Sog B Flashcards
What is the purpose of the accountability system?
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The purpose is to account for all emergency personnel, at any given time, within a small geographical area, within the “hazard zone” of an incident.
Accountability involves a —— ——– to work within the safety system at an incident
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personal commitment
A minimum crew size will be considered
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two members and a radio will be required.
Who must supervise all crews entering a hazard zone?
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A Lieutenant or other higher ranking individual
SOG if radio fails in hazard zone?
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If a radio fails while in the hazard zone, the crew will exit unless there is another working radio with the crew. Continuing operations with a crewmember radio failure will be best managed with the non-functioning radio personnel remaining in close contact and within hearing distance of a crewmember with a functioning radio until all crew members exit the hazard zone.
Size of passport unit
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2”x3”
PAR’s should be conducted
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PARs should be conducted face-to-face within the Company or with the Group or Division Officer whenever possible.
A Personnel Accountability Report can be employed by the Incident Commander for the following situations:
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- Any report of a missing or trapped firefighter (Command initiates a report of all crews on the scene).
- Any change from offensive to defensive operations (Command initiates a report of all crews on the scene).
- Any sudden hazardous events at the incident, including flashover, back draft, collapse, etc. (Command initiates a report of all crews on the scene).
- At each thirty (30) minute interval of elapsed incident time.
- At a report of “fire under control”.
- By all crews reporting an “all clear” (Company Officers of crews responsible for search and rescue will ensure they have accounted for their crews at the time they report an “all clear”)
The following rules must be followed for the accountability system to function properly:
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- PASSPORTs never enter the hazard zone.
- PASSPORTs must be maintained at the Command vehicle during large or complex operations.
- PASSPORTs must reflect only personnel presently in the hazard zone.
Implementation of the PASSPORT system will occur at any incident that requires the use of
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Self Contained Breathing Apparatus.
For single company incidents, the PASSPORT will remain on the —- —-. The ——– will assume accountability responsibilities.
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apparatus dash
Driver Engineer
On multi- company operations where SCBA is used, PASSPORTS will be delivered to the Command Post or Accountability Officer prior to entering the hazard zone, exception will be made for
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first due units that are actively engaged in initial fireground or hazard mitigation operations. In those instances, the Accountability officer will assign the duty of acquiring those Passports from each of those units.
For any reports of a missing firefighter(s), Incident Command shall request
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the next greater alarm assignment.
With missing/ lost firefighter,command must next do an immediate roll call of all companies assigned in the hazard zone. Searches will begin in the
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the last reported working area of the lost firefighter(s).
The hazard zone will be defined as any area that requires an —–or in which a firefighter is at risk of becoming ——,——–, or——-
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- an SCBA,
- lost, trapped, or injured by the environment or structure. This would include entering a structure reported to be on fire, operating in close proximity to the structure during exterior operations, confined space or trench rescue, the hot zone at a hazardous materials incident, or the debris field of a motor vehicle accident
Command will react to all barriers that influence incident accountability and will ensure that all companies entering a hazard zone have radios and are supervised by a
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Company Officer or higher ranking officer.
If a situation occurs that the entire crew is not assigned to the hazard zone, an individual must leave the hazard zone, or an individual is reassigned (i.e. the Driver/Engineer is at the apparatus pumping), the individual’s name will be
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turned upside down to indicate that the person(s) is not in the hazard zone.
Which way should passports be placed at the beginning of shift?
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All personnel will place their individual passports right side up on the passport unit at the beginning of the shift. Only when on scene, and it is determined that an individual will not be entering the hazard zone, should an individual’s passport be turned upside down.
After —- failed verbal or radio attempts to contact the firefighter with the activated P.A.S.S. device or a member of the company that can account for the activation, the Division or Group Officer shall contact Command to activate Rapid Intervention Team operations (see Rapid Intervention Team SOP) to locate and extract the downed worker.
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2
These Teams shall be assigned when a RIT is indicated or requested.
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Personnel assigned to the BSODFRES Hazardous Materials Team and Technical Rescue Team received many hours of specialized RIT training and were supplied with the most advanced RIT equipment.
Who shall be responsible for identifying the need for a Rapid Intervention Team (RIT)
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The Incident Commander
Establishment of the RIT shall be at every
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incident in which firefighters enter a hazardous are that could be immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH).
Examples of when a RIT shall be established include, but are not limited to
- Offensive interior fire operations.
- Hazardous materials incidents.
- Trench rescue operations.
- Large frame aircraft fire operations.
- Boat and shipboard fire operations.
- Any other incident posing a significant risk to firefighters.
- At the discretion of the Incident Commander or Battalion Chief.
The terms “MAYDAY” and “EMERGENCY TRAFFIC” must only be used in situations where
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immediate communication is necessary to protect life or prevent injury.
Radio traffic during “Mayday” or emergency traffic
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- Whenever a “MAYDAY” or “EMERGENCY TRAFFIC” is transmitted, all communications on the frequency are to cease. Only those transmissions between the member initiating the communication, the Incident Commander or designee, and the Firecom center are allowed.
- It will be the responsibility of the Incident Commander to take the fire ground operation to a different monitored frequency and keep the rescue operation on the original tactical frequency. Both channels shall be monitored by Firecom and the Incident Commander.
MAYDAY – Mayday transmissions are an indication that a —— ——— situation has developed. The “MAYDAY” transmission shall receive the —— ——- priority from Firecom, Incident Command, and all operating units.
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Life threatening
Highest communication
Reasons to call Mayday working fires:
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a. Collapse of a roof or floor.
b. Firefighter is lost or trapped.
c. Flashover has occurred.
d. Discovery of another downed firefighter.
e. Separated from crew and low on air.
f. Tangled, pinned or stuck with a low pressure alarm.
g. Tangled, pinned or stuck and unable to self-extricate within 60 seconds.
h.Change in fire conditions that causes to inability to make immediate access to a known egress.
I.Low air alarm activates and there is no exit within 60 seconds or firefighter is not on a hoseline of 200 feet or less.
Reasons to call Mayday confined space/trench ops
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- Recognized change in mental or physical state (i.e. dizziness, headache, nausea, numbness/tingling, etc.).
- Suspected change in the mental or physical status of another firefighter operating in the IDLH.
- Any situation requiring the use of an escape bottle or buddy- breathing.
- Discovery of another downed firefighter.
- Collapse causing any blockage of the egress.
- Collapse in the confined space with or without trapping firefighters. g. 7.Firefighter judgment
Reason for Mayday Hazardous Materials Operations
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A. Recognized change in mental or physical state (i.e. dizziness, headache, nausea, numbness/tingling, etc.).
B. Suspected change in the mental or physical status of another firefighter operating in the IDLH.
C.Discovery of another downed firefighter.
D. Collapse of any confined space with or without trapping firefighters. E.Drastic change in the nature or speed of a hazardous material release while firefighters are operating in the IDLH.
F.Any change or collapse that impedes the ability of firefighters to make a quick egress.
G. Firefighter judgment.
is used to indicate that a serious injury has occurred that is not immediately life threatening, or to inform members on the fire ground of a serious change in conditions
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EMERGENCY TRAFFIC – The “Emergency Traffic” transmission
Emergency traffic can be transmitted for the following reasons, but not limited to:
- When a member suffers an injury that is not immediately life threatening but which required medical attention and possibly hospital care.
- An interior attack is to be discontinued and an exterior attack instituted.
- Discovery of a structural problem indicating the danger of collapse. 4.Fire is discovered entering an exposure to a degree that any delay may considerably enlarge the fire problem.
- Flashover or back draft conditions are apparent and/or imminent. 6.Loss of water which would endanger members.
The primary task of RIT is to respond to firefighters in distress. Distress generally falls into three (3) categories:
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- Trapped.
- Disoriented or lost.
- Low air or out of air.
The RIT shall assemble in full gear and breathing apparatus to a location away from the hazard area as designated by the incident commander. The following additional equipment shall be assembled by the RIT, if available:
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- Spare SCBA and bottle.
- Forcible entry tools.
- Cutting tools.
- Rope bags.
- Lighting equipment.
- Stokes basket (if available).
The initial RIT will also be responsible for taking measures to “safe” the building in the event of a “MAYDAY” and shall include but is not limited to:
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- One RIT Officer shall perform a 360 degree survey of the structure to identify means of entry and egress, construction features, and potential hazards.
- Reviewing pre-fire plans of the building, if available.
- Identify means of egress on upper floors and request/perform placement of ground ladders at those locations and aerial devices on multi-story occupancies.
- Removing of bars on doors and windows that may be needed for egress.
- Force entry of other doors and possible means of egress.
- Illuminate points of egress.
Firefighters calling the “MAYDAY” should include specific information. The Incident Commander and/or designee should listen for the following from the firefighter(s) calling the “MAYDAY”
B104 1.Location. 2.Unit number. 3. Names of crew members. 4. Assignment. 5 Resources needed.
The Incident Commander may also initiate these procedures for an uncontrolled P.A.S.S device or other notification of need for assistance.
- Deploy the RIT.
- Firecom will automatically dispatch another alarm (i.e. a first alarm assignment will go to a second alarm)
- The Incident Commander will confirm that additional alarm assignment was automatically dispatched by the Communications Center
- The Technical Rescue Team must be automatically dispatched, if not already assigned to the incident. Should the Department of Fire Rescue Technical Rescue Team already be assigned and/or committed to the incident, another technical rescue team shall be dispatched from existing resources or through mutual aid.
- A personnel Accountability Report (PAR) must be taken for all members operating on the fire ground. A different radio frequency/tactical channel will be assigned for the fire ground operation, and the rescue/RIT operation will remain on the original tactical frequency (in the event the victim(s) are trapped, they may not be able to reach their radio to change frequency).
- All units not specifically assigned as part of the rescue operation will change radio frequencies to the newly assigned channel. These units shall confirm with Firecom on the new frequency.
- Another Chief Officer other than the Incident Commander shall be assigned to the RIT operation to enable the Incident Commander to maintain focus on the original incident.
- A second RIT must be assembled to serve as a backup and relief for the primary RIT. This second team will be assembled from the resources that arrived with the original RIT assignment. When the RIT is deployed, the second designated team shall be dispatched if not already on scene.
- In addition to the above, the primary response rescue unit should be assigned only to the treatment of the firefighter(s) involved in the intervention. An additional rescue unit shall be dispatched for assignment as REHAB/MEDICAL Group and to stand-by for medical needs during fire ground operations.
The RIT crew will give a “UCAN” report to the Incident Commander upon locating the firefighter(s) in distress:
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- Unit number – Crew that is making the transmission.
- Conditions – What they have encountered.
- Actions – What they are doing to rectify the situation.
- Needs – Any additional equipment or manpower that may be needed.
Upon location of the down or trapped firefighter, the RIT shall perform the following:
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- Locate and shut off the firefighter’s P.A.S.S device if activating.
- Ascertain the air supply left in the SCBA and make arrangements for continuing air supply.
- Perform a secondary survey by sweeping the downed firefighter’s body with hands to determine possible entanglement or entrapment. Should these conditions exist, notify Command immediately.
The RIT will advise if the rescue is either a “clean” or “dirty” rescue. What is the difference?
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The RIT will advise if the rescue is either a “clean” or “dirty” rescue. Clean rescues involve careful manipulation of the firefighter for maximum safety. Examples would include broken bones, neck and/or back injuries. Clean rescues shall only take place when surrounding hazards are controlled. Dirty rescues involve rapid extrication of personnel due to surrounding circumstances or firefighter condition. Examples would include imminent explosion, heavy fire conditions, or the need for immediate medical attention. If RIT-1 cannot extricate the firefighter(s), they will need to advise RIT-2 of what will be needed to remove the victim(s), and have the RIT crews change to facilitate the removal of the victim(s).
LET safe means
B104 LET Safe (location/extension of the fire, entrances and exits, type of occupancy/construction) the building: Making the building safer for crews working in and around the building by placing ladders, removing bars, board-ups, etc.
RICO definition and responsibilities
B104 RICO (Rapid Intervention Crew Officer): The RICO is the team leader and will report to the Command Post. The RICO will enter the building with the RIT-1 crew when a “MAYDAY” is transmitted. The second Officer from the respective team that responds will report to the Command Post or assist the Incident Commander and/or Operations Officer with the “MAYDAY” operation. The remainder of the crew will be staged for entry in the most appropriate location to assist RIT-1 with manpower and additional equipment if necessary.
RIT passport locations
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Passports with RIT-1 will have the PAR tags of the RIT at the Command Post with the Incident Commander, and there will also be another passport at the RIT’s entry point into the building, either in a bucket or connected to the rope bag.
The primary objective of the first RIT is to locate, tag and supply air to the firefighter(s) in distress.
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They will then assess the situation and either extricate the firefighter(s) or call for additional equipment and manpower to facilitate extrication of personnel
When can RIT be terminated
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At the discretion of the Incident Commander the RIT can be terminated when it appears that control of the situation has been achieved
What may be considered in operations involving aid to co-workers from high levels of injury or other stressful traumatic situations involving RIT rescuers.
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Should conditions warrant, critical incident stress management efforts
What will most likely be the most difficult assignment that a firefighter will ever perform - physically and mentally?
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Engaging in a firefighter rescue within a burning building or other hazardous environment
of firefighter deaths and injuries are attributed to becoming lost or trapped in structures.
B104 Thirty percent (30%)
A fire that is in the initial or beginning stage and that can be
controlled or extinguished by portable fire extinguishers, Class II standpipes or
small hose systems.
Incipient Stage Fire
The crew available for rescue prior to assignment of a dedicated
RIT, consisting of at least two personnel fully equipped with appropriate
protective clothing, SCBA, and specialized rescue equipment that might be
needed for the specific operation underway. This team may be engaged in
secondary activities as described
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Standby Team
A. An exception to the “Two In / Two Out” Rule may be taken only for life rescue
given the following criteria:
A. An exception to the “Two In / Two Out” Rule may be taken only for life rescue
given the following criteria:
1. Information that an immediate risk to life safety exists within the interior
IDLH atmosphere. Probability of a rescue is made in accordance with
normal size-up indicators and fire ground evaluation factors. Examples
include: report of persons inside, size-up signs indicate a probability of
persons inside, etc. The Incident Commander or first arriving Company
Officer shall evaluate the situation, considering the occupancy, time of
day, day of week, reports from persons on the scene, signs that persons
may be inside the structure, etc. Entry may be considered if signs indicate a probable victim rescue situation. This is a significant responsibility placed on the first Officer on scene.
2. Realistic expectations of successfully
performing a rescue.
Interior structural fire fighting operations will not begin until how many firefighters are
available outside the IDLH atmosphere to monitor the safety of the interior team
and, if necessary, effect rescue?
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2
What must be announced by the first interior team prior to entering an IDLH?
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The first interior team shall announce on the radio when they enter the structure
and that an outside/exterior team has been established, unless making an
exception to the rule as outlined within these guidelines
Anytime firefighters are engaging in interior structural fire fighting (no matter the
number of firefighters or apparatus on-scene) and a RIT has not yet been
established, one of the ——-/ ——— ———– ——-must monitor the safety of
the interior teams; this shall be these firefighter’s sole responsibility
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outside/exterior team members
Number of personnel usually needed for extinguishment of outside fires and fires in the incipient phase.
If upon arrival at a fire emergency, members find a fire in its incipient stage,
extinguishment of such a fire shall be permitted with less than four persons on the
scene. Extinguishment of outside fires such as dumpsters, brush, or automobiles,
shall be permitted with less than four persons, even if SCBA is required.
If an Officer decides to make an exception to the two in two out rule, what needs to be communicated?
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the reason for the exception
and the actions needed to prevent death or serious injury should be communicated
to the firefighters on scene. In addition, the Officer shall announce the exception
to the rule on the tactical fire ground communications channel so other responding
companies are aware of the situation.
Full personal protective equipment consists of:
- Helmet with face shield or goggles.
- Protective hood.
- Turnout/bunker coat.
- Turnout/bunker pants.
- Fire fighting boots.
- Fire fighting gloves.B110
Emergency or training operations shall not commence until all involved personnel have
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Donned all necessary protective equipment.
Under no circumstances shall any aspect of personal safety be sacrificed in
order to increase the speed of emergency or training operations.
All fire fighting personnel shall wear full protective equipment when
responding to any type of alarm indicative of fire, potential fire, explosion,
potential explosion, or release of any type of hazardous material. These incidents include, but are not limited to:
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a. Structure fires.
b. Hazardous materials incidents.
c. Smoke investigations.
d. Gas leaks.
e. Vehicle accidents (excluding protective hoods).
f. Vehicle fires.
g. Aircraft emergencies.
h. Automatic alarm
What equipment shall be donned prior to boarding the apparatus?
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All personal protective equipment (with the exception of gloves and helmets where practical) shall be donned prior to boarding the apparatus. .
Full protective equipment is optional for who while responding to an incident.
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Full protective equipment is optional for Driver/Engineers and Command Officers during their response.
Personnel operating in or near lanes of traffic shall wear
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their turnout gear or traffic safety vests, unless other protective equipment is required
Hearing protection will be worn when excessive noise levels may be experienced, regardless of the length of exposure. Examples include, but are not limited to:
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- When checking apparatus in the bay.
- When operating at the pump panel of fire apparatus.
- When operating the air compressor or small engines.
Primary eye protection shall meet at a minimum
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ANSI Standard # Z87
Eye protection will be worn whenever the possibility of eye injury is present. Examples include, but are not limited to the following situations:
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- Working with any small hand or power tools such as saws, sanders, grinder, rescue tools, etc. (when SCBA mask is not in use).
- Operating the air compressor.
- Working with chemicals, biohazards or other materials which could cause injury by spilling and/or splattering.
- Performing salvage operations (when SCBA mask is not in use).
Each fire fighter (inclusive of all ranks) will inspect his/her PPE when?
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at the beginning of each shift and after each use. Any PPE defects and/or damage will be reported immediately to his/her direct supervisor.
Each fire fighter (inclusive of all ranks) is responsible for the cleanliness of their PPE. Cleaning PPE falls into three categories:
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1) Routine
2) Advanced
3) Specialized
The light cleaning of PPE performed by the employee without taking the PPE out of service. Examples include brushing off dry debris, rinsing off debris with a water hose, and spot cleaning.
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Cleaning (routine).
The thorough cleaning of PPE by washing and cleaning with agents. Cleaning usually requires PPE to be temporarily out of service. Examples include hand washing, machine washing, and contract cleaning.
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Cleaning (advanced)
The cleaning of grossly contaminated PPE to remove hazardous materials or biological agents. This level of cleaning involves specific procedures and specialized cleaning agents and processes.
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Cleaning (specialized)
Helmets, gloves, boots, eye protection and ear plugs should be cleaned with ——
Eye protection should be dried with a —–. Helmets and boots can be wiped dry. Gloves and ear plugs ——-
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mild detergent and water
soft cotton towel
should be air-dried.
According to NFPA and manufacturer’s guidelines, protective clothing should be washed and/or cleaned
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a. At least every six (6) months, or
b. As soon as possible after contamination or exposure to blood or bodily fluids, tars, fuels, oils, resins, paints, acids, or any other hazardous materials.
There are industrial cleaner/degreaser products available for protective clothing that the user may wish to purchase for cleaning. Contact the manufacturer or a local fire equipment distributor for additional information. Some examples of household products that may be utilized for cleaning, spot cleaning, and pre-treating are as follows:
Cleaning –
Spot Cleaning and Pre-Treating
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Cleaning – Liquid Purex, liquid Dreft, or Citro Squeeze.
Spot Cleaning and Pre-Treating: Liquid Spray and Wash, liquid Shout, liquid Purex, liquid dishwashing detergent, or Citro Squeeze.
What happens when you use Chlorine Bleach on PPE
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Never use chlorine bleach on fire fighter protective clothing. Even small amounts of chlorine will seriously reduce the protective qualities of PPE.
Preparation procedures for washing PPE
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Detach outer shells from inner liners and wash each component separately to avoid redepositing soil from one component to another.
Pre-treat heavily soiled garments.
Spot cleaning and pre-treatment PPE
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a. Apply liquid detergent directly from the bottle on the soiled areas. Gently rub fabric together. Carefully rinse off with cool water or place garment in washing machine as instructed, add the remaining amount of the recommended detergent. To clean garments that are heavily soiled, use a liquid detergent or pre-cleaner solution prior to laundering
What type of washing machine shall be used for PPE?
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Only a front-loading extractor or front-loading washing machine with a tumbling action should be used for cleaning. A top-loading machine will not clean PPE as thoroughly, and the agitator action will damage PPE and reduce the durability and protective value of the garments.
Machine setting washing PPE
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Wash water temperature should be between 110-120 degrees Fahrenheit.
ii. Use the normal cycle, cotton/white, or similar setting.
iii. Double rinse. This removes residual dirt and ensures detergent removal. If the machine will not automatically double rinse, a complete second cycle should be run without adding detergent.
Wash Procedures PPE
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Wash procedures
a. Load machine with garments to be washed.
b. Add ½ cup (4 oz.) of oxygenated (non-chlorine) bleach and one cup (8 oz.) of liquid detergent to the machine.
c. Start machine.
d. Make sure that garments are double rinsed
Drying procedures PPE
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Drying
a. Remove garments from washing machine and turn them inside out to expose the inner liner. Dry by hanging in a shaded area that receives good cross ventilation, or hang on a line and use a fan to circulate air.
b. Do not use automatic dryers because the mechanical action and excessive heat may damage or shrink the garments
What is the iodine based disinfectant/sanitizer that is recommended by Scott for Mask/facepiece?
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The iodine based disinfectant/sanitizer that is recommended by Scott is Wescodyne Plus (WP). In the concentrate form, it has a shelf life of approximately three (3) years.
The concentrate in the WP bottle MUST BE DILUTED with ————as shown on the bottle label instructions. The diluted product must be used within ——-months.
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potable (drinking) tap water
within six (6) months.After dilution, personnel must immediately mark the six (6) month expiration date on the bottle label with a permanent marker
What harmful effects can the diluted form of the disinfectant/sanitizing cleaner Wescodyne Plus cause.
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The diluted form of the disinfectant/sanitizing cleaner is not expected to cause chemical burns, but it may cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and mucous
membranes. Personnel should avoid contact with the spray and direct the spray away from themselves and others
What type of cleaner should never be use on the Scott AV-3000 respirator?
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NEVER use a quaternary ammonium type of cleaner on ANY part of a the Scott AV-3000 respirator.
Face Piece Cleaning procedures
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a. With the regulator or face piece adapter removed, carefully wash the face piece assembly with warm (110° F / 44° C maximum) soap or detergent solution and thoroughly rinse in clean water.
b. Disinfect/sanitize the face piece by spraying three (3) full pumps of the properly diluted disinfectant/sanitizer on the regulator/adapter side of the mask and three (3) full pumps on the face side of the mask, wetting entire mask including all rubber and plastic areas. Allow a ten (10) minute cleaning contact time prior to rinsing.
c. Rinse with drinking water using a spray bottle or running water.
d. Shake excess water off of face piece and then dry with a clean, lint free cloth or gently blow dry with clean, dry breathing air of 30 psig or less pressure. Do not use shop air or any other air containing lubricants or moisture.
Cleaning Mask-Mounted Regulator
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a. Remove the breathing regulator from the face piece by pulling back on the locking clip and rotating the regulator 1/4 turn clockwise.
b. Remove any obvious dirt from the external surfaces with warm (110°F / 44° C maximum) soap or detergent solution and thoroughly rinse in clean water.
c. Inspect the inside of the regulator assembly through the regulator
opening. If excessive dirt or soil is present forward the unit to
Department SCBA Repair technician authorized personnel for thorough cleaning.
d. Depress the donning/air saver opening switch and close the purge knob by turning it fully clockwise.
e. To disinfect/sanitize the regulator, spray a minimum of six (6) full pumps of the disinfectant/sanitizer into the regulator opening.
Make sure to also wet the immediate area around the opening. Swirl to completely cover the internal components.
f. Turn the regulator opening face down and shake excess liquid out. Allow for ten (10) minutes of contact cleaning time prior to rinsing.
g. Rinse regulator with drinking water using a spray bottle or gently
running tap water.
h. Shake excess water out of regulator and completely air dry the regulator before use.
i. If the regulator was disconnected from the air supply for cleaning, reconnect it and open the purge valve to remove any moisture from regulator spray bar. Close the purge valve once this action is completed
All PPE belonging to a fire fighter that has sustained injury and/or death in the line of duty shall be immediately
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placed in the custody of the Fire Marshal’s Office. PPE will be made available to all approved investigating agencies.
A SCBA will be worn with the face piece in place, using tank air, by any
personnel operating:
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1. Inside a structure where a contaminated atmosphere is known to exist.
2. At an outdoor incident that is known to produce toxic smoke and/or gases.
This includes, but is not limited to:
a. Vehicle fires.
b. Dumpster fires.
c. Hazardous materials incidents (including fuel spills and gas leaks).
d. In an oxygen deficient atmosphere.
e. In any area that may be subject to explosion or sudden contamination.
f. On the roof or any floor above a working structure fire.
g. In any atmosphere where monitoring has shown the carbon monoxide
level to exceed 30 parts per million.
h. In any situation where a contaminated or oxygen deficient atmosphere is
suspected (i.e. overhaul, confined space, etc.).
will conduct a thorough investigation of any smoke inhalation or respiratory injury
sustained by firefighters.
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The Fire Marshal’s Office
All personnel should be aware of their individual air consumption rate which
ultimately determines the amount of time personnel can expect to safely work in
an IDLH atmosphere. Factors such as temperature and work load should be
considered in determining the rate. The goal in determining the air consumption
rate is for personnel
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to exit an IDLH atmosphere without consuming emergency
air (the air available when the low air alarm activates).
Each SCBA that is not assigned to an individual or in-service unit will be inspected
weekly.
Face piece daily inspection
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a. Check the face piece for cracks, gouges, etc. that affect the use.
b. Inspect the head harness for damage and/or worn components.
c. Check the seal. If you have “spider straps” the proper sequence for
tightening the straps are: chin, temple, and top. If you do not have
“spider straps” on your face piece, begin at the chin and work your
way up. Keeping your hand in place, exhale to check the
exhalation valve.
SCBA Cylinder inspection daily
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a. Check the latest cylinder hydrostatic test date to ensure it is
current.
b. Visually inspect the cylinder and valve assembly for physical
damage such as dents, gouges in metal or in composite wrapping
(gouges 1/8” deep and 1” long must be taken out of service and
sent to Support Services for inspection).
c. Check the cylinder pressure for “full” (above 4000 psi). If cylinder
pressure is less than 4000 psi, it is considered out of service and
must be replaced with a fully charged cylinder.
d. Ensure the cylinder is firmly locked in position by the cylinder
retention assembly.
e. Ensure that the 1st stage regulator is attached to the cylinder and is
firmly tightened. Do not over tighten the 1st stage regulato
Backpack / harness assembly daily
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a. Visually inspect the complete SCBA harness assembly for worn or
aging rubber parts, worn or frayed components and for other
damage.
b. Visually inspect all high and low pressure hoses.
c. Ensure that all straps are fully opened.
Daily inspection PASS and Heads-Up-Display (HUD) indicators.
a. Connect the face piece to the second stage regulator. Ensure that
the regulator bypass is closed and that the 2nd stage regulator has
been reset to prevent flow when the cylinder is opened.
b. Slowly open the cylinder valve fully by rotating the knob counterclockwise.
The alarm should activate, then stop. When the cylinder
valve is opened the PASS device should automatically be
activated; activation should be confirmed. The PASS device
distress alarm is now in automatic monitor mode.
c. Once the air cylinder has been fully opened, check the four lights
in your HUD. The fifth light is the low battery indicator. Compare
the psi gauge reading on the cylinder to the analog gauge located
on the right shoulder strap (any deviation of more than 100 psi
between the gauges warrant placing the SCBA out of service).
Compare the reading in your HUD with the analog gauge located
on the right shoulder strap. Remember that the HUD is your
primary indicator of air supply.
c. Check your PASS device. If the battery light on the PASS device
is flashing, it needs to be replaced.
d. Manually activate the PASS device by depressing and holding the
button down for 3-5 seconds.
e. Reset the PASS device by depressing the button twice.
f. Hold the unit motionless for 20 seconds. The lights on the PASS
control console should flash red, approximately one per second,
and be accompanied by an ascending/descending audible tone
which increases in volume. This is the pre-alarm mode.
g. Move the SCBA to reset the PASS to monitor mode.
h. Hold the SCBA motionless, allowing it to go into pre-alarm mode,
then approximately 10 seconds more, allowing it to go into full
alarm mode. You will hear a loud continuous three tone chirp
accompanied by the flashing red lights on the control console.
i. Manually reset the PASS device by pressing the button twice.
Regulator daily inspection
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a. Don face piece or hold to the face and obtain a good seal. Inhale
sharply to automatically start the flow of air. Breathe normally
from the face piece and check for normal flow and proper
operation. Remove the face piece from the face; air should flow
freely. Fully depress the center of the 2nd stage regulator and
release. The flow of air should stop.
b. Rotate the red purge valve a half-turn counter clockwise. Air
should flow freely from the regulator. Close the purge valve. The
flow of air should stop.
c. Close the air cylinder fully and rotate the red purge valve a halfturn
counter clockwise. The low air alarm should activate when air
pressure in the first stage regulator approaches 25%.
Cleaning Procedures for SCBA Masks
A. Make a solution of warm water and mild detergent.
B. Immerse mask top first in the solution until exhalation valve is covered.
C. Agitate the mask and gently clean with soft brush.
D. Thoroughly rinse the mask in fresh water, paying particular attention to removal
of all soap residue from the exhalation valve.
E. If possible, direct running water onto exhalation valve.
F. Disinfect the mask in a warm suitable sanitizing solution, such as a “hypochlorite
solution” (two tablespoons of chlorine bleach per one gallon of water), for 2 to 3
minutes. Rinse thoroughly afterwards.
G. Allow mask to drip-dry.
H. Hold mask firmly against face and exhale several times to ensure exhalation valve
works properly.
Following cleaning procedures, SCBA masks should be inspected for the
following:
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- Deep gouges or cracks in the lens.
- Cracks in the rim assembly around the mask skirt.
- Cuts or tears in the silicone skirt or head strap.
When a rehabilitation area has been established by the Incident Commander, who will be responsible for the management and
coordination of the rehabilitation area until this duty is reassigned by the Incident
Commander or designee.
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the first two available paramedics
Site Characteristics Rehab
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1. Large enough to accommodate the number of personnel expected,
including emergency medical services personnel required to provide
medical monitoring.
2. In a location that will provide physical rest by allowing the body to
recuperate from the demands and hazards of the emergency operation or
training evolution.
3. Have a separate area for personnel to remove all personal protective
clothing/equipment.
4. Located far enough away from the incident that members may safely
remove their turnout gear and SCBA and be afforded mental rest from the
stress and pressure of the emergency operation or training evolution.
5. Provide suitable protection from the prevailing environmental conditions.
During hot weather, it should be in a cool, shaded area. During cold
weather, it should be in a warm, dry area.
6. Enable members to be free of exhaust fumes from apparatus, vehicles, or
equipment (including those involved in the Rehabilitation Group
operations), as well as other toxins that may be present at the emergency
scene.
7. Located away from hazardous noise, which can have a direct impact on
the blood pressure of rehabilitating members.
8. Easily accessible by EMS/rescue units.
9. Allow prompt re-entry back into the emergency operation upon complete
recuperation.
10. Have access to a water supply (bottled or running) to provide for hydration
and active cooling.
11. Located away from spectators and the media.
12. Removed from visual stimuli that could delay the rehabilitation process.
Site Designation Rehab
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1. Fire apparatus, rescue unit, or other emergency vehicles at the scene or
called to the scene.
2. A nearby garage, building lobby, or other structure.
3. A school bus, mass transit bus, or municipal bus.
4. An open area in which a rehabilitation area can be created using tarps,
fans, etc.
The Rehabilitation Officer shall secure all necessary resources required to
adequately staff and supply the Rehabilitation Area.
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The supplies should
include the items listed below:
a. Fluids – Water, decaffeinated sports beverages or other oral
electrolyte solutions and ice.
b. Food – Designated meal replacement bars, MREs, etc.
c. Medical – Blood pressure cuffs, stethoscopes, oxygen
administration devices, cardiac monitors, pulse oximetry monitors,
carbon monoxide monitors, temporal artery/tympanic membrane
thermometers and intravenous solutions.
d. Other – Awnings, fans, tarps, smoke ejectors, heaters, dry clothing,
extra equipment, floodlights, chairs, blankets and towels, traffic
cones and fireline tape (to identify the entrance and exit of the
Rehabilitation Area), soap and water to clean hands and face, and a
water supply for active cooling through forearm immersion.
What beverages should be avoided and why?
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Caffeine beverages should be avoided before and during heat stress
because both interfere with the body’s water conservation mechanisms.
Carbonated beverages should also be avoided.
How many minutes of work while wearing an SCBA,requires the firefighter to go to rehab?
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Firefighters having worked for one (1) full SCBA bottle, or thirty (30)
minutes of strenuous activity shall be immediately placed in the
rehabilitation area for rest and medical evaluation. This does not preclude
an Officer from having emergency personnel evaluated if he/she deems
appropriate.
Minimum time must spend in rehab
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Rest shall not be less than fifteen (15) minutes and may exceed an hour as
determined by the Rehabilitation Officer.
What medications can impair the body’s ability to sweat?
Certain medications can impair the body’s ability to sweat and
extreme caution must be exercised if personnel have taken antihistamines
(Actifed, Benadryl, etc.) or has take diuretics or stimulants.
When the Incident Commander of designee has established a
Rehabilitation Area, firefighters and other emergency responders can use
the following as examples of guidelines for evaluation necessity:
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a. One SCBA bottle or thirty (30) minutes of strenuous activity
(shorter times should be considered during extreme weather
conditions or workloads that create the potential for heat stress).
b. SCBA failure while in hot zone.
c. Weakness, dizziness, chest pain, muscle cramps, nausea, altered
mental status, difficulty breathing, etc.
d. Discretion of the Incident Commander, Rehabilitation Officer,
Safety Officer or Company Officer.
e. Any time an emergency responder feels it necessary.
Evaluation guidelines allow for two evaluation cycles of rehabilitating firefighters in the --------minutes if no abnormal findings are present. If abnormal findings are present, or the responder complains of any symptom (dizziness, nausea, shortness of breath, chest pain/pressure, etc.) re-examination will occur every------- minutes
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first ten (10) minutes
three
Abnormal finding
examination will involve a minimum of:
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a. Behavior.
b. Coordination.
c. Gait.
d. Work of breathing.
e. Breath sounds.
f. Glascow Coma Score.
g. Blood pressure.
h. Heart rate.
i. Respiratory rate.
j. Temporal artery/tympanic membrane temperature.
k. Pulse oximetry.
l. Carboxyhemoglobin determination.
m. Skin condition.
n. Blood glucose level.
o. EKG/12-lead.
p. Orthostatic vital signs.
In hot, humid conditions a minimum of at least — minutes of active cooling shall be applied following the use of the second and each subsequent SCBA cylinder.
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fifteen (15) minutes (twenty is preferable)
If a responder is demonstrating abnormal vital signs, EKG shall be
.
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continuously monitored with blood pressure evaluated every three
to five minutes
If personnel have C/p/SOB, dizziness or nausea, what shall be done?
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Personnel experiencing chest pain or pressure, shortness of breath,
dizziness or nausea shall be transported to an appropriate medical
facility for further evaluation and treatment.
Personnel should be encouraged to drink approximately — ounces of water during the first twenty minutes of
rehabilitation
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sixteen
ounces (500cc)
After a total of one hour of work, a total of — ounces of fluid should have been consumed, recommending what type of fluid(s)?
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thirty two ounces (one liter)
recommending sport drink with electrolyte and protein
replacement as the second container of fluids for consumption
The most reasonable and readily applied recommendation to protect personnel from the hazards of both over and under drinking is
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drinking to thirst. It is important to recognize that nausea and the
loss of thirst can be early signs of dehydration and heat stress. All
personnel should demonstrate the ability to consume some fluids.
If personnel can not, further medical evaluation is deemed
necessary.
CO levels rehab
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i. Nonsmokers range 0-5%.
ii. Smokers range 5-10%.
iii. Personnel with COhb above 10% shall receive 100%
oxygen via non-rebreather mask.
iv. Personnel with COhb levels higher than 5% shall not be
allowed to leave the Rehabilitation Area.
Sx of high CO
CO-Oximetry to Measure Carboxyhemoglobin Levels.
a. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas present in every fire.
Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning are nonspecific and easy
to miss diagnostically; these include headache, nausea, shortness or
breath, flu-like symptoms, or gastrointestinal symptoms
SPo2 rehab
Pulse Oximetry.
a. Normal SpO2 ranges from 95-100%.
b. Most oximeters are unable to differentiate between oxyhemoglobin
and carboxyhemoglobin.
c. Personnel with SaO2 readings below 94% shall receive
supplemental oxygen.
d. Personnel with oxygen saturation of less than 93% shall not be
permitted to leave the Rehabilitation Area.
Tympanic Membrane Temperature rehab
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A. Tympanic membrane infrared thermometry will be taken in both ears
The higher temperature recorded will be used as the initial baseline reading.
B.Tympanic membrane temperature readings may be as much as two (2) degrees lower than the actual core temperature.
C.Oral temperature should not be used as a baseline as the patient will often have increased respirations, thereby lowering the sublingual temperature. Additionally, patients may have had water to drink prior to attempting a reading, again giving an inaccurately lower reading than the actual core temperature.
D.Personnel taking the tympanic membrane temperature shall demonstrate correct technique when inserting the tympanic membrane probe into the external ear canal (proper angle of retraction of the pinna) to ensure the most accurate reading result.
E.Initial tympanic membrane temperature readings at or above 103 degrees Fahrenheit shall receive immediate active cooling via forearm immersion.
F.Patients with tympanic membrane temperatures at or above 100 degrees Fahrenheit shall not be permitted to leave the Rehabilitation Area until temperature reading returns to normal (less than 100 degrees Fahrenheit).
G.Patients with temperature readings above 100 degrees Fahrenheit shall receive active cooling via forearm immersion.
H.Given the potential of tympanic membrane devices underestimating the core body temperature, it is essential that a measured temperature in the normal range not be used to exclude the possibility of heat related medical problems.
Heart Rate rehab
A. Initial heart rate measurements above the 70% maximum target heart rate ((220-age) x .07) should initiate oxygen therapy via non- rebreather mask.
B. An initial heart rate at or above 100% of maximum heart rate should initiate oxygen therapy via non-rebreather mask and active cooling measures via forearm immersion. Personnel with these high heart rates should seek medical attention from a physician regardless of how quickly the pulse rate returns to the normal range.
C.If after five (5) minutes of rest and oxygen the heart rate does not decrease to below 90% of the target heart rate, the responder will be relieved of duty for the remainder of the shift and advised to seek immediate medical attention.
D.Personnel who have not achieved a heart rate of less than 100 beats per minute by the end of twenty (20) minutes of rehabilitation shall not be released from the Rehabilitation Area and should continue o be monitored and, if warranted, transported for further medical evaluation. E.Part of additional monitoring for abnormal findings shall include 12 lead EKG, orthostatic pulse and blood pressure readings.
F. Initial heart rates that are below 60 beats per minute in the responder who has been under extended physical stress and exertion should warrant further investigation. Beta blockers, antihistamines and other medications, as well as certain types of heart disease may inhibit the body from protectively increasing the heart rate and protect the body from the stressor demand. These individuals (except in the most extremely well conditioned individual) should have further medical evaluation including 12 lead EKG and orthostatic vital signs. These individuals shall be sent for further medical evaluation.
G.Personnel that have heart rates above the 70% target heart rate after five (5) minutes of rest and cooling shall have a 12 lead EKG performed. Any abnormalities will be reported to the unit Officer and the responder will be transported to the closest appropriate medical facility.
Blood Pressure parameters rehab
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A.Blood pressure is a critical indicator used to assess health status and stress.
B.Blood pressure should increase as the level of physical exertion/stress increases.
C.Blood pressure readings that are too low, too high, or fail to return to normal levels while in rehabilitation can indicate a serious medical problem.
D.A responder whose blood pressure is greater than 160 systolic and/or 100 diastolic shall not be released from the Rehabilitation Area.
E.The Rehabilitation Officer will make the determination as to whether the individual remains in the Rehabilitation Area or is transported to the closest appropriate medical facility.
G.Individuals with low systolic readings (hypotension) during rehabilitation should be highly suspect for heat stress. 12 lead EKG readings as well as orthostatic vital signs should be performed on these individuals to determine hypovolemia and indicate the need for more aggressive fluid intake (oral) and/or intravenous fluid challenge treatment.
Respiratory Rate rehab
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A.Normal respiratory rate is 12-20 per minute.
B.By the end of rehabilitation, personnel should display a respiratory rate within these parameters.
C.Personnel with abnormal respiratory rates will not be allowed to return to duty and will be advised to seek further medical evaluation. c.
Active Cooling procedures
A.Active cooling is often necessary to return a responder’s core temperature to with safe, normal range and minimize the chance of experiencing heat stress of other heat related emergencies.
B.Misting fans – May not provide adequate cooling in a humid environment (less effective). Personnel wet by mists may become more susceptible to steam burns if they are sent back into an active fire environment with wet clothes.
C. Forearm and hand immersion in cool water is more effective in hot, humid environments to reduce core body temperature. The vascularity of blood vessels close to the skin of the arms and hands acts as an excellent means of heat transfer.
D.Individuals entering the Rehabilitation Area shall be afforded relief from climatic or extreme conditions through forearm immersion in cool water.
Adequate replenishments practices
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Replenishment
A.Replenishment encompasses fluid replacement and rehydration, calorie, electrolyte and protein replacement.
B.Dehydration impairs the body’s ability to maintain core temperature, decreases strength, and shortens endurance time, decreases blood volume which in turn increases cardiovascular strain.
C.Twenty (20) minutes of strenuous fire fighting activity can result in a 15% reduction in plasma volume and 40% reduction in cardiac stroke volume.
D.Sweating can easily exceed two liters (64 ounces) per hour in hot, humid conditions and continues even after work has stopped and the individual enters the Rehabilitation Area.
E.Personnel entering the Rehabilitation Area shall, at a minimum, consume at least 32 ounces of fluid during rehabilitation and be encouraged to rehydrate after the incident is over and/or returning to personal life.
F.Sports drinks that contain protein which will encourage glucose uptake by the muscles shall be provided. This will also mitigate disruption of the immune system.
Controls that affect heat stress
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Controls
The key to managing heat stress is to be familiar with the controls used to prevent it and to minimize its effect. Controls for heat stress include the following: a. Fluid intake (hydration). b. Work rotation. c. Active cooling. d. Rest.
Heat rash: Cause Signs and symptoms Treatment Prevention
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a. Cause – Hot, humid environment, plugged sweat glands.
b. Signs and symptoms – Red, bumpy rash with severe itching.
c. Treatment – Changing into dry clothes and avoiding hot environments. Rinse skin with cool water.
d. Prevention – Wash regularly to keep skin clean and dry.
Sunburn Cause Signs and symptoms Treatment Prevention
A.Cause – Too much exposure to the sun.
B.Signs and symptoms – Red, painful, or blistering and peeling skin. C.Treatment – If the skin blisters, seek medical aid. Use skin locations (avoid topical anesthetics) and work in the shade.
D.Prevention – Work in the shade. Cover skin with clothing, apply skin lotions with a sun protection factor of at least 15.
Heat cramps Cause Signs and symptoms Treatment Prevention
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A.Cause – Heavy sweating drains a person’s body of salt, which cannot be replaced just by drinking water.
B.Signs and symptoms – Painful cramps in arms, legs, or stomach that occur suddenly at work or later at home. Heat cramps are serious because they can be a warning of other more dangerous heat-induced illnesses.
C.Treatment – Move to a cool area. Loosen clothing and drink cool water or commercial fluid replacement beverage. If the cramps are severe or do not go away, seek medical attention.
D.Prevention – Reduce activity levels and/or heat exposure. Drink fluids regularly. Workers should check on each other to help spot the symptoms that often precede heat stroke.
Heat exhaustion Cause Signs and symptoms Treatment Prevention
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A.Cause – Fluid loss and inadequate salt intake causes a person’s body’s cooling system to start to break down.
B.Signs and symptoms – Heavy sweating, cool moist skin, elevated body temperature over 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit, weak pulse, normal or low blood pressure, person is tired and weak or faint, has nausea and vomiting, is very thirsty, or is panting or breathing rapidly. Vision can also be blurred.
C.Treatment – Seek medical attention immediately. This condition can lead to heat stroke, which can be fatal. Move the person to a cool, shaded area, loosen or remove excess clothing, provide cool water to drink. Use active cooling to lower core body temperature.
D.Prevention – Reduce activity levels and/or heat exposure. Drink fluids regularly. Workers should check on each other to help spot the symptoms that often precede heat stroke.
Heat Stroke Cause Signs and symptoms Treatment Prevention
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A.Cause – If a person’s body has used up all its available water and salt reserves, it will stop sweating. This can cause body temperature to rise. Heat stroke can develop suddenly or can follow from heat exhaustion. B.Signs and symptoms – Body temperature over 105.9 degrees pulse; headache or dizziness. In later stages, a person can pass out and have convulsions.
C.Treatment – Immediate transport to a medical facility. If transport is delayed, immediately immerse body in cold water.
D. Prevention – Reduce activity levels and/or heat exposure. Drink fluids regularly. Workers should check on each other to help spot the symptoms that often precede heat stroke.Fahrenheit and any one of the following: the person is weak, confused, upset or acting strangely; has hot, dry, red skin; a fast b.
Required documentation rehab
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Documentation
A. An EMS run report (patient care report), worker’s compensation first report of injury/illness and a supervisor’s injury report shall be completed on each fire fighter or other emergency responder when he/she is not routinely returned to normal duties.
B.All rehabilitation evaluations shall be recorded on the prescribed forms along with the responder’s name and complaints and must be signed, timed, and dated by the Rehabilitation Officer or designee.
C. All rehabilitation evaluation forms will be submitted to the Incident Commander at the conclusion of the incident and retained as part of the official documentation of the incident.
SAR operations, which can be extremely hazardous, require personnel to have a combination of knowledge, skills, and equipment in order to be effective. Although they are always one of the first priorities at a fire scene, they should not be conducted until personnel complete an adequate search and rescue size-up. At minimum, this size-up shall include:
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(1) a risk-benefit analysis; (2) occupancy/building information; and (3) scene observations.
Risk Benefit Analysis Components of size up
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a. Identify any uncertainties that could cause failure of the operation.
b. Analyze which fire ground risks will impact the operation.
c. Prioritize these risks so they can be neutralized and/or mitigated prior to them having any major impact.
Occupancy/Building Information size up
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a. Time of day/day of week. b. Known and/or suspected victim location. c. Number of occupants.
Scene Observations size up
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a. Presence or absence of cars in the garage or driveway - indicates probability of occupants being present within the structure.
b. Front and rear door locations - represents primary access/egress points through which search crews can operate. Also represents a secondary means of egress in case the primary access point becomes blocked or un-passable.
c. Bedroom window location - indicates areas where victims are typically found. Since most windows that are not immediately adjacent to the front door are bedrooms, identifying these areas helps determine the search team’s initial search pattern (e.g. left or right hand pattern). d. Presence of window/door security bars - represents forcible entry challenges and potential blockage of secondary escape routes.
e. Roof vent location - indicates the probable location of bathrooms, utility rooms and kitchens in older construction (bedrooms are typically located adjacent to or across from bathroom areas). Roof vents in modern construction do not necessarily identify specific room locations since contractors now run vent pipes from several different locations into one or more central vent stacks.
f. Window size/shape - indicates probable room type.
g. Fire location - indicates areas of immediate danger. It, along with construction type, indicates where fire will spread and whether or not search areas will become blocked by fire extension.
h. Smoke conditions - indicates severity of fire, possible location of fire and room/area conditions (whether or not the area is tenable for trapped occupants).
Search duties are typically carried out simultaneously with fire attack operations. These operations, which may be accomplished with or without hose line protection, are designed to:
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a. Locate and remove all trapped occupants. b. Ventilate where needed. c. Temporarily prevent fire extension by closing doors and windows. d. Check for interior/exterior fire extension. e. Help locate the seat of the fire.
Three types of searches are conducted within involved structures:
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primary,secondary and final
are a quick attempt to locate potential victims during fire
attack operations. They should be concentrated in those areas where potential
victims will most likely be found and be as thorough as possible. Typical
areas that potential victims will likely be found include: bedrooms, beds,
cribs, chairs, sofas, bathrooms, hallways and closets
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Primary searches
are conducted after the fire has been brought under
control and are more thorough and time consuming because of the
thoroughness of the job (e.g. every area of the building must be completely
checked).
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Secondary searches
are a complete and systematic search of the entire structure and
all areas that surround the structure where victims could be found. This type
of search is conducted after the fire has been extinguished.
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Final searches
Primary search teams have seven (7) specific responsibilities:
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1. Determine probable victim location by properly “reading” the building.
2. Carry the proper tools for the operation (i.e. portable radio, forcible entry
tools, 6’ hook, water extinguisher, Thermal Imaging Camera, hand lights,
search rope, webbing, and door chocks).
3. Locate and remove trapped victims (look, listen and feel).
4. Confine fire and prevent fire extension by closing all doors; advise location of
fire and call for charged line as needed.
5. Search all priority areas checking for victims around doors, inside closets and
bathrooms, and under and/or behind furniture.
6. Ventilate each room (vent for life v. vent for fire).
7. Indicate/mark all searched rooms.
A primary search is a rapid search that gives those trapped within fire involved
structures their best chance at survival. As a result, it should be
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coordinated with advancing fire attack crews and completed as soon as possible