames

Question 238

In flashover temps can exceed ____ and _____ ft into the room is the _____ Mean death or critical thermal burns * cool ceiling * smoked banked and floor with escalating heat

Answer 238

1000 degrees F 5 ft point of no return

Question 239

The point when all combustible in a room ignite ______ An early indicator of flashover ______ The heating process is caused by _____ Key to recognizing flashover is _______

Answer 239

Flashover Rollover Thermal radiation feedback Smoke movement and fire growth pg120

Question 240

Direct flame impingement is sometimes considered a form of :

Answer 240

radiation

Question 241

Heat transfer in a stationary medium: solid, liquid and gas

Answer 241

Conduction Most important physical properties for conduction: thermal conductivity, density, specific heat * there is no heat conduction in a perfect vacuum

Question 242

____ are of little use stopping radiant energy

Answer 242

Water Curtains | * you must apply water directly on the exposure

Question 243

``` "Heat Waves" can penetrate windows Moves equally in all directions from fire It is an ______ energy It can move through water ```

Answer 243

Radiation Electromagnetic

Question 244

On a high rise the greatest danger floors are the :

Answer 244

Fire floor Floor above Top floor

Question 245

Method by which air currents transfer heat _______

Answer 245

Convection

Question 246

In the _____ phase the fire produces significant heat and smoke. The fire spreads ____ until it meet resistance and then spreads _____ As things in the room absorb heat they reach their ______ Then the room will _____ The room temp can be over ______ degrees F

Answer 246

Free burning Vertically , Horizontally Ignition temperature Flashover 1000 degrees F

Question 247

Not all fires go through:

Answer 247

Distinct phases Pg 116

Question 248

Growth of a fire depends on :

Answer 248

``` Type of fuel physical property of fuel Surface to mass ratio arrangement of fuel Adequate ventilation ```

Question 249

4 stages of fire

Answer 249

Incipient - (ignition) Free burning Flashover Smoldering / Decay

Question 250

Fire progress depends on

Answer 250

Fuel load Combustibility of fuel Intensity of heat produced

Question 251

Aspects to consider when determining the stage of a fire growth:

Answer 251

Pg116 Shape and color of the flames Density and color of the smoke Pressure behind the smoke movement

Question 252

In a smoldering fire. A lot of gas is produced because of :

Answer 252

low oxygen levels

Question 253

Smoke can ignite because of the buildup of ____ _____ is the most abundant gas produced at a fire It is the cause of death in over ___% of the fatalities When synthetic materials that contain nitrogen burn, they release _______

Answer 253

Carbon monoxide Pg114 Carbon Monoxide 50% Hydrogen Cyanide

Question 254

Class A fires produces ____, ____, and _____ Class B fire produces _____ Plastic also produce ______ and _____ ____ and ____ are the greatest cause of death fires

Answer 254

Carbon dioxide , Monoxide and water Heavy black sooty smoke because of the carbon that remains unburned Hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen chloride Gases and toxic

Question 255

Its important to know the _____ of fuels so that you can clean the right extinguishing agent

Answer 255

Classification

Question 256

Process where an extinguishing agent converts the burning substance to a non combustible soap: This process in a _____ reaction

Answer 256

Saponification Endothermic * it absorbs thermal energy from its surroundings

Question 257

Five classes of fire:

Answer 257

``` A - ordinary combustibles B- Flammable petroleum products liquid, solid or gas C- Electrically energized equipment D- Combustible Metals K- Combustible cooking fuels ```

Question 258

When the _____ agent and the _____ agent combine and transfer their ______, they emit heat and light as an energy source. This source presents itself as ______.

Answer 258

Oxidizing and reducing Electrons Flame

Question 259

Developed in the 1950's by ______ Wanted to find out why _____ was such a effective extinguishing agent The triangle was joined by a fourth component called ______ In the fire process, known as ______

Answer 259

Walter Haessler ammonium phosphate Uninhibited chain reaction Flamin combustion

Question 260

Heat and light released in an energy form is called : 1 part of the triangle is removed? Water ______

Answer 260

Fire or flame Fire goes out Absorbs heat

Question 261

For fire to occur the fuel must be: Fuel is most likely comprised of carbon and hydrogen atoms that can be _____ Breathing air in the atmosphere is __-% the rest is most _____ which is _____

Answer 261

Combustible or flammable material Oxidized 21% Nitrogen , Inert

Question 262

Fuel for fire can come in 3 forms

Answer 262

solid liquid gas

Question 263

Fire is a chemical process in which heat, fuel, and oxygen come together in an _____ Fire produces an _____ reaction

Answer 263

Uninhibited chain reaction Exothermic releasing heat, light , smoke, and products of incomplete combustion

Question 264

Knowing what a fire is, how it grows and spreads and what it takes to stop its progress. Is critical for any IC

Answer 264

Thats all the info

Question 265

IC's should know their enemy whether it be a ____, ____ or _____

Answer 265

Fire Hazardous chemical release Building collapse

Question 266

Because of their physical and chemical properties fires usually:

Answer 266

Behave in the same manner. So certain behaviors can be expected IE: Fire spread

Question 267

The meaning of words in communications is based on :

Answer 267

Prior understanding and knowledge

Question 268

The NFA came up with a 6 step communication model:

Answer 268

1 - sender formulates an idea he wants to convey 2- the sender sends the message 3- the message is transferred through a medium Ex: orally, visually 4 - the receiver receives the message 5- the receiver interprets the message 6 receiver confirms receipt by providing feedback

Question 269

Through the size up process, the incident priorities are applied to :

Answer 269

a specific situation | pg76

Question 270

Size up triangle Resources Conditions Enviroment

Answer 270

Enviroment - includes construction features of the fire building or the terrain where the fire occurs ex. weather, fire load, height, area, building occupancy Resources - The number of personnel, type of equipment, and need for specialized equipment Conditions / situation what is on fire? Where is it going? What harm has it/ could it cause?

Question 271

A red placard with a R indicates

Answer 271

lightweight truss roof

Question 272

First priority of any incidents

Answer 272

Maximizing life safety

Question 273

In some cases a ____ attack can precede a ____ attack

Answer 273

Defensive, Offensive Ex: Extinguish high rise fire with elevated streams and then a offensive attack to check upper floors for extension

Question 274

The operational mode can and often will change. Safety is relative to :

Answer 274

Risk vs. gain

Question 275

Property conservation is also called:

Answer 275

Salvage and Overhaul | Loss control

Question 276

***Broad general statements of what we are expected to accomplish

Answer 276

Strategic goals

Question 277

The generally accepted fire fighting goals include: Three commonly known systems for these objectives are : REVAS, REEVAS, RECEOVS

Answer 277

``` Rescue Attack Exposure protection Evacuation Confinement Extinguishment Overhaul Salvage Ventilation ```

Question 278

Eight goals for the HazMat Op's

Answer 278

``` Isolation Notification identification protection spill control leak control fire control recovery and termination ```

Question 279

6 strategic goals of EMS:

Answer 279

``` Gaining access Triage stabilization extrication packaging transporting ```

Question 280

For the purpose of this text 9 goals must be considered at every fire incident to ensure incident priorities are satisfied:

Answer 280

``` FF safety Search and rescue Evacuation Exposure protection Confinement extinguishment ventilation overhaul salvage ```

Question 281

____ help to determine the strategic goals that need to be implemented or that can be implented

Answer 281

Size up factors

Question 282

Strategic goals are desired to meet the incident priorities ______ are more specific functions designed to meet strategic goals

Answer 282

Tactical objectives Strategic goal is ventilation Tactical objective is vertical ventilation Tactical method is a trench cut

Question 283

Tactical methods are the processes employed at the task level The objective is the measurable result whereas the methods are _______

Answer 283

The task employed to meet the objective * There is often more than one tactical objective for each goal, and there is often more than 1 tactical method for each objection

Question 284

Strategic goal : Search and rescue Tactical Objective: Primary search of first floor Tactical method : Assign ladder 1 to search first floor

Answer 284

thats the info

Question 285

The incident determines the complexity of the ______

Answer 285

Action Plan * It is developed after the size up should be done on every incident

Question 286

When developing the action plan the IC must consider not only goals and objectives but also:

Answer 286

Department SOG

Question 287

Action plan must be communicated to all personnel. The can be accomplished by:

Answer 287

Face to face Aides or runners Radios Written plan

Question 288

THe ____ model implies that a fireground commander in almost 9 of 10 cases, does not make a decision based on a selection of choices, but rather based on previous experience.

Answer 288

Recognition Primed Decision Making (RPD) * implies FF should have a mix of experience and education * A model of how people make quick, effective, decisions when faced with complex decisions

Question 289

RPD process is being phased out by the NFA The ____ theory is concerned with identifying the best alternative to take and assumes the decision maker is full rational, informed, and able to compute the info at hand. It embodies a descriptive decision theory framework.

Answer 289

Naturalistic Decision making * People make decision based on experience Pg87

Question 290

The _____ theory is that the IC will use info based on sight, sound and odor to assist in identifying what is occurring:

Answer 290

Naturalistic decision making

Question 291

The _____ model is used when the IC is confronted with a situation they have not experienced in the past. There id s 4 step process for this model.

Answer 291

Classical decision making model Aim - what the IC wants to accomplish Factors - Anything that affects decision making Courses- courses of action to take Plan - Action plan

Question 292

NFPA ____ standard on types of building construction: 5 types:

Answer 292

NFPA 220 ``` Type 1 - Fire resistive Type 2 - Non combustible Type 3 - Ordinary Type4 - Heavy Timber Type 5- Wood frame ```

Question 293

In newer cities most buildings fall within type ____ to ____ construction

Answer 293

3 to 1

Question 294

- All mains structural components are wooden - Surface to mass ration is the main point to remember in the performance of wood as a structural member - Mass is the key component in the Fire performance of wood larger the beam, heavier the load, the longer it can burn - 2nd important thing is how the wood frame is connected together * Nearly all structural supports will burn

Answer 294

type 5 | Wood frame

Question 295

Common from the 1800's the end of WW 2 _wood stud framing system where studs run continuously the full height of the building * All walls door openings and windows are stacked vertically

Answer 295

Balloon frame

Question 296

_____ Frame The wood stud framing system is set on a foundation or slab and built to story height - Wall studs are connected to a single board called a _____ plate * referred to as a Western Framing

Answer 296

Platform frame Sill plate * still being used * offset window and doors

Question 297

The most common type of new frame construction is use today ______

Answer 297

Platform frame

Question 298

Framing system using post (vertical members) and beams ( horizontal members) to create a load bearing frame Best example ______

Answer 298

Post and beam Barn

Question 299

Uses much larger beams than post and beams framing. Uses boards laminated together to make large beams. The floors are thick tongue and groove planks

Answer 299

Plank and beam * Large residential structures commercial buildings Churches

Question 300

- Very controversial type of construction - Entire structure is tied together in a unified frame - Can be used for building up to *3* stories - each part of the system is dependent upon the rest - Constructed of ______ - Creates the potential for a large are of ___ - A number of triangles put together at the desired span and height

Answer 300

Truss Frame 2x4 Collapse Held together by .05 inch gusset plate

Question 301

Add fire conditions to a truss construction system and ______

Answer 301

Catastrophic failure is likely

Question 302

Collapse of 1 bowstring truss could ____ Don't put anyone ____,____,____. The roof under heavy fire involvement Bowstring trusses can span an area of ____ to _____ and be spaced ____ ft on center

Answer 302

Bring down multiple trusses On top, underneath, at the sidewalls 50 to 100 ft 20 ft

Question 303

The biggest concern for the performance of wood is the condition of the _____

Answer 303

connection methods * The weak link in any construction method is how structural members are connected

Question 304

Gang nailers, staple plates, metals tooth plates connectors All names for ______

Answer 304

gusset plates

Question 305

Wood can be treated to resist _____ , ____ , and _____. | Treat wood with phosphates can _______

Answer 305

moisture, insects, fire Causes it to become brittle can collapse under the weight of 1 person walking on the roof

Question 306

Size does matter when talking about wood

Answer 306

The more mass the larger the load

Question 307

- Referred to as Mill Construction - Large wood columns are greater than ___ x ___ inches and this construction can be used in buildings up to ____ stories tall. - Sections of wood more than ____ inches thick can have more fire resistance than exposed steel - Exterior wall are made of _____ - Walls and ceiling are typically _____ and lack any real fire protection - Difficult for FF's because of the ____ and ___ of the structures interior

Answer 307

Type 4 Heavy Timber ``` 8x8 in 8 stories 6 in masonry unfinished size and openess ```

Question 308

Construction type found in older factory towns, old barns, and storage building Wood loses its strength by losing its _____

Answer 308

Type 4 Heavy timber Mass

Question 309

Masonry load bearing walls and wood joist floors and a wood roof

Answer 309

Type 3 _ Walls brick or concrete 6 to 30in thick - in multi story the walls are thicker at the bottom - Typically 1 to 3 stories tall, have been built to 10 stories - Floor and roof joist have a 30 degree cut on them call a fire cut joist. This save exterior walls from collapsing - Load bearing walls run a long the longest part of the building

Question 310

In older buildings you may see a star, letter S, a channel, a circle, or a decorative device on the exterior. This device is called a _____

Answer 310

Spreader Used to spread the load between 2 or more structural members

Question 311

Type 3 buildings are structurally sound and will generally stand up to the effects of a : Type 3 wall will ____ before collapse another warning sign is ______

Answer 311

Room and contents fire Bulge Fire pushing through cracks in the walls

Question 312

Constructed of building materials that will not add to fire development However the materials can suffer from the affects of fire When walking on a flat roof walk _____

Answer 312

type 2 non combustible along the side next to the wall

Question 313

Built with structural components that will not burn and that will resist the effects of fire for a long period of time. Began with the invention of steel Have the most inherent fire safety factors

Answer 313

Type 1 fire resistive

Question 314

feel used as structural material will elongate and can fail during fires. Rule of thumb for the expansion of steel is : ____ inch for every _____ feet at approx _____ degrees F

Answer 314

1 inch 10 ft 800 degrees F

Question 315

Triangle is inherently ____ - Any load applied to a truss ______ the system, as long as each member maintains structural stability. - Top and bottom of the truss are called _____ - Inside members are called ______ - Bowstring is easy to identify because of its ______ - In bowling alleys, skating rinks, other large buildings

Answer 315

Stable Strengthens chords web curved to chord

Question 316

Most common truss for roof construction: Trusses are placed close together ____ to ___ inches on center Hurricane clips or ties are nailed to both _____ and ______

Answer 316

Peaked roof truss 16 to 24 inches truss and load bearing walls

Question 317

The ____ is used for both roofs and floors Area where electrical wiring, HVAC and other utilities are placed

Answer 317

Parallel truss chords Interstitial space

Question 318

The truss is designed to comply the min amount of building material to ______ Engineered to be less _____ Sounding a truss roof with a tool is ____ Wood carries its load by ______

Answer 318

Carry designed load Expensive Not safe - the truss will fail before the decking so sounding is useless Mass - When a truss burns it loses its mass and its structural stability

Question 319

Unprotected steel trusses lose strength at _____ degrees F and fail around _____ degrees F

Answer 319

800 1000

Question 320

Types of wood frame buildings

Answer 320

``` Balloon Platform Post and beam Plank and beam Truss frame ```

Question 321

_____ and ______ have helped the industry span larger open distances with load bearing ability at a lower cost

Answer 321

Laminated beam and engineered I beam

Question 322

Gusset plate is considered a ____

Answer 322

Tie

Question 323

In the 1980's federal officials transition IMS into a national program called NIIMS 5 subdivisions

Answer 323

National Interagency Incident Management System ``` 1 - ICS 2- Training 3 - Qualifications ad certification system 4 - Publications management 5- Support technologies ```

Question 324

The management structure that all agencies should be utilizing _____ It has replaced NIIMS It is required in order to receive ______ NFPA ____ mandate the use of NIMS GW Bush called on the ____ to develop a National IMS DHS released NIMS in ______

Answer 324

NIMS Grant money 1561 1561 Secretary of Homeland Security 2004 * It integrates effective practices in emergency response into a comprehensive National Framework for incident management

Question 325

ICS 100 200 300 400

Answer 325

Introduction Basic Intermediate Advanced

Question 326

NIMS was designed for, and mandates a ____

Answer 326

Unified command *It encourages the predesignation of command post locations, staging locations, heli spots, task forces ect.

Question 327

The 5 major functional areas of the NIMS model are designed to : The IC is responsible for all 5 functions until he delegates them out. From this point the area are broken down into ____ and each is headed by a ____ _____

Answer 327

Ensure a manageable span of control Section Sections chief * They repot directly to the IC

Question 328

Operaions is responsible for : Planning is responsible for :

Answer 328

Management of all tactical objectives and activities Ex. Medical Branch Development of the IAP Disseminating the plan Collects and evaluate tactical informantion

Question 329

Logistics responsibilities : Finance / Admin responsibilites:

Answer 329

Non operational Medical services for incident responders Support needs facilities, transportation, supplies fuel, food, sleeping quarters Analyzing cost, tracking the time and equipment of personnel. Procuring food

Question 330

Established when the manageable span of control of the number of divisions / groups is exceeded

Answer 330

Brabches | * run by a branch manager

Question 331

Established by geographical area. Ex. third floor of a structure may be termed _____ 3

Answer 331

Divisions

Question 332

Established and named by a specific function Ex. Search ________

Answer 332

Group

Question 333

A combo of 5 unlike resources:

Answer 333

Task force

Question 334

Combo of 5 like resources

Answer 334

strike team

Question 335

Through unified command all members must agree on :

Answer 335

Incident priorities Objectives Overall strategy

Question 336

_____ Spellout the standard course of action that should be taken and expected on every incident

Answer 336

SOG's

Question 337

Units shall clear the station within _____ seconds from 0700 to 2000 and _____ seconds from 2300 to 0700 Incoming unit should not contact command to _______

Answer 337

60 90 request assignment

Question 338

Second alarm or greater units will go to _____ and notify ______

Answer 338

Level 2 staging Staging officer

Question 339

1st arriving engine placement: 1st arriving truck placement: 3rd engine _______

Answer 339

Front of the fire structure ( Slightly to the side) Front of structure RIT team Pg 63

Question 340

Staging should be set up at least _____ ft of the function area

Answer 340

600 ft | All units on the same side of the street if possible

Question 341

SOG's should cover :

Answer 341

all aspects that may be encountered in an incident response

Question 342

Rep's from all levels of an organization should assist in the development of :

Answer 342

SOG's

Question 343

Fire command utilized 3 basic levels: * was great for day to day incidents, but difficult to expand for large, unusual, multi agency responses

Answer 343

Strategic - role of IC Tactical - role of sector officer Task - company level Ex. roof or rehab sector

Question 344

Fire Ground command system became popular in the ____ | Developed by ____ and the book _____ authored by _____

Answer 344

1970's Phoenix FD Fire command Alan Brunacini

Question 345

Every incident requires an ______ for small incidents the plan need not be written Situations for which written action plans are required:

Answer 345

Incident action plan _ Resources from multiple agencies in use - Several jurisdictions involved - Incident will require changes in shifts of personal / equipment

Question 346

IMS's organizational structure develops in a ____ fashion. The staff will build from the _______

Answer 346

Mudular Top down

Question 347

IMS's components must include:

Answer 347

``` IC Command staff Planning Logistics Operations staging finance /admin ```

Question 348

The IMS's structure should describe:

Answer 348

``` Implementation Comm Interagency coordination command structure framing and qualification accountability rehab ```

Question 349

Purpose of command staff:

Answer 349

Provide structure, coordination and the integration or risk management, which increases health and safety.

Question 350

The IC should:

Answer 350

Announce who is taking command and the location of the command post. - Remain fairly stationary away from background noise. Use a vest or specific colored light to identify himself. * IC has to rely on info being transmitted to him

Question 351

Since 2001 there has been a National effort for agencies to adopt the ______

Answer 351

NIMS

Question 352

Standard on Emergency Services Incident Management System:

Answer 352

NFPA 1561

Question 353

Designed to provide the framework to manage incidents with a strong command presence.

Answer 353

Command procedures

Question 354

Span of Control: _____ to ____ people ____ is the rule of thumb Span of control is _____ varaible

Answer 354

3 to 7 5

Question 355

All IMS have 1 thing in common _____. Command or incident management is :

Answer 355

1 person in command The art of directing and controlling the personnel and equipment assigned to the incident

Question 356

Most important reason for using IMS:

Answer 356

Provides flexibility and give responsibility to select individuals, creating accountability and improving safety

Question 357

IMS must be used on all incidents involving _______

Answer 357

More than a single unit

Question 358

PAR reports can be :

Answer 358

Visual or Verbal Pg46

Question 359

The relationship between FF safety and strategy tactics can be treated to _____

Answer 359

Incident Priorities

Question 360

Purpose of the National Fire Fighter Life safety Summit:

Answer 360

Work toward accomplishing the FF life safety inactivities

Question 361

HR should be monitored for ____ secs. If rate above _____ temp should be taken If temp above ____ all PPE is removed Temp below ____ and HR above _____ rehab time should be increased

Answer 361

30 seconds 110 100.6 degrees F 100 degrees , 110

Question 362

Mandatory Rehab Intails: Rehab should be less than ____ mins Rehab should not be in the _____ ____ and ____ may inhibit boys ability to sweat and cool

Answer 362

2 air bottles or 45 mins of work 10 mins Air condition Antihistamines and Diuretics

Question 363

Critical factor in heat injury prevention ______ During heat stress you should consume ____ 50/50 mix of water and activity beverage and should be secured at _____ Avoid _____ and ____ beverages

Answer 363

Maintenance of water and electrolytes at least 1 quart per hr 40 degrees F Caffienated and carbonated * Food should not be used in lieu of hydration

Question 364

Upon entering rehab crews should :

Answer 364

Remove Coats Wash Hands Begin hydration * Cannot leave without authorization of Rehab officer

Question 365

Rehab ``` Fluids Food Medica Tracking Other ```

Answer 365

Water, ice, activity beverage High energy bars, crackers, granola Thermometers, transport units Status board, passports Awnings, fans, barricade tape * identify single Ingress / egress point

Question 366

Rehab should be located close or adjacent to _____ Initial rehab where the incident will be concluded within a ___ to ___ hr period Long term rehab - ( requires the assistance of eternal resources) incident expected to take longer than ___ to ___ hrs to complete

Answer 366

SCBA air refill station 6 to 8 hr More than 6 to 8 hr pg 41

Question 367

Rehab Scope

Answer 367

Applied to emergency op's of extended duration. Strenuous physical activity or exposure to extreme heat or cold * IC can determine that a informal rehab will suffice

Question 368

Rehabs purpose

Answer 368

Ensure physical and mental condition does not deteriorate to the point it affects the safety of the individual, crew, or integrity of the Op.

Question 369

The sector / group provides rest, nourishment, comfort and medical assessment

Answer 369

Rehabilitation

Question 370

Basic plan for rehab should include:

Answer 370

``` Establishment of Rehab with the IMS Hydration Nourishment Rest and recovery Medical evaluation Accountability while in rehab ```

Question 371

It takes ____ FF to rescue one downed FF 1 in _____ RIC members will get into some type of trouble A 3000 psi bottle contains ____ of air ( plus or minus ____ %)

Answer 371

12 5 18.7 30%

Question 372

Phoenix RIC study showed Rapid intervention is _____ Took RIC ____ to get to a ready state _____ until time of entry ____ to make contact with down FF ___ average time inside building Total rescue time of _____

Answer 372

Not Rapid 2. 5 mins 3. 03 mins 5. 82 mins 12. 33 mins 21 mins Pg 38

Question 373

It's a good idea to auto dispatch ___ to all ___

Answer 373

RIC All working fires

Question 374

RIC's defines _____ * Must be on standby in full PPE Must not be assigned any task that would render them unavailable What do they respond to?

Answer 374

Rapid Intervention crews Lost FF, trapped FF, injured FF Helps meet the requirements of OSHA's 2 in 2 out rule * Should have direct comms with IC or operations

Question 375

Accountability system requires PAR's definition _____ PAR benchmarks : * E81 Par 4

Answer 375

Personnel Accountability Reports - a fix time (defined by SOG's) - After primary search - After fire under control - Switch in strategies modes - Significant event Ex. collapse, flashover, backdraft - Any report of a missing FF

Question 376

At a large incident _____ may determine points of entry, ensures comm's with accountability officers, provide overall coordination of accountability

Answer 376

Accountability | division / group

Question 377

_____ responsible for accountability of an area of the incident from a specific entry point. ______ responsible for putting the accountability function into the IMS

Answer 377

Accountability officer IC

Question 378

____ responsible for ensuring name tags are in the proper location on apparatus _____ responsible for knowing the location of each person assigned to them and for staying within their assigned work areas. ____ responsible for accountability within the work area

Answer 378

Individual responders Officers Group Officers

Question 379

____ are a strict requirement, necessitating participation by everyone at all levels at all incidents

Answer 379

Locally adopted accountability procedures

Question 380

Accountability systems must:

Answer 380

Account for exact location provide for expansion to exact scene needs. Be adaptable to the IMS in use Assure all individuals are checked in and out of the system Provide for visual recognition of participation Provide for points of entry into the hazard zone

Question 381

New wireless accountability systems can:

Answer 381

Monitor air usage and track personnel

Question 382

____ will occur by using several layers of supervisions in various geographical or functional areas. Each ___ or ___ leader is responsible for his/her operating crews.

Answer 382

Accountability Group or division An accountability officer should be assigned on large scale incidents. On smaller ones the IC or SO can handle it

Question 383

____ inspections of PPE are recommended This can performed by a ____ or ____ PPE should be inspected by the user _____ and ________

Answer 383

Monthly, station officer or shift commander The begging of each shift and other every use * same with PASS device

Question 384

The expected components of FF PPE include: SOG's should be in place defining the use of PPE

Answer 384

``` Approved helmet w/ eye protection Flame resistant hood Turnout / bunker coat _____ pants FF Gloves FF boots PASS device SCBA ```

Question 385

A discussion on PPE for response to fires can be broken down into 3 subject areas:

Answer 385

Design and purchasing use Care and maintenance

Question 386

Varied responsibilities of the SO include: - Form a strategy - Analyze fire and smoke conditions - Ensure crew intactness - Ensure IMS is in place - Maintain accountability system - Ensure proper levels of PPE - Assess building or vehicle structure status - Establish collapse zone - Oversee rehab setup - Assess physical condition of personnel - Ensure proper scene lighting

Answer 386

- communicate unsafe location - Ensure means of egress - Develop risk assessment - Ensure RIT crews are ready - Secure utilities - Ensure traffic is controlled

Question 387

A SO's evaluation of a scene should include:

Answer 387

- A prediction of what could or will happen - 360 of structure - Pre incident plan review - Talk to occupants / Owner about hazards * SO's should assess the op from a safety point of view and relay finding to the IC

Question 388

In some cases the SO serves in name only. This is a BAD idea. The SO must have additional knowledge an be experienced with the type of fire incident at hand. The SO must have ____ other duties.

Answer 388

NO *depending on the size and type of the organization, the SO may be a dedicated position within the safety division, or a first line supervisor

Question 389

Common incident scene concepts are :

Answer 389

``` Assigning a safety officer FF have proper PPE Accountability system RIT team Rehab ```

Question 390

To avoid liability one must perform to the same level that another reasonable person with the same training and experience would perform.

Answer 390

Standard of Care * SOC is a very dynamic concept * Concept is : Everyone has certain expectations when it comes to performance

Question 391

``` NFPA 1500 - Occupant safety and health 1561 - IMS 1584 - Rehab 1521 - Safety Officer Quals 1021 - FO Quals 1403 - Live fire training 1404- Respirators ```

Answer 391

All info

Question 392

Air cascade systems must meet _____

Answer 392

Air quality requirements

Question 393

Hazardous waste operations and Emergency response is OSHA # _____

Answer 393

1910.120

Question 394

Who is responsible to maintain SCBA?

Answer 394

Employer

Question 395

Life safety Code is NFPA ____ NFPA has no _____

Answer 395

101 enforcement authority or power

Question 396

____ Do not have the weight of law unless they are adopted as law by an authority having jurisdiction

Answer 396

Standards

Question 397

Promulgated at some level of government by a government agency and have the force of law

Answer 397

Regulations

Question 398

In 1998 Congress funded ____ to conduct investigation on LODD's The 3 goals are :

Answer 398

NIOSH 1 - Better define the magnitude and characteristic of LODD's among FF's 2- Develop recommendations for prevention 3- Disseminate prevention strategies

Question 399

There are approx ____ FF in the US _____ paid and _____ volunteer. On average _____ die each year pg 29

Answer 399

1.2 million 210,000 1 million 105

Question 400

Organizations that publish an annual report on FF injuries and death:

Answer 400

``` NFPA USFA IAFF OSHA NIOSH ```

Question 401

IC can run a safe fire ground op if they understand:

Answer 401

- Fire behaviors - Implementation of IMS - Understand historical causes of fire ground death and injuries

Question 402

Risk assessment philosophy at the emergency scene 3 points

Answer 402

- Take great risk to save a lot - Little risk to save a little _ No risk to save what is already lost

Question 403

A major development in FF safety was the development of the _____ 200 people met to discuss prevention of FF _______ The goal was to reduce fatality rates by ____% in ____ yrs , and ____ % by 2014

Answer 403

16 FF life safety initiatives line of duty deaths 25% in 5 yrs 50 % by 2014

Question 404

OSHA requires 2 FF available outside the structure for rescue for every 2 FF inside performing fire attack

Answer 404

2 in 2 out rule

Question 405

Just less than half of FF injuries occur on the fire ground. About ___ of FF deaths occur on the fire ground The major impact on fire ground safety came from NFPA ____

Answer 405

1/3 1500 Occupational health and safety program

Question 406

NFPA 1404 - NFPA 1561 -

Answer 406

Standard of live fire training Standard of emergency services Incident management system

Question 407

Agency under FEMA and the Dept of Homeland Security that directs and produces fire programs, research, and education

Answer 407

United states Fire administration | USFA

Question 408

Kevlar - Nomex-

Answer 408

Inner clothing Outer clothing

Question 409

Personal Alert Devices sound after ____ to ____ of losing stationary

Answer 409

20 to 30 seconds

Question 410

It is unheard of today to fight a fire in : Latest fire resistance materials like ___ and ___ New thermal protection ____ reducing overheating FF Safety strap ____ into gear Helmets are ____ ____ materials Mandated ___ ____ are worn in IDLH atmosphere

Answer 410

Helmet and rubber coar Nomex and kevlar Breaths sewn Lightweight and composite Breathing apparatus

Question 411

Changes in building materials and building construction have ____ fire hazards Such as the flammable materials now found in homes.

Answer 411

Increased Terrorism has created changed in response and op's policies

Question 412

_____ will impact the ability to meet the strategies. The Fire department must consider this when deploying tactics.

Answer 412

Staffing levels

Question 413

Ultimate decision makers on what type of fire dept a community will support : Regardless of resources available, start goals and objectives on the fire ground

Answer 413

Taxpayers Do not change * However tactics and tactical methods will change drastically

Question 414

Most efficient way to move water in early history ___ Large extensive fires are called ____

Answer 414

Bucket Brigade Conflagrations

Question 415

General statement on what needs to be accomplished. Designed to meet incident priorities More specific functions designed to meet the strategic goals __ The method used to meet the tactic __

Answer 415

Strategy - ventilation Tactic - Vertical ventilation Tactical method - PPV at front door

Question 416

Organized the first fire fire company in philadelphia in 1736 to save lives and reduce property loss

Answer 416

Ben Franklin * Tech advances, increased research, increased education, and focused on safety and improved standards have had a major impact on the fire service * Especially in the last 30 yrs

Question 417

The ____ has been a catalyst for higher education in the fire service. It is funded by the _____ Was the result of _____ 2001 GW Bush established the _____ NFA was created in ____ and was the outcome of the document _____

Answer 417

National Fire Academy Fed Gov Sept 11 2001 Office of Homeland Security 1974 America Burning - a report made to the president of the US

Question 418

____ will probably be in every structure that a FF responds to Every FF must understand strategied and tactics _____

Answer 418

Every(huh) Regardless of rank

Question 419

When a forest fire is moving towards occupied homes:

Answer 419

Wild land Urban Interface

Question 420

Proper strategies and tactics can be better deployed if the FF knows the : Of the structure in his zone

Answer 420

Construction types Building material used Architectural designs General engineering principles

Question 421

Construction type where no fire stop were located between the floors or attic spaces. They now require fire stops but many older models are still inhabited

Answer 421

Ballon Frame

Question 422

New residential roofs have had a bad impact because of the ____ of the roof

Answer 422

pitch

Question 423

Light Wood trusses have drastically changed FF tactics ___ must be located and put out quickly or there is a real threat of roof collapse

Answer 423

Attic fires

Question 424

In trusses the 2 x4's are held together by ___ Trusses are lined up ____ to ____ inched apart to create the skeleton of the roof Under heat, gusset plates ____

Answer 424

gusset plates 16 to 24 inches Pull out from the wood and fail * lightweight joodtrusses fail faster than older traditional techniques

Question 425

____ lose their integrity quickly under fire conditions ____ ____ roofs are now most common. Made up by 2x4 lumber in a triangle formation. This is called ____ and _____

Answer 425

Wooden bowstrings truss roofs Lightweight wood truss roofs Chord and web (very strong)

Question 426

FF's should not fight fires for longer than the time it takes to use ____ ____ min bottles without rehab Average work time for a 30 min bottle ____ Dont rely on FF to tell you they need rehab

Answer 426

2 30 mins 12 min and 50 seconds

Question 427

Home in the 20's and 30's were furnished with: The structures were built with mostly ____ Now homes are furnished with ____ causing____

Answer 427

Wood , leather,cotton, and wool Wood Plastic foams and synthetics Burns much hotter, reaches flashover faster, creates toxic fumes and dense smoke

Question 428

Furniture now is made of many materials causing ____ and causing the fire to ____

Answer 428

Toxic fumes Fire burns much hotter

Question 429

492 people died in the ____ fire of ____. Flammable decorations, inadequate exits and overcrowding was to blame. It influenced the ___ edition of ____

Answer 429

Boston , Mass 1942 1942 Building exit code * These changes effect strategy

Question 430

__% of FF deaths are due to ___ There is still no mandatory fitness program Standard for FF fitness NFPA __

Answer 430

50% stress 1500

Question 431

____ Investigates every FF death in the US Must secure the FF's ___ after death Before hackensack the term ___ _____ was not nationally known

Answer 431

National Institute of Occupational Safety and health PPE Bowstring truss

Question 432

After high rise fire that killed 3 FF code was changed to require ____ Approx ___ FF still die each year The NFA is located in ____

Answer 432

Sprinklers in all high rise office buildings in philadelphia 100 Emmitsburg Maryland

Question 433

FF must assume that not all ____ will be available as written in the code. ____ can be deadly ___ allow for only detection and notification of fires

Answer 433

Exits Complacency Alarm systems

Question 434

____ to augment or provide water to sprinkler and standpipe systems must be considered early in the incident In some buildings both systems are supplied by the same ____

Answer 434

Apparatus Placement Siamese

Question 435

High rise pack consist of:

Answer 435

150 ft hose reducer or gated wye Spanner wrench

Question 436

____ and ___ have had a major impact on tactics Sprinkler systems, standpipes , alarm systems, exit requirements are all examples ___ are important allies of FD's ___ allow FF to carry less hose, less fatigue

Answer 436

Codes and standards Sprinkler systems Standpipes

Question 437

NFA is providing higher education such as the ____ program. FF have education opportunities from basic skills to ___ and ___ degree programs

Answer 437

Executive Fire Officer Program Masters and doctorate

Question 438

Works to enhance the ability of FR and Emergency services and allied professionals to deal more efficiently with fire related emergencies

Answer 438

National Fire Academy

Question 439

At building with multiple entry points the ____ at each entry point will serve as the initial accountability point for that entrance.

Answer 439

First arriving company at each potential entry point * However an accountability officer should be assigned ASAP

Question 440

For the single family house fire the ____ will serve as the initial accountability officer The ____ will establish command, but that officer will transfer command to ____

Answer 440

The first arriving engine driver First arriving Engine officer will assume command, The BC upon his arrival

Question 441

Contradiction **************** Peer defusing : a trained person from the same discipline talks to emergency responders AFTER a critical incident Pg 434

Answer 441

Peer Defusing: Occurs at the scene. An informal discussion between the peers who experienced the event together Pg 431

Question 442

A process for managing the short term and long term effects of critical incident stress reactions: A critical review of the incident after it occurs:

Answer 442

Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) | Post incident analysis PIA

Question 443

4 types of CISM: * Should take into account other agencies that were involved in the incident

Answer 443

Peer defusing : occurs at the scene On site defusing : responder is pulled from ops and sent to rehab to be mentally evaluated After demobilization : In a neutral area session last from 30 to 60 min Formal debriefing: After the incident , sometimes several days led by a CISM team of specially trained staff. 2 rules : All members involved should try to attend, peer counselor needs to have had proper training

Question 444

Informal PIA can also occur: Delaying company level PIA can: If its late at night hold the PIA for :

Answer 444

at the scene Give members tim to develop defensive behaviors or mount attacks , compromising constructiveness 10 to 15 min Address it the next morning or the start of the next shift

Question 445

Post incident analysis (PIA) are sometimes called: They should focus on: The purpose should be to: They are relevant to : The fire service has seen an overall reduction in the :

Answer 445

Critical review- * because the word critique carries a negative connotation, PIA is preferred * ROPE* Resource, Operational effectiveness, Personnel, Equipments Reinforcing appropriate strategies, discovering innapropriate strategies All FD personnel, not just chiefs and crews that were on the incident Number of serious fires * So a PIA is a good way to discuss strategies and fill the gap

Question 446

Demobilization Once released , crews should return to quarters and ____. Showering allows them to : ____ should be on the lookout for signs of stress within crews. Report it to ____ When the apparatus and crew are clean and ready for the next alarm , the officer should sit them down and have an informal discussion with them about the incident.

Answer 446

Replenish supplies Devon from the elements of incomplete combustion Fire officers and FF's, notify their supervisors This is the first step in the post incident analysis

Question 447

Demobilization The mindset of _____ the fire must be forsaken to make way for logical thinking about personnel care and conservation. When exposed to bodily fluids crews must decon _____

Answer 447

"Owning" As much as possible before entering the apparatus * or any other typeof containment

Question 448

Demobilization Many organizations operate using _____ approach. * Not logical _____must be considered in the demobilization plan When FD's use ____ crews can leave their trucks and equipment on scene and return to the station on the relief crews apparatus

Answer 448

First in, last out approach FF fatigue Standardized apparatus

Question 449

The process of returning personnel, apparatus and equipment after an emergency has been terminated . Agencies should require personnel to ____ before leaving the scene. Incident termination requires an :

Answer 449

Demobilization - * whether the incident is large or small termination must be planned sequence of actions. Pass through rehab for a Medical check out Organized plan for demobilization * the importance of demobilization is ignored in many incident action plans

Question 450

Historical Structures IC's should work closely with _____ and ____ during salvage and overhaul As with any fire, the best means of protection is _____ *** _____ can prevent the need for forcible entry

Answer 450

Curators and staff Prevention Addition of key box

Question 451

Electrical substations Fire can occur because of : ____ and ____ are the only activities that can be performed until power is shut down Once power is off , crews will be confronted with a ____ fire

Answer 451

Mechanical failure, Lightning, Over heating from energy demands EVAC and exposure protection Flammable liquid fire (Mineral Oil)

Question 452

Bulk storage facilities Don't enter diked area unless to : On pressurized tanks, crews should NOT be placed: ___ is paramount at bulk storage facilities On pressurized tanks, water should be applied to: On non pressurized tanks, water should be applied to:

Answer 452

Save a life In line with the ends of the tanks Protection of exposed tanks The vapor space To the sides, below the liquid line

Question 453

Bulk storage facilities Hazards associated with bulk storage: Pressurized tanks hold: Bulk tanks are required to have: When water sinks to the bottom of a tank it does little to extinguish the fire, but it adds to the volume in the tank and product spills out :

Answer 453

product , tank type, construction and physical layout of the tank Gases that are liquefied or stored in bulk under pressure Built in safety features Ex. deluge gun water or foam systems Tanks must also be diked for Runoff Boilover

Question 454

Planes Evacuation of the planes passengers will occur: Once life safety and extinguishment are over, the aircraft should be left _____ Little if any ____ should be done

Answer 454

Before FD arrives Intact for fed investigators. For overhaul- only as much is needed should be performed Salvage

Question 455

Planes 3 types of lines that FF must be protected from in aircraft fires: Search and rescue: Access may be gained by cutting through the ____ or ____, but the easiest access is through the planes ____. Be cautious opening a planes door because doing so may cause:

Answer 455

hydraulic lines, oxygen lines, fuel lines with the area around the crash site fuselage or windows Doors The emergency chute to deploy

Question 456

``` Color code for aircraft tubing: Red Yellow Blue and yellow Orange Green Brown ```

Answer 456

Fuel Lubrication Hydraulic Compressed gas breathing air fire protection

Question 457

____ on an aircraft may still operate after a crash and continue to emit radiation Rotary wing aircraft can carry ____ to ____ people. Fuel carried on board can range from ____ to ____ gallons Main rotor blades can span as much as ____ ft. And dip as low as ____ ft during start up and shut down The ____ may not be seen when its spinning

Answer 457

Radar units * won't emit if they are shut down 1 to 50 20 to 700 gallons 60 ft, 4 ft tail rotor

Question 458

Larger aircraft have a ____ system for the controls Aircrafts use an _____ to supply power when the aircraft engines are down Military aircraft use ____ to dislodge ejection seats

Answer 458

Hydraulic * may carry pressures of up to 5,000 psi APU ( auxiliary power unit) it runs off the planes fuel supply Explosive devices * there is also the possibility of ammunition on board

Question 459

Fuel for reciprocating engine: Fuel for jet engines and turbo prop engines: Fuel for military aircraft with jet engines:

Answer 459

High octane aviation gasoline or avgas, it is very flammable Bot use a commercial high grade kerosene fuel. Known as Jet A. It has a higher flash point than avgas, but a lower ignition temperature.

Question 460

Several common hazards for fixed wing aircraft: Aircraft engines can be 1 of 3 different types:

Answer 460

Large amount of fuel , hydraulic fluid, and in some cases oxygen equipment Reciprocating, jet propulsion, turbo prop

Question 461

One extinguishment method for train fires is to remove the ____ side of the fire triangle . The fire is allowed to: ___ should be inspected for signs of horizontal fire spread when dealing with train fires.

Answer 461

fuel side Interior partitions

Question 462

Non passenger trains usually travel with a minimum crew of ____ to ___ people The crew should be in the _____ Priority areas should be developed depending on ____ and ____ Some of the largest evacuations in history have been as a result of :

Answer 462

2 to 4 Lead locomotive Time of the incident Proximity to the fire Rail incidents

Question 463

Trains If the tank care shell cannot be cooled at the ___ , FD should withdraw and EVAC everyone. If the rail locomotive is powered by electricity ____ or ____ will be present

Answer 463

the point of flame impingement Overhead wires or a third rail

Question 464

Trains If flames are impinging on a pressurized railcar containing LPG and sufficient water supply cannot be established, _____ It is essential that all other rail traffic:

Answer 464

Evacuation may be the only valid strategy Be stopped * FD dispatchers will have the phone # for train dispatchers

Question 465

Trains Several 1 ton containers of chlorine are commonly transported on a flat car, called a _____

Answer 465

Multi unit tankcar

Question 466

Trains - Car with a capacity from a few hundred gallons to 30,000 gallons of product - May have 1 or more compartments

Answer 466

Tank cars

Question 467

8 classifications of railcars: * passenger trains may carry several hundred people Pg 405

Answer 467

locomotives boxcars - a box with wheels, may have refirdgerator systems Flat cars - no wall enclosures or tops intermodal equipment Gondola cars - Flat bottom and walls Hopper cars Passenger cars tank cars

Question 468

Trains - Work horse of the train - can be diesel electric or electric - Diesel elcetric is basically a generator on wheels - The diesel electrics biggest hazard is the electricity created by the diesel engine - Full electric carry a current between 25,000 to 50,000 volts

Answer 468

Locomotives

Question 469

Trains - Basically flat cars with containers placed on them * Allow cargo to be transferred rapidly between different modes of transportation without having to off load the product

Answer 469

inter modal equipment

Question 470

Trains - Cars that have fixed sides and ends - floor is sloped to a hinged door - transport dry bulk materials Ex fertilizer and grains

Answer 470

Hopper cars

Question 471

Trains - Cars designed to carry people or perform functions for passengers Ex luggage storage or dining

Answer 471

Passenger cars

Question 472

Shipboard If at sea, the only option for evacuation is : If in part, an evac option may be to: Exposed boats may be: To confine the fire ____, ____, and ____ Ventilation tactical objectives involve: Overhaul will be necessary where:

Answer 472

Life boats Evacuate the port, or area around the ship Moved away from the danger area Close bulkhead doors, place homeliness to protect avenues of vert and horizontal fire spread, control the ventilation system Removing or opening hatch covers and turning ventilators away from the wind In the fire area and the adjacent areas

Question 473

Comparison of building Vs. Ship terms: ``` Structure term Wall = Floors = Ceiling= windows = doors= ```

Answer 473

Shipterms Bulkheads plartforms or decks overheads portholes hatches

Question 474

Shipboard strategic goals and objectives FF safety should start with asking the question: ___ should be used to provide exit paths at ship fires Tactical objectives for search and rescue on a ship should focus on :

Answer 474

Are the crews trained and equipped to handle the situation ** Life lines** Dividing the ship into sections and having crews search assigned areas

Question 475

Hazards encountered on shipboard fires: When water is applied to a ship fire, the water: Passenger ships can carry _____ of fuel The ships pre fire plan is called **** Included in the plan is the : It is required to be stowed:

Answer 475

Stays on the ship, creating stability problems hundreds of thousands of gallons pg 402 *** Fire command plan*** Layout, location of FF equipment, plans for each deck dimensions, locations of comm systems In a marked location outside the deck house. Signs directing FF to the FLP are required.

Question 476

Cargo ships may carry up to ____ passengers as well as Hazmats In shipboard fires FF may endure intense heat and smoke, because they: ____ creates a maze that would be difficult for a unfamiliar person to navigate in a shipboard fire.

Answer 476

20 often must enter from the top of the fire and descend down Compartmentalization

Question 477

Never extinguish a gas fire unless: Overhaul should be handled by :

Answer 477

the gas supply can be immediately shut off when the fire is out Pg 401 Hazmat team * salvage as well

Question 478

Exposure protection may be implemented where there is no fire. Example ____ Responders trained to the ____ level can deploy defensive actions at a has mat response Tactical objectives for confinement at a hazmat include : ____ , _____ and ____ pg 400 Haz mat operation level technician requires ___ hrs of training

Answer 478

an originated leak of flammable gas, like LPG, its heavier than air and may be directed away from exposures using hose streams Defensive actions Damming, diking and retention * can be done by ops level responders 8 hrs pg 395

Question 479

Sheltering in place is an acceptable option at a hazmat incident. Shut down vent systems that could bring in outside air Any openings to the outside should be closed

Answer 479

whats the duration of the release? How many evacuees Where will they go? Number of available resources * studies have shown that sheltering in place is generally safer than evacuation

Question 480

Haz Mats FF safety can be accomplished at Haz Mat incidents often by doing _____ or by ____ Hazmat incidents are ____, ___ should be an early consideration

Answer 480

Nothing or by taking defensive actions only Long lasting Rehab

Question 481

3 risks levels for Rescue at a Hazmat incident : * Those who have the best chance for survival should be rescued first

Answer 481

Low - Hazards are known and not expected to increase Calculated - Same as low, except that hazards may increase Unacceptable - No chance for success

Question 482

Non flammable gasses: Lower Flammable limit of no higher than ___% and a Flammable range of greater than ___% The weight of air is equal to ____

Answer 482

13% 10% Equal to 1 FF should understand the eight of different gases compared to air

Question 483

Detonate : Deflagrate:

Answer 483

to explode with sudden violence | To burn rapidly can be considered "low explosive"

Question 484

An area where under developed land with vegetative fuels mixes with human made structures A wildland engine:

Answer 484

Wildland urban interface Brush truck

Question 485

WFF The key in fighting interface fires is to : When prioritizing exposures you are essentially performing? There are no ____ and ___ rules as to which structure should be protected The ___ and ___ of a structure can be considered safety zones A structure may not be defensible if it is less than ____ the ____ from the edge of the clear space

Answer 485

Use your resources to accomplish the most good Structural triage hard and fast Leeward side And interior Twice the flame length * The decision to protect an exposure will depend on the fuel load and intensity of the fire

Question 486

WFF tactics 2 main concerns: ___ it , ____ it, and ____ it Start extinguishment at : Conditions that would make you reassess your decision to protect or withdraw from a structure

Answer 486

1 FF safety , 2 providing for the greatest good Find , contain, extinguish Most active flank, move towards head Building construction , spot fire spreading, roof is well involved, large unprotected windows, above ground fuel tanks, house is on a slope

Question 487

In WF ___ is a big concern You should lower ___ on adjustable nozzles and lower ____ on a automatic nozzle Overhaul in WFF is called ____ and is just as important as in structural FF. The ____ should be overhauled. Crews should saturate a an area that extends ___ ft beyond the burned area.

Answer 487

water supply GPM's PSI Mop up Entire perimeter 50 ft * Salvage is usually not much of a concern in WFF

Question 488

WFF ___ is a difficult component to remove during WFF Removing ___ is likely impossible You can dig a line to remove: Safest method of extinguishment: You should begin by working up the ___ From within the burned area, then work towards the _____

Answer 488

Heat Oxygen Fuel and the preheating of surrounding vegetation Attack from the burned area and work outward Flanks and head * The head of a WF is the fastest growing and fastest moving

Question 489

WFF 3 main ways to contain a WFF: Other ways to confine WFF:

Answer 489

Surround it with personnel who have constructed fire lines or Create a perimeter and have FF there ready to extinguish or Combo of both Dozers, aircraft, natural boundaries, artificial boundaries, extinguishment, backfiring ahead of a moving fire

Question 490

WFF The most important issue regarding evacuation is : Regarding exposure protection, ____ is the key Class A foam is used 2 ways in WFF: CASF's have proven to be more effective than water alone (Define CASF) Confining a wild land fire means:

Answer 490

When to order it Knowing which exposures to protect and how to protect them In conjunction with water to penetrate ordinary combustible and make extinguishment more effective or, it is applied to unburned materials Compressed air foam systems Keeping it contained to a designated area * typically requires spreading resources throughout the area

Question 491

Strategic goals of Wildland fires: - Many of the goals in wild land fires: - FF safety begins with: - FF should be outfitted with wild land FF gear including: - ___ is not a major component of WFF - ___ is an instance where it may be required - EVAC effort are: - Who gives the order to EVAC?

Answer 491

are also applicable to structural FF Each individual Long sleeve shirt (tucked in) pants ( both having fire retardant material) work boots, helmet and eye protection Search and rescue Homeowners who refused to evacuate A huge undertaking. Time consuming and personnel intensive FD and other agencies as well EVAC is conducted as a joint effort among public safety agencies

Question 492

10 firefighting orders for Wildland FF 1 keep informed on weather conditions 2 know what the fire is doing at all times 3 base all actions on current and expect fire bahavior 4 plan escape routes for everyone 5 place a lookout in danger areas 6 be alert, calm, think clearly, act decisively

Answer 492

7 Maintain communication with everyone involved 8 Give c;ear instructions 9 maintain control of your crew at all times 10 Fight fire aggressively, but provide for safety first * Containment could be containing the fire to an area of several hundred feet or a few thousand acres

Question 493

Ground cover fires - Primarily involve fuels at the lowest level - involves light types of fuel, such as grasses - fastest growing type, but produces the lead heat - Typically can be reached with regular wild land apparatus, and usually only span a few hundred feet to several acres

Answer 493

Most often occur in farmlands and urban suburban areas

Question 494

Strip center If FF observe a truss section failing: Covered walkways are: They are either ____ or supported by ____ Cantilever walkways are attached : With walkways roof may fall ______

Answer 494

Evacuate immediately Purely decorative, no structural support Cantilevered, supported by posts and pillars to the main building structure, its basically an extension of the main roof or tip outward , much like a seesaw

Question 495

Strip mall Typically there are no void spaces between ____ and _____ Fire in the covered walkways typically: They are typically bolted_______

Answer 495

Covered walkways and main structure Can burn with out necessarily affecting the main structure to the wall of the main structure * collapse is likely at the connection points

Question 496

Strip mall tactics IC should not wait for a event to happen: If crews are not making significant progress:

Answer 496

and then react (be proactive not reactive) Consider pulling crews out of the building

Question 497

HR HVAC Once fire floor determined the ___ and ___ Should be closed, while ____ should be opened to prevent air from transferring the supply and return shafts Next step is to the fire area, so fresh air is supplied to building occupants while pressurizing these zones at the same time

Answer 497

outside air supply dampers and mixing dampers Exhaust dampers Supply fans * All FF's must have a genera; understanding of HVAC systems

Question 498

Devices that prevent or allow air to enter the HVAC system Rule of thumb upon arrival to a HR is to verify the ____ while determining the mode of ____

Answer 498

Dampers Fire floor and location The mode of all the HVAC zones

Question 499

One of the most critical aspects of fighting modern HR fires is : Old building don't have HVAC systems: HVAC system has 3 components:

Answer 499

gaining handle on air movement throughout the building (HVAC system) They have AC systems that only serve 1 floor HVAC systems serve multiple floors Processing equipment supply equipment return equipment

Question 500

Building fire pumps should be able to deliver ____ psi at _____ with a relief valve limiting the pressure to ____ psi above that which is required

Answer 500

50 highest floor outlet 15

Question 501

With fire pumps it is essential that the ____ and ____ gauges be checked. And that the ____ is closed. As much as ___% of pump capacity could be lost if it is open. Of one pump is substantially lower pressure than the other : Should be a phone in the pump room directly connecting to:

Answer 501

inlet and discharge bypass valve 50 % the lever should be moved to a higher setting The buildings command post

Question 502

All HR's should be required to have: Many times the fire pumps start _____, in some cases either the _____ or a ____ will start them. Pump room is usually located in : If a FF starts the pump he should:

Answer 502

Auxiliary Fire pumps * they increase the pressure in the standpipe system automatically building engineer of a FF Basement, subbasement or utility room Remain there to ensure proper pressures and make sure they don't get shut off

Question 503

If the building has a adequate fire pump supplying the sprinklers, the IC should have the first supply line supply the ____ siamese. Always supply the standpipe system before: Where did the fire stop at Meridian 1 Philly:

Answer 503

standpipe FF's work off of it, even with a wet , pressurized system the first floor that was equipped with sprinklers

Question 504

In many cases areas ____ are mandated in HR's. Only absolute method of determining if a standpipe is present: Good rule of thumb for responding pumper to HR: Must supply the system with ____ and ____ May have to move engines away from the building to : The siamese connection should be ____ or ____

Answer 504

Standpipes preincident plan position at a working hydrant located near a siamese adequate pressure and several lines protect his from falling debris Color coded or have a sign indicating its use Standpipe, sprinkler or combo * consider having a min of 2 pumpers simultaneously supplying 2 siamese connections fire ops

Question 505

The key tactical consideration in HR fires is that FD's are completely reliant on the buildings systems to assist in extinguishment. These systems include: The systems are varied and complex, the FD must master their use in order to be succesful

Answer 505

Standpipes , sprinklers, HVAC, Elevators, Fire command station Communications systems Fire pumps

Question 506

Common construction type of many HR's elevators stairs and support systems are located in the center of the building In new buildings windows are: Only way to vent them is to: FD needs to control and utilize _____

Answer 506

Central (or center) core construction Fixed and inoperable Break them whiteness glass into the street Elevators * If used improperly can cause death or injury of civilians and FF's

Question 507

*** _____ are the most challenging fires in the fire service Old HR construction: New HR construction: Plenum:

Answer 507

High Rise fires Much heavier, concrete or masonry walls, concrete floor, windows that could be opened from the inside ,lack of central AC or plenums. Compartmentation Sleek steel and glass. HVAC systems , large open office spaces, lacking compartmentation, plenums are also used for building electrical and communication equipment A ductwork component of an HVAC system that provides an avenue for air flow and returns air to the system

Question 508

High Rises ( HR) Defined as : First HR fires occurred over 100 yrs ago (1882) TO COMBAT HIGH RISE FIRES TODAY YOU SHOULD: The battles are fought from _____ with very little help from _____

Answer 508

Any building in which the highest floor is beyond reach of the available ladders Heavy emphasis is placed on using the buildings systems Ex: elevators, speakers, standpipes, fire pumps Within the structures, ground ladders and outside streams

Question 509

An occupancy used for the gathering of 50 or more people for deliberation, worship, entertainment, eating, drinking, amusement, awaiting transportation , or used as a special amusement building. Regardless of occupant load.

Answer 509

Place of assembly

Question 510

At stadium and arenas Control of the fire alarm panel allows fire personnel to provide messages and directions over in house intercom systems and allows them to manage:

Answer 510

Elevators, lights and other systems

Question 511

Night clubs Pg 319 Windows, doors, stairways and shafts should all be opened. ____ is the primary cause of death in these structures. Occupants chances of survival depend on _____ Vertical ventilation will likely be _____ PPV will work once ____

Answer 511

Smoke The crews ability to reduce smoke conditions Effective Once fire is located and hose lines are in place

Question 512

Night Clubs Pg 319 All initial resources may be assigned to : ____ dictate the actions of the first responding units Even if fire is knocked down quickly: _____ must follow any rescue efforts

Answer 512

Search and rescue Pre incident plans Loss of life is usually significant Larger hand lines

Question 513

Nightclubs pg 318 Todays nightclubs can be completely: Hazard associated with nightclubs: Popular venues can be ______ Some of the occupancies have _____ shows In many cases, devastation to human life will happen _____. Rescue is focused on:

Answer 513

Non combustible Alcohol consumption, Loud music, low lights, smoky environment pyrotechnic Before arrival Those in greatest peril

Question 514

Arenas Vent strategies _____ depending on the design of the structure. It is very difficult to vent an arena without the aid of an ___ system because arenas have _____

Answer 514

very drastically HVAC Very high ceiling

Question 515

Another hazard presented during arena event is : The biggest concern with an area is : ____numbers of rescuers are needed even for small fires As occupants are evacuating, search efforts should include: The best possible way to confine a fire is to :

Answer 515

Alcohol consumption Size and configuration of the building A large number Locating and confining the fire * activate an adequate sprinkler system and augment it with efforts from the FD*

Question 516

People have a tendency to perceive large stadiums as ____ and not as structures Pro sports arenas are similar to ____, with attached fields and stadium seating ____ may prove to be taxing and difficult

Answer 516

Outdoor arenas High rise buildings Incident stabilization

Question 517

Arenas Most modern arenas can be considered: There is no set standard on : Te only constant when designing arenas is ____ can seat ____ to ____ ( Neyland stadium in Knoxville Tennessee)

Answer 517

Architectural and engineering marvels How an arena can be designed Money A few hundred to 96,000

Question 518

Exhibit Halls Cutting holes in exhibit hall roofs has ____, and may not be : Much of what will burn in an exhibit hall are: For overhaul, utilize the building : For salvage, depending on the damage have the :

Answer 518

Many Limitations May not be the most effective use of personnel The exhibits themselves Equipment Ex. Forklifts , motorized carts The owners and vendors come in to salvage what they can may be the option

Question 519

Exhibit halls Initial Search and rescue op's focus on: Realistically, there is no way to : Search team should use a rope as a _____ In some cases, exhibit hall employees have as much training in fire response as: They can use interior standpipes to confine fire in its early stages but FD should _____

Answer 519

Removal of victims found in and around exit doors Determine a head count of evacuees Tagline An industrial fire brigade does stretch FD hose not theirs

Question 520

Exhibit halls Most occupants will only be familiar with one way in and one way out so ____ is the key FF's must assume that not everyone ____ IC must divide the fire into _____

Answer 520

Fire preventions Will evacuate * start primary search ASAP Manageable areas and establish appropriate collapse zones

Question 521

Exhibit Hallas After massive fires destroyed McCormick place in _____ in Jan 1967. Fire and building codes for exhibit halls were changed most new have ____ or ____ or both. The fire was fought with ____ FF and _________ apparatus

Answer 521

Chicago Fire alarm and fire suppression 500 FF's 94 apparatus

Question 522

POW's Typically have ____ that are difficult to _____. Salvage:

Answer 522

Steep roofs ventilate The fewer items handled the better

Question 523

POW's Elevated streams have the versatility to attack through ____ or reach ____ If elevated streams are in use from above and below ____ is no longer a consideration

Answer 523

Windows or reaching the highest points of the structure Salvaging stained glass windows

Question 524

POW's Crew may position the apparatus for an ____- While remaining capable of employing _____ in case the operation becomes defensive It is not wrong for the first alarm companies to set up for offensive and the _____ prepare for defensive operations

Answer 524

offensive attack master streams 2nd alarm companies * Preferable to use large lines

Question 525

POW's Early total collapse of _____ is a concern Obtain info from ____ regarding areas of potential victims At the first sign of instability: Collapse zones should be set with considerations for ______

Answer 525

Steeples Evacuating occupants IC should evacuate all FF's and establish collapse zones Exposures

Question 526

POW's Its important to preplan these facilities and add them to the : People can be found in POW's: _____ line may not be enough GPM to over come the BTU's generated

Answer 526

Departments target hazard list as they may require more than the average first alarm response Any hour of the day 1 3/4 British Thermal Units

Question 527

Places of worship (POW) Construction features are numerous and vary greatly among structures Old POW's that have undergone renovations result in :

Answer 527

Mixed building construction styles and materials

Question 528

POA Quick and effective ____ must be established early in the fire. _____ plays a critical role in ventilation operations

Answer 528

Ventilation Pre incident planning

Question 529

POA Fires Most practical way to get a line to the fire: May be divided into : FF may be able to control the movement of air using the : What happened at the MGM fire? Have the ____ meet with command at designated locations

Answer 529

Standpipes Different zones HVAC system HVAC system removed the smoke from the fire area and vented it away from the involved portion of the building causing confusion Facilities maintenance personnel

Question 530

POA ____ and ____ the fire quickly greatly reduces life safety hazards _____ or ____ may know the location of the fire Dont ____ until the fire is located Using the ___ is key to extinguishing POA fires Once the fire is located the goal is to :

Answer 530

Locating and confining Building managers and evacuating occupants Commit hoselines * use TIC to find Built in fire protection system Confine it to the room or area of origin * initially close the door

Question 531

Assembly structure occupants will likely have been : Rescue operations may include:

Answer 531

Overcome by smoke and fire before the first due companies arrive Opening as many doors as possible and removing people

Question 532

Most modern POA are designed to During Search and rescue assignment should be broken down May choose to evacuate or : FF's should take control of : Above -- does two things: ____ can be used for occupants and FF forces

Answer 532

Enhance occupant evacuation Geographically Move people to a safe area within the fire building Elevators: allow us to move freely prevent occupants from using them as an escape route ( could lead them to the fire floor) Public address system

Question 533

POA Fires FD could direct the response of apparatus: FD must pre establish tac objectives such as : ____ is a big FF safety issue in POA A RIC at ______ should be established

Answer 533

Along service roads to avoid traffic Staging areas, mandatory meeting points, water supplies, sprinkler and standpipe assignments, triage areas, LZ, clear route in and out for medical units Personnel accountability Large complex floor plans can cause FF's to become lost Every entry point ** FOR FF** IC must quickly realize the resources need to protect working companies already committed

Question 534

Strategy goals for responding to POA (places of assembly) Fire may depend on _____ and _____ It is very important for companies to know the _____ of the facility ** Major concern for fires involving POA's is the ______

Answer 534

Time of day and activity involved Schedule of activities The apparatus's ability to access the fire buildings driveways and parking areas

Question 535

3 well known public assembly fires:

Answer 535

Bradford City Stadium England May 11, 1985 Killed 56 injured 265 Coconut Grove Bost Mass 1942 Happy Land Social Club Bronx NY March 25 1990 killed 87 * Also Beverly Hills supper club and station night club

Question 536

Assembly occupancies are designed to hold: ___ found in places of assembly is a significant life safety concern, as well as the patrons lack of experience and familiarity with the building Some of the worst fires in ____ have occurred in places of assembly

Answer 536

Large numbers of people, often in large, open areas Population density US history (mass casualties)

Question 537

To constitute a structure as an assembly occupancy ______ must be set. NFPA 101: Above uses a min occupancy load of ____ with the understanding that population densities may be as little as _____. If the occupancy has the same designated use, but has a load of fewer than _____ people it falls under a different category, such as a _____.

Answer 537

A minimum number of occupants Life safety code 50 , 5 sq ft or less per person 50 , business

Question 538

NFPA defines Assembly occupancies as : They can be broken down into several categories:

Answer 538

any place where a large number of people congregate for entertainment , worship, meetings, or for awaiting transportation Places of worship , exhibit halls, arenas, night club

Question 539

Types of commercial building structures:

Answer 539

4 types strip malls Large commercial buildings - Supermarkets , dept stores 2 or 3 story commercial occupancies Stand alone commercial occupancies

Question 540

____ are essentially a combo of strip malls and large commercial structures ____ is a horizontal extension that is supported only on 1 side

Answer 540

2 or 3 story commercial structures Cantilever

Question 541

Stand Alone Commercial structure Rarely have any _____ Use quick aggressive attack with hoselines capable of at least _____ gpm's Drop ceiling can hide fire _____ can happen when a portion of the ceiling is opened You can vent the entire structure in just a few minutes using ______

Answer 541

Built in fire protection 125 gpm Backdraft PPV

Question 542

Stand Alone commercial Often have ____ on roof An overhang or covered walkway that is _____ ____ that may conceal fire or other hazards Evacuation of building is necessary but ____

Answer 542

HVAC Cantilevered Drop ceilings Not difficult

Question 543

Stand Alone Comm ____ construction using _____ New building may use ____, _____, or _____ although wood is still common Commonly the attic is _____ Many will use ____ for the roofs structural support Most roofs are ____ The buildings are small so the exterior walls serve as _______

Answer 543

Simple, Wood Concrete , brick , steel Open throughout the structure Wood Flat Load bearing walls

Question 544

Stand Alone Comm - relatively uncomplicated - Convenience stores, bars, pubs - Additionally ____ are becoming popular stand alones

Answer 544

Manufactured occupancies ( Single or double wide trailer) Ex : Typically used for offices like on a construction site

Question 545

2 or 3 story commercial buildings Vertical ventilation should be used : Horizontal can be used on :

Answer 545

Over the stairwells On the fire floor PPV may be beneficial

Question 546

Evacuation of a 2 or 3 story commercial structure is generally ____ than it is for large commercial buildings because: The best way to prevent Autoexposure?

Answer 546

Easier, most occupants work there or frequent it often and know the exits Train hose streams on the exterior of the structure above where the fire fire is venting and attempting to spread vertically

Question 547

2 and 3 story Commercial structure Hazards Many older buildings utilize: A steel roof is generally covered with a : They are also being covered with: For the most part, these buildings don't have :

Answer 547

Bowstring Truss Metal Skin Top with rigid insulation, tar and gravel A stretched rubber membrane (Like a bike tire) * makes roof feel spongy like its failing * gums up blades when cutting Attached covered walkways

Question 548

2 or 3 story commercial buildings Roofs are typically _____ Floor is made of _____ Old buildings used ____ or ____ for support columns New buildings use ____, ____, or _____

Answer 548

Flat Concrete Wood or cast iron Steel , wood, and concrete

Question 549

Large Comm buiding Salvage In large commercial buildings salvage operations run _____ with incident stabilization and may begin as soon as ______

Answer 549

concurrently Life safety is addressed

Question 550

Large commercial building Ventilation _____ should be used most of the time. Positive and negative pressure are : If you use PPV:

Answer 550

Vertical ventilation Often ineffective *high ceilings, too many openings Multiple fans in the opening Fans within the structure Exit should be high and remote

Question 551

Large Commercial Buildings Initial engine company maybe faced with : The first line should be placed: Great care must be used to avoid:

Answer 551

Blocked roads and entrances by fleeing customers Between the fire and means of egress Avoid opposing streams

Question 552

Large Commercial Structures The size of these structures often require: Large spans were impossible to create using: A chemical change in wood resulting from the action of heat: First step in search and rescue:

Answer 552

Pillars or posts to support the roof * often I beams enclosed in concrete Heavy timber construction * typically 8x8 in could be bigger or smaller Pyrolizing or charring * actually acts as an insulator Meet with the owner or manager

Question 553

Large Commercial Building ____ can expose metal rebar in a concrete wall, weakening it. These building have few, if any _____ and typically have _____ that allow fire spread.

Answer 553

Spalling *** Falling chunks could injure FF's Fire stopping walls Poke - throughs

Question 554

Large commercial Building ____ add to the weight of the roof. When venting a roof, do not cut ______

Answer 554

HVAC units Steel cables in roof * under a lot of tension will rip through the concrete destroying everything in it path

Question 555

Large Commercial Buildings In older structures the roof assembly was usually: Which is constructed from: Another roof hazard are ____ especially if made from ______

Answer 555

A bowstring truss Wood Parapets, styrofoam ( = toxic smoke)

Question 556

Large Commercial Buildings Main materials used to make load bearing walls: Older structures used ____ or ____ for exterior walls New structures are using ______ Steel is the _____ of these buildings Wood is rarely used to :

Answer 556

Concrete, steel or a combo Concrete block or brick Large concrete slabs Skeleton * also used in floors walls and roofs Construct roofs in these structures

Question 557

Large commercial structures Most obvious construction feature: ____ over the past few decades, has enabled builders to create large open spaces with little to no _____ needed between the bearing walls Steel can be extruded to jus about:

Answer 557

Large open spaces Steel, roof supports Any length and thickness desired and multiple steel member can be joined together to span a large space

Question 558

The layout and construction of a strip mall creates: Salvage should begin:

Answer 558

a seemingly endless number of void spaces In the early stages of the incident Ex. not breaking windows that don't need to be broken

Question 559

In a strip malls fire usually a _____ will need to be performed to quell the fire. Fire attack should be made from the : For PPV openings..... * Only other way to apply PPV is to pressurize the adjoining occupancies to help slow smoke spread

Answer 559

Trench cut Unburned side The opening for the cit point should be at least 1 1/2 times bigger than the opening used to pressurize the structure Which way is the wind blowing? Will the exit point affect any exposures?

Question 560

When an exposure is threatened in a strip mall fire, the first efforts in controlling the fire must be : If the fire is already overhauled and extinguishment attempts are having no effect:

Answer 560

Protect the adjacent exposures first Back out and move to the next adjacent exposure

Question 561

Brush Fires - Mid level vegetation - Occur in somewhat remote areas but it us often possible to access them with brush trucks - Not as hot as forest fires - Tend to occur more closely to wild land interface areas - **Primary hazard in forest and brush fires is the WEATHER** wind speed/direction, temp, humidity,expected weather changes - The next hazard is fire spread

Answer 561

- no such thin as a "routine" wild land fire - Falling tress can be a hazard - Aircraft is not used as regularly as first fires - Crown fires don't usually happen , but they can - Utilizing an accountability system is crucial - FF fatigue - Typically do not last as long as forest fires but can last from several days or weeks

Question 562

Forest Fires - Often in remote areas, heavily wooded - High level of vegetation fires - Rarely pose significant threat to civilians or structures - Burn slowly, much hotter than the other two types - FF's must be made aware of weather changes ex. lightning / wind speed/ direction - Crown fire: when fire rapidly spreads across tree tops

Answer 562

- a crown fire may reverse direction - the fire will defy gravity, move up slopes - can spread from flying brands like embers ( could fall behind FF starting a fire that block escape route) - Timber may fall - Snags, broke branches caught up in tree that haven't fallen yet - Water from aircraft, could cause trees to fall - can span several thousand acres - Fatigue is a major factor

Question 563

3 types of wild land fires:

Answer 563

Forest fires Brush fire Ground cover fire

Question 564

FD's must convince residents in wild land area to:

Answer 564

Clear away dead twigs leaving limbs for a radius of 30 to 50 ft Keep roof gutters clean Remove tree limbs within 15 ft of the ground Remove dead limbs over roofs and vegetation within 15 ft of a chimney or stovepipe Remove vegetation off of walls Mow grass regularly , clear a 10 ft area around LP tanks Store flammable liquids away from the base of the structure Stack fire wood 100 ft away, create a defensible area

Question 565

Wildland fires are affected by _____ and _____

Answer 565

Rate of fire spread * its dynamic and complex it affected by the types of fuel burning the slope at which its burning and weather Fire intensity *describes how hot a fire is burning

Question 566

The number of Wildland fires are continously : People living in the areas want to maintain a ____ looking house. They often use ____ and _____ which ignite easily. Wildland fires are most often started by : Fires in these area often go:

Answer 566

On the rise Rustic Wood siding and shingle roofs Lightning Unnoticed for some time

Question 567

Any large truck such as a box truck , usually used for commercial application. Any large commercial truck that pulls a trailer. Sometimes call a ____ Smart airbags might not deploy if :

Answer 567

Heavy duty truck Semitrailer or tractor trailer 18 wheeler a small passenger is seated pg 369

Question 568

Public transportation buses: School buses: All windows in modern buses are :

Answer 568

Engine located in the rear of the bus, doors in the front ( in most cases) Engine and main door entrance in the front emergency exists in the rear Designed to be an emergency exit

Question 569

Biggest difference between fires in large commercial trucks and buses is : Hazards on a bus: If a fire starts in a bus, most capable people:

Answer 569

The potential for an MCI - Storage of human waste in commercial buses - Emergency escape windows that close with violent force - Multiple large battery banks - Potential alternative fuel sources - Large fires Self rescue and exit the bus

Question 570

Heavy construction equipment hazards:

Answer 570

-Large fires ( may explode) -Large amounts of hydraulic fluid ( some times over 100 gallons) -Higher positioning of occupants - May fall over under heavy fire conditions Ex. cranes

Question 571

Heavy construction equipment:

Answer 571

``` Front end loaders back hoes cranes tractors graders pavers rollers ```

Question 572

RV's Tables convert to Sleep quarters can be If a crew enters an RV fire they should have a If you arrive to an occupied RV fire and it is contained to the engine compartment What is the best tactic?

Answer 572

beds Above the drivers compartment A RIC standing by even though its just an RV Extinguishment prior to search

Question 573

RV fires Hazard unique to an RV They can be located If the relief valve opens Another unique hazard to RV's RV gray water is Black water is

Answer 573

LPG tanks Anywhere and can vary in size Tank is in need of immediate cooling Anhydrous ammonia (refrigeration system) Water that is held after use Ex washing dishes ,laundry Human waste from bathroom

Question 574

RVs are basically Class A motor home Class C motor home Passenger bus conversions are typically used by Van campers are also known as:

Answer 574

Buildings on wheels Large RV's with a modular body frame Much like class A's except they have a truck or van chassis and a cab with a modular camping unit attached to the frame Musicians Class B motor homes

Question 575

Large commercial vehicle Hot metal will steam _____, FF often mistake steam for ____ In many cases a truck is a persons _____

Answer 575

long after extinguishment, Smoke Livelihood

Question 576

The minimum response for a large truck fire should be : After consulting the driver, you have the option to ____ or a tractor trailer fire In large truck fires a back up line should always be stretched for ____ and ___ reasons When venting a trailer, you do have the option to

Answer 576

a min of 2 engines and an IC Separate the cab and trailer Safety and extinguishment Cut vent holes in the top and sides

Question 577

___ should be familiar with placards and container shapes Strategic goals for a large commercial truck fire will depend on In large commercial trucks, engine compartments can be located _____ or _____

Answer 577

Company officers and IC Vehicle size and type threatened exposures cargo Front of the truck or under the cab

Question 578

A typical hard found in large commercial trucks and semi trucks When working under these trucks be aware of Saddle tanks are usually carry diesel, some gasoline. Some sizes range from____ and ____

Answer 578

inaccessibility of the cab Suspension systems * cribbing must be in place first Pg 357 25 to 100 gallons each

Question 579

Any large commercial truck that either pulls a trailer or has a cargo box on the same frame can be _____ These fires are different than passenger vehicle fires and must be treated accordingly

Answer 579

Semi trailer or heavy duty truck | * cargo is too large for personal use

Question 580

Vehicle Fires Under fire conditions the front windshield will usually ___ and the side windows will ____. Usually a ____ on side windows will break them. If possible, salvage the ____ and ____ from the car

Answer 580

melt Break Strategical stream cold water on hot glass Vehicle registration and proof if insurance

Question 581

Vehicle Fires For small engine compartment fires ___ may be effective. But ____ usually the use of an _____ handling or greater is sufficient. Avoid using ____.

Answer 581

Dry Chemical extinguisher It has no cooling properties 1.5 inch booster lines

Question 582

Vehicle Fires The safest approach to search and rescue is to Be prepared to ____ during search and rescue If you have a pt you may have to _____ When human trafficking, people have been found: In parking lots FF's can:

Answer 582

Perform it simultaneously with extinguishment Cut seat belts Suspend FF operations until resources arrive Sewn into seats Move endangered cars aways from the fire

Question 583

General tactic are applied to all vehicle fire. First order of business: Dont hesitate to: Hose line should be parked: Engine should be parked: Initially operate lines from ____ until vehicle is cooled. Then approach at a ____ degree angle. To the front or rear, not straight on. Once conditions permit ______

Answer 583

Protect FF by blocking traffic Block 2 lanes Off the curb side of the engine Uphill upwind when possible A safe distance 45 degree angle Chock the wheels

Question 584

E 85 fuel is highly flammable and : There are over ____ E85 vehicle on the road. Before approaching a vehicle fire

Answer 584

Heavier than air **** Must use alcohol resistant foam 6 million It is critical to ascertain whether it has any hazmats inside

Question 585

Hybrid vehicle dont "start", they turn on when: ____ vehicles emissions are essentially water, expect this type to be common place in the future Tribrid vehicle are in development they use:

Answer 585

when the driver moves the key fob within range. Range varies drastically depending on the manufacture Hydrogen fuel cell a 3rd component solar panel Development of fully solar powered vehicle is also underway

Question 586

CNG and LPG vehicle are used mostly for: The only way to know if vehicle operates CNG or LPG is: To get acquainted with hybrid vehicles: Orange wires should be considered: In a hybrid the battery starting system is a ____ system, and the energy storage system (battery power system) may be a:

Answer 586

Fleet service * noting the slightly different type of fuel door Contact dealership, they have manufactures guidelines for emergency responders High voltage, don't cut 12 volt , lithium ion battery pack under the floorboard. Lithium ion batteries require large volumes of water to extinguish

Question 587

Vehicle Fires Airbag components and actuators can be found: Typically airbags deploy regardless of whether: Unless there is a need to rescue a victim: Don't cut _____ wires. They are for airbags systems. May cause them to deploy. In a convertible, the roll bar activates:

Answer 587

Virtually anywhere in a vehicle Anyone is in the seat, * Unless its a smart air bag Keep body parts outside the deployment Bright yellow With explosive force, can activate during a fire even if the vehicle did not Flip

Question 588

Vehicle fire Hazards Tires: Any compressed component of the engine: Hood or latch pistons Airbags

Answer 588

can explode Explode under pressure may fail violently may deploy under fire conditions

Question 589

Vehicle fire hazards Drive shafts: Ac units: Bumpers: Wheel, motors and airbags made with : Catalytic converters Car batterries

Answer 589

May explode and expel shrapnel Emit deadly phosgene gas when burning May decompose and eject violently Magnesium (violent water reaction) Temps over 1500 degrees F when functioning properly May explode and eject acid

Question 590

____ including cars, vans and light pickups make up the majority of vehicle fires 3 categories of vehicle hazards: Vehicles are not designed to work properly under _____

Answer 590

Passenger vehicle * Don't become complacent, can't be taken lightly Vehicle components, alternate fuels, hazardous cargo Fire conditions * can't rely on brakes working or any other part to maintain its integrity

Question 591

Vehicle fire can be considered : A typical car fire can be handled by : A company officer at a vehicle fire becomes the : If media arrives, he also becomes the :

Answer 591

Mobile hazmat fires One engine, one hose line, one set of tools IC, accountability officer, liaison, investigator, safety officer, and operations. They also usually involved in extinguishment PIO

Question 592

A phenomenon found in HR fires where in heated smoke rises until it establishes equilibrium with the surrounding area and then moves horizontally

Answer 592

stratification

Question 593

A phenomenon found in HR fires where in as heated air rises and then cools, it forms a layer, or ceiling, from which more rising smoke banks Pg 343

Answer 593

Stack effect

Question 594

HR Initial evacuation should only take place on :

Answer 594

the fire floor and floor above

Question 595

High Rises pose several challenges that can effect FF safety:

Answer 595

height of building Effective comms FF fatigue Personnel accountability

Question 596

Overhaul of a high-rise is : Most HR buildings are:

Answer 596

labor intensive Commercial office buildings

Question 597

HR If extra resources are not available focus on: In defensive mode, pick a position that is not:

Answer 597

confining the fire Over exposed

Question 598

HR fires 3rd or 4th engine company should: All engine companies should bring: ** All handlines operating should be at least:** FD hose is usually tested:

Answer 598

get the second handling in operation Extra lengths of hose and extra SCBA cylinders ** 2 1/2** Annually or semi annually

Question 599

Confinement in HR's usually is performed by: The task of first attack crews is to : second attack crew: Pairing of crews at a HR fire should be:

Answer 599

effective and timely extinguishment Stretch sufficient hose to reach the fire and supplying the sprinkler and standpipe systems Help get 1 st hotline in operation and then stand by, reserve air supply and be ready to relieve the first engine crew on the line A standard practice

Question 600

HR Exposure to adjacent buildings can be prevented by:

Answer 600

advancing hoselines into the exposed buildings and operating them on the the fire building

Question 601

HR One of the first companies task is to ____ A FF of that Co should ____ Elevators should never be ____ Taking control of building evacuation is done concurrently with _____

Answer 601

Control elevators, determining fire location , and search and rescue ops on the fire floor Remain with the elevator Left unattended Search and rescue ops

Question 602

HR search and rescue The command officer in charge of the S and R group is responsible for: Units should bring ____ to increase work time Rapid deployment of ____ to assist with S and R is crucial at the HR fire

Answer 602

the search and safe evacuation of civilians from 2 floors above the fire to the rest of the height of the building extra SCBA bottles Ladder Co

Question 603

HR Rehab can be set up on the same floor as: Have an accountability location _____ * one may be necessary on each floor

Answer 603

staging In the lobby allows accountability officer to know what crews are operating on upper floors

Question 604

HR All types of communication systems should be sought out and controlled. Interior comm systems in HR's include It is imperative that units be designated specific channels to operate on, such as ____ or _____ and _____

Answer 604

``` Standpipe telephones In house telephones special sound powered telephones building public address systems radios used by security elevator telephones ``` Command channel Primary or secondary tactical channels

Question 605

HR Elevators 2 components of FF elevator service Once a FF boarded an elevator he should: When using an elevator always take not : Swinging car doors open out while office doors open in. When searching if you come to an outward swinging door ____

Answer 605

gaining controlling recalling elevators, and using the elevators safely Clear the floor selector panel by hitting the call cancel button. This ensures the elevator won't make unwanted stops The nearest stairway Beware, it could be an elevator door with no car present

Question 606

Most HR buildings elevators are equipped with FF service features like: Use of elevators in HR fires is ____ Never take elevators ____ Anyone using an elevator should be in : FF can look at the ____ sign

Answer 606

recall, hold buttons, FF service Absolutely necessary * above the fire floor* Full gear, SCBA turned on, tools and radio You are here For a floor diagram

Question 607

We can't let 9/11

Answer 607

Make us shy away from HR SOG

Question 608

HR A command officer should be designated to the : A ____ should be set up 2 floors below the fire floor When FF's are relieved , ____ is a factor From the time the alarm is received until water is on the fire could be ___ or more

Answer 608

fire floor Forward staging area Time 20 mins

Question 609

Engine companies at a HR fire must hold : Ladder personnel should: Separate handlines MAY be operated from separate stairways provided:

Answer 609

their positions on handline until properly relieved Ladder personnel in many cases should be ordered off the fire floor before additional personnel are sent in They don't oppose one another

Question 610

At a HR fire the IC must ____, ____, and ____ HR fires require a tremendous commitment of both ____ and ____ IC should immediately locate the ____, ____ or ___, and establish the ____, this will serve as the _____ *** No 2 HR fires are the same**

Answer 610

gather info, form strategies, deploy FF's Personnel and supervision Fire safety director, maintenance person, or building manager Lobby command post Center of operations

Question 611

Describe the high-rise standpipe operation

Answer 611

Depending on the size of the building, consider having a minimum of two pumpers simultaneously supply 2 Siamese connections during fire operations