Building construction Flashcards

Question

Movements of relatively large amplitude resulting from a small force applied at the natural frequency of a structure

Answer 1

Resonant forces

Answer 2

- Magnitude of the vibratory motion - Type of foundation - Nature of the soil under the building - Stiffness of the structure - Presence of damping mechanisms within the building

Answer 3

Over a non-combustible material

Answer 4

To establish some control over interior finishes

Answer 5

Low flame spreads

Answer 6

(0 to 25) rating are required in the vertical exits and most occupancies

Answer 7

(26 to 75) rating are required in corridors that provide exit access

Answer 8

Automatic sprinkler system

Answer 9

Measure of the total fuel available to a fire, therefore, the total heat that can be released in a fire

Answer 10

The fire load plus the rate at which the fuel burns

Answer 11

Total amount of heat produced or released to the atmosphere from the convective – lift fire phase of a fire per unit mass of fuel consumed per unit time

Answer 12

The combination of fuel and available oxygen

Answer 13

In the case of interior finishes used on walls and ceilings, the combustible material always has a large area exposed to the surrounding oxygen

Answer 14

the flame spread rating and the smoke developed rating

Answer 15

Steiner tunnel test

Answer 16

Steiner tunnel test

Answer 17

Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning characteristics of building materials

Answer 18

Numerical rating assigned to a material based on the speed and extent to which flame travels over its surface

Answer 19

- Ceiling of a room or the upper portions of a room | - It is assumed that the most critical application of a material would be on the ceiling

Answer 20

The tunnel consists of a horizontal furnace 25 feet long with a removable top. The interior furnace is 17 5/8 inches wide and 12 inches high

Answer 21

- The sample material to be tested is attached to the underside of the top of the furnace and the assembly is lowered into place. - A gas burner located at one end of the tunnel produces a 4 1/2 foot flame that is projected against the test material. - The flame is adjusted to produce approximately 5000 BTUs per minute. - The test is then continued for 10 minutes, during which time to travel of the flame along the test sample is observed

Answer 22

- Asbestos cement board and red Oak flooring - According to the test protocol, the flame will travel along the oak flooring 24 feet and 5 1/2 minutes. - The flame spread of other materials during the test is compared to that red Oak. - Obviously, the higher the flame spread rating, the more rapidly flame will spread

Answer 23

- The flame spread rating developed in the tunnel test as a means of comparing the surface flammability of a material to standard materials under controlled test conditions. - It is not an absolute measure of spread of fire travel.

Answer 24

surface burning of such factors as room shape and dimensions and fuel load in a room

Answer 25

- Has different thermal insulating properties than a thin material - When interior finish materials are intended to be used in varying thicknesses, they must be tested in those thicknesses

Answer 26

Same materials and methods used in actual installations

Answer 27

Is a measure of the relative visual obscurity created by the smoke from a tested material. -The results are from the tunnel test

Answer 28

- It is measured by a photo electric cell and a light source located at the end of the tunnel furnace. - As with the flame spread rating, red Oak is used as a standard test material and has been assigned a smoke developed rating of 100. -Therefore, under test conditions, a material with a smoke developed rating of 200 produces smoke that is twice as visually obscuring as red Oak. - it is very important to remember that the smoke developed rating is not an indication of the toxicity or volatility of the products of combustion of the interior finish materials

Answer 29

Ability of a substance to vaporize easily at a relatively low temperature

Answer 30

Fire retardant coatings | -fire retardant coatings only affect the coated surface. They do not affect the untreated backside of a panel.

Answer 31

-Intumescent paint's -mastics -gas forming paints cementitious and mineral fiber coatings

Answer 32

Expand upon exposure to heat to create a thick, puffy coating that insulates the wood surface from heat and excludes oxygen from wood

Answer 33

Forms a thick, noncombustible coating over the surface of the wood

Answer 34

- They must be applied at a specific rate of square feet per gallon and may require more than one coat. - They also may not have a permanent effect if used in exterior applications or environments with humidity. - In any case, products that have not been tested by a reputable laboratory should not be trusted

Answer 35

The surface burning characteristics of materials (the tunnel test). It is useful because it provides reproducible results and is a widely recognized standard

Answer 36

1) flame spread is generally different over a vertical surface than across a horizontal surface 2) The walls and ceiling of a room provide for re-radiation of heat between the intersecting surfaces

Answer 37

Corner test

Answer 38

A ceiling and 2 intersecting walls | The walls and ceiling of the assembly were aligned with the material to be tested

Answer 39

Standard methods of fire tests for evaluating room fire growth contribution of textile coverings on full height panels and walls

Answer 40

- More recently developed large scale test for wall and ceiling finish - Fire tests for evaluating contribution of wall and ceiling interior finish to room fire growth - Developed to handle materials that may not remain in place during the tunnel test, such as plastic materials that may melt and drip

Answer 41

- The material to be tested is placed on three of the walls. (The surface of the wall containing the door opening is not covered). - In the 286 test, the material is placed on the ceiling if it is intended to be used in that manner. - The materials are subjected to two different size gas flames

Answer 42

These tests do not provide a numerical test results such as the flame spread rating derived from the tunnel test. -Instead, the test material is charged either satisfactory or unsatisfactory depending on the extent of fire growth that occurs within the test room upon exposure to the two gas flames

Answer 43

Class A or B interior finish materials

Answer 44

Noting whether or not the flame spread to the ceiling of the test chamber – the flame cannot spread to the outer extremity of the sample – flashover cannot occur – the peak rate of heat release cannot exceed 800 kW – a maximum amount of smoke released

Answer 45

Consists of equipment such as an automatic sprinkler system or fire alarm system that requires a power source for operation

Answer 46

- Relies on building construction in materials to contain fire or products of combustion. - Firewalls or stair enclosures are examples of passive fire protection

Answer 47

Subdivision of a building or floor levels of the building by fire rated walls or partitions

Answer 48

Rapid spread of fire horizontally and vertically through a building

Answer 49

-Having occupants in a structure or vehicle in order to provide protection from the rapidly approaching hazard -

Answer 50

- Fire rated partitions can provide areas of refuge for occupants when immediate or rapid evacuation is not possible, such as in the hospital - Codes typically require fire rated partitions to subdivide patient floors so patients can be moved From the area of fire origin to a protected part of the floor - occupants of high-rise residential buildings have survived fires simply by remaining in another apartment separated from the fire rated partitions. - this protection requires that intervening doors be closed

Answer 51

Almost any floor and ceiling assembly or wall construction will act as a barrier to fire to some degree, but not every wall or a partition in a building is fire rated. - Partition separating individual rooms within an apartment, are not fire rated. - The degree of fire resistance required of a wall or partition will depend on its purpose. - Building codere quirements are changing and requirements for compartmentation are seen less and less

Answer 52

- Also called area separation walls, are corrected to limit the maximum spread of fire. - It's a fire rated wall with a specified degree of fire resistance, built of fire resistive materials and usually extending from the foundation up to and through the roof of a building, that is designed to limit the spread of a fire within a structure or between adjacent structures - firewalls subdivide a building into smaller pieces so that a fire and one portion of the building is limited to that area and does not destroy the entire building

Answer 53

– What a drop-down know I don't know because I guess would be saying I guess yeah you said you seen is that I am recording everything text Dylan no

Answer 54

Fire safety

Answer 55

Type and magnitude *Making this determination is the most critical aspect of engineering design

Answer 56

Way a building reacts when it is involved in a fire.

Answer 57

Adequate roof anchoring can be designed

Answer 58

Load *Forces of loads, such as gravity, wind, earthquakes, and soil pressure, our exerted on a building

Answer 59

Gravity Wind Earthquakes Soil pressure

Answer 60

Gravity *in addition, gravity can exert a force (added weight) if snow, ice, and water accumulate on the roof or water accumulates inside the building due to flooding.

Answer 61

Greatly reduces potential economic loss and can enable a stricken industry to recover more quickly

Answer 62

-Because they increase structural costs and may interfere with the free movement of materials through a factory or warehouse They can also be architecturally unattractive and occupancies such as shopping malls or airline passenger terminal where an expansive interior is desired.

Answer 63

By resorting to freestanding structures, like single family residences, that are separated but built very close to one another -some single-family homes can be as close as 18 inches apart

Answer 64

- When a building is equipped with an automatic sprinkler system and meets criteria for occupancy, height, and other code requirements - it is not unusual, therefore, to find very large industrial, warehouse, and mercantile facilities constructed without firewalls

Answer 65

- Freestanding walls are self-supporting and are independent of the building frame. - Freestanding firewalls are usually found in buildings of wood- frame or wood joist and masonry (type III or IV construction, although they may also be used in noncombustible buildings. - Freestanding walls must be designed to resist and lateral load of at least 5 pounds per square foot and are self-supporting with respect to vertical it. - They are independent of the building frame although the building frame may provide some horizontal support

Answer 66

Erected at a column line in a building of steel frame or concrete frame construction. In a steel frame building, any steel members, such as columns, that may be incorporated into the firewall must be provided with the same degree of fire resistance required for the firewall itself.

Answer 67

- Originally firewalls were required to have a fire resistance rating of 4 hours, but recent building current permit firewalls with fire resistive rating of two, three, or four hours, depending on the occupancy. A 4hour rated firewall usually must be constructed of masonry or concrete and have 3 hour rated openings. - In most buildings firewalls must be constructed of noncombustible materials

Answer 68

-Firewalls must extend extend beyond walls and roofs to prevent the radiant heat of flames on one side of a firewall from igniting adjacent surfaces. -This is accomplished by continuing the firewall through the roof with a parapet. -The parapets height above a combustible roof is determined by the building code and varies from 18 to 36 inches Some buildings contain exceptions that permit the illumination of parapets under certain conditions.

Answer 69

Interior walls used to subdivide a floor or area of a building and do not qualify as firewalls. - Fire partitions may not extend continuously throughout the building. - A partition is usually a erected from a floor to the underside of the floor above. - Fire partitions are typically not required to have as much fire resistance as a firewall.

Answer 70

- Wide variety of materials including lath and plaster, gypsum wallboard, concrete block, and combinations of materials. - The material chosen depends on the required fire resistance and construction type of the building.

Answer 71

use 5/8 of an inch fire rated gypsum wallboard applied to both sides of 2 1/2 inch steel studs

Answer 72

If the 5/8 inch gypsum wallboard were applied to both sides of a 2 x 4" wood studs

Answer 73

For partitions where visibility is desired and a fire rating is required.

Answer 74

Used to enclose such vertical openings at stairwells, elevator shafts, and pipe chases that extend from floor to floor in a building.

Answer 75

block the vertical spread of fire through a building and, in the case of stairwells, to protect a means of egress.

Answer 76

The main difference between the two designations is their function

Answer 77

One or two hours depending on the height of the building. - Stairwells in buildings three stories or less are required to have a 1hour enclosure - In buildings taller than three stories, they are required to have 2 hour enclosures

Answer 78

- Glass or Thermo plastic panel in a window that allows light to pass. - The use of fire rated glazing provides a fire barrier while permitting observation of the stair enclosure, which can enhance security

Answer 79

- Windows from interior rooms would open into a light shaft to facilitate ventilation. - Light shafts could be provided in an individual building but were frequently provided between adjacent buildings. - Designed to let in natural light

Answer 80

- Like other vertical shafts, they can serve as an avenue for the spread of fire - provide a means of vertical communication of fire from window to window

Answer 81

- Non-bearing exterior wall attached to the outside of the building with a rigid steel frame. - Usually the front exterior wall of the building intended to provide a certain appearance

Answer 82

- Is to separate the interior environment from the exterior environment. - To that extent, the curtainwall must resist wind, rain, and snow. -Curtainwalls must also be designed to control heat loss, noise transmission, and solar radiation

Answer 83

- With the development of the steel framed high-rise building. - Because the main structural support was provided by the frame, the extra wall did not need to be loadbearing.

Answer 84

- Combination of glass and steel, stainless steel, or aluminum - Can also be constructed with lightweight concrete, plastic, fiberglass, and a variety of metal panels with core materials such as expanded paper honeycombs and compressed glass fiber

Answer 85

Their degree of fire resistance and extent to which they permit vertical communication of fire

Answer 86

Because a curtain wall is non-loadbearing, it lacks the inherent fire assistance provided by a more massive load bearing wall. - Some curtain wall assemblies, such as those made of aluminum and glass, have no fire assistance. - Nonetheless, building codes may require the exterior walls – including curtain walls have some degree of fire assistance to reduce the communication of fire between buildings

Answer 87

A specially constructed, tested, and approved fire rated door assembly designed and installed to prevent fire spread by automatically closing and covering a doorway in a firewall during a fire to block the spread of fire through the door opening

Answer 88

Fire doors

Answer 89

In their construction, their hardware, and the extent to which they may be required to close automatically

Answer 90

A fire door is rated for its fire assistance in a manner somewhat similar to that used for fire system of structural assemblies. Fire doors are rated as 4 hours, 3 hours, 1.5 hours, 1 hour, 3/4 of an hour, 1/2 hour, and 20 minutes

Answer 91

Were meant to describe the type of opening for which a door wasn't tendon, but historically the letters have been used to describe the door itself There are five classes A, B, C, D, and E

Answer 92

Openings in firewalls

Answer 93

Openings in vertical shafts and openings in two hour rated partitions

Answer 94

Openings between rooms and Corridors having a fire resistance of 1 hour or less

Answer 95

Openings in exterior walls subject to severe exposure from the outside of the building

Answer 96

Openings in the exterior wall subject to moderate or light exposure from the outside

Answer 97

Soil liquefication *This action results in a reduction of the strength of the soil leading to shifting of foundations and serious structural damage.

Answer 98

Horizontal

Answer 99

Swaying *Low buildings are less susceptible to this type of motion then tall buildings.

Answer 100

Geo metric irregularities

Answer 101

A seismic joint The required width of the seismic joint increases based on the height of the building.

Answer 102

Fire rating

Answer 103

Duration and magnitude of the ground acceleration for the geographic area in which the building is located. Page 78

Answer 104

Large places of public assembly, large office buildings, schools, and institutions.

Answer 105

Fire and police stations Hospitals Communication centers Emergency preparedness centers Generating stations Page 78

Answer 106

Stiffness through the use of shear walls and cross bracing

Answer 107

Redundant structural frames

Answer 108

The door is intended to protect an opening in a vertical shaft(class B) and has a 1 1/2 hour rating

Answer 109

1) The primary criteria for accessibility is that the fire door must remain remain in place during the test. Some warping of the door is permitted as well as intermittent passage of flames after the first 30 minutes of the test. There is also no maximum surface rise on the unexposed side of the door for most of the doors tested. In fact, metal doors may actually glow red from the heat of the test fire. If an opening through a firewall is no longer needed for passage, the opening should be filled in with construction materials equivalent to the wall. 2) The second criterion for acceptability is that the fire door assembly must remain in place when subjected to a hose stream immediately following the fire test. The use of a hose stream subjects the door assembly to cooling and impact effects that might accompany firefighting. Doors with a 1/3 hour rating may not be subjected to the hose test depending on their intended application.

Answer 110

Fire resistance directory

Answer 111

- Fire rated doors are identified with a label indicating the Door type, hourly rating, and the identifiable label of the testing laboratory. - The fire door labels facilitate the identification of fire doors by building and fire inspectors in the field. - It is not uncommon for labels to be painted over during building maintenance and there also has been at least one case of counterfeit laboratory labels appearing in the field.

Answer 112

Attached to the firewall under fire conditions.

Answer 113

The door closed under the stresses of fire exposure

Answer 114

Also withstand exposure to a fire

Answer 115

Builders hardware or fire door hardware

Answer 116

Hinges, locks and latches, bolts, and closers

Answer 117

Sliding and swinging fire doors

Answer 118

A closed door

Answer 119

Glazing contractor

Answer 120

Standard for fire doors and fire windows

Answer 121

Listing Mark

Answer 122

- A sheet of glass in which a steel wire net has been embedded. - at one time the only fire rated glazing available was wired class

Answer 123

-The steel net distributes the heat throughout the glass and helps hold the glass in place. -

Answer 124

wired glass will crack when exposed to a fire but will remain in place until it begins to soften and fall out

Answer 125

- In recent years fire rated glazing has been developed that does not rely on embedded steel wire. - These products can provide higher hourly fire ratings than wired glass. - They are somewhat more visually appealing to and can be used as windows or sidelights in fire rated walls as well as in fire doors. - Some of the recent developed fire rated glazing is impact resistant so can also be used for security purposes

Answer 126

-Fire doors with ratings of 1, 1 1/2, and 3 hours can have glass panels up to 100 in.² in area per door -fire doors with ratings of 3/4 hour can have a total glass area consistent with their listing, but an individual piece cannot exceed 1296 in.². Fire doors with the ratings of 1/2 or 3/4 hour can have fire rated glass up to the maximum area to which they were tested

Answer 127

- It is sometimes desirable to install louvers in a fire door to permit ventilation while the door is closed - The louvers in a fire door must close in case of fire to protect the opening.

Answer 128

Fusible link

Answer 129

- Louvers cannot be arbitrarily installed in fire doors. | - Only those fire doors that are listed for the installation of louvers can have louvers installed

Answer 130

Automatic and self-closing

Answer 131

Door normally held open and closes automatically under fire conditions when an operating device is activated

Answer 132

Door that is normally closed and will return to the closed position if it is opened and released

Answer 133

Swinging or sliding

Answer 134

It can incorporate a hold open device or can be self closing | -

Answer 135

It incorporates a fusible link device that holds the door open and releases the door under fire conditions

Answer 136

Stairwell doors and doors that separate hotel rooms from corridors.

Answer 137

spring hinge

Answer 138

Swinging, sliding, or rolling fire doors

Answer 139

Door closers, door holders, and door operators

Answer 140

A suitable door closer

Answer 141

- Can be used in conjunction with a smoke detector that releases the holder. - This arrangement is very useful in areas with a large volume of traffic such as school stair enclosures. They are often used in healthcare occupancies where they can be released by operation of a fire alarm system - Having fire doors held open prevents the practice of blocking the doors in an open position

Answer 142

Consists of an electric operator that opens and closes the door for normal use. A door operator is intended for use with sliding fire doors that are mounted on either a level or inclined track. Under fire conditions, a fusible link disconnects the door from the operator and allows it to be closed by means of a spring powered door closer or a system of suspended weights

Answer 143

It is inexpensive, relatively rugged, and easy to maintain

Answer 144

- A disadvantage is that it is slower to operate and devices that react to smoke or rise in the rate of temperature. - A significant amount of smoke my flow through a door opening before a fusible link can release a door

Answer 145

The door closes more quickly and also permits easy testing of the fire door.

Answer 146

A smoke detector costs more and requires periodic cleaning. They also must be properly position with respect to dead air spaces or ventilation ducts

Answer 147

Rolling doors, overhead doors, horizontal doors, as well as other types

Answer 148

A release device, governor, counterbalance mechanism, and wall guides

Answer 149

- And overhead rolling steel fire door is used to protect an opening in a firewall and an industrial occupancy. - It is also frequently used at the opening in a wall separating buildings. -An overhead rolling steel fire door may be used on one or both sides of a wall opening.

Answer 150

It is relatively inconspicuous and out-of-the-way

Answer 151

Under the force of gravity when a fusible link melts but motor driven doors are also available

Answer 152

The overhead door may create a dangerous dead- end corridor when it closes. - -Overhead doors can also create a dangerous condition for firefighters who may not be able to see the door installation through the heavy smoke. - Firefighters advancing on a fire must use care when moving through an opening protected with overhead rolling fire doors to avoid being struck by a closing door. - In addition, a door that closes after firefighters have passed through it can trap firefighters in the fire area, cutting off their escape path, restricting water through pinched hose lines, and this orienting members who do not realize that the door came down across the corridor behind them

Answer 153

Older industrial buildings

Answer 154

By a fusible link and slides into position along a track either by gravity or by the force of a counterweight

Answer 155

Metal – covered, wood – core door

Answer 156

- They wood core provides thermal insulation while the sheet metal covering protects the wood from the fire. - Because wood undergoes thermal decomposition when exposed to heat, a vent hole is usually provided in the sheet-metal to prevent gases of decomposition

Answer 157

Steel, galvanized sheet metal, and terneplate, which is a metal composed of tin and lead.

Answer 158

Kalamein doors

Answer 159

Tin clad, although strictly speaking the metal used is not pure tin

Answer 160

3 hours to 20 minutes

Answer 161

Stairwell enclosures and corridors. Although a swinging fire door has the disadvantage of requiring a clear space around the door to ensure closure, it is a good choice where the door is frequently closed and provision must be made for pedestrian traffic

Answer 162

Where it is necessary to provide a fire door on either side of a wall and the swinging doors are in and exit path so that they are required to swing in the direction of exit travel. - A pair of fire doors may be installed to close off a corridor at a firewall, with one door swinging in each direction to accommodate exit travel in both directions

Answer 163

Some healthcare facilities, apartment buildings, and schools

Answer 164

- This door is motor driven and requires electrical power for operation. - A signal from a smoke detector or fire alarm system initiates the door closing. - A battery powers the motor if the regular power supply is interrupted.

Answer 165

This type of door is frequently used where a fire rated partition is required and the designer does not wish to provide a fixed wall to create an unobstructed floor plan.

Answer 166

Failure of fire doors to close properly

Answer 167

Damage to the door closer, the door itself, or door guides

Answer 168

Properly maintained | Therefore, inspection, testing, and proper maintenance, are always important

Answer 169

To transfer the structural load of a building to the ground

Answer 170

Damping mechanism

Answer 171

The connections between columns and beams, they absorb energy as the structure begins to move

Answer 172

Horizontal movement of the earth's surface. The following to isolation methods have been used: Elastomeric bearings Sliding systems

Answer 173

Design process

Answer 174

Determine accurately and may only be estimated

Answer 175

- The type of soil - It's degree of cohesion - It's moisture content

Answer 176

Active soil pressure

Answer 177

Passive soil pressure

Answer 178

P=Cwh P=pressure H=depth of the soil W=density of the soil C=numerical constant that depends on the physical properties of the soil.

Answer 179

Trench collapses or construction excavation accidents

Answer 180

- Temperature: as the temperature outside a building changes, the structural members at the periphery of the building expand and contract. - vibration: vibration can arise from sources within a building such as rotating machinery. - Shrinkage: shrinkage can occur in wood structural members as the lumbar dries overtime. This can result in tensile forces at connections between the members.

Answer 181

Dead loads and live loads

Answer 182

Dead load Page 81

Answer 183

An air-conditioning unit is installed on the roof of a building. It can also increase over time when additional layers of roofing material are added in the course of resurfacing

Answer 184

- Above the foundation of the building - In severe cases, the frame of a building maybe distorted, floors may slope, walls and glass make crack, and doors and windows may not work properly

Answer 185

Loose sand at one extreme to solid granite and the other

Answer 186

Building Code

Answer 187

“model code”

Answer 188

By digging a test pit or by using test borings

Answer 189

NFPA® 1, Uniform Fire Code NFPA® 5000, Building Construction Safety Code

Answer 190

The number of impacts of a standard driving hammer, required to drive the boring tube a given distance provides information about the soil Strata

Answer 191

Wildland/Urban interface | wildland

Answer 192

Depends on the type of building (structural configuration) and soil conditions at the site

Answer 193

Wind loads that may apply lateral or uplifting forces to a building – soil pressure – uplifting forces from underground water – thrusts resulting from the support of arches, domes, and vaults - seismic forces

Answer 194

– The working space available – Environmental factors – Impact on adjacent property – Building codes and regulations

Answer 195

Shallow and deep

Answer 196

- Shallow - A shallow foundation can be used where the loadbearing ability of the soil directly under the building is adequate to support the building

Answer 197

coordination and scheduling

Answer 198

“fast tracking"

Answer 199

That part of the building that rests on the bearing soil and is wider than the foundation wall

Answer 200

– Increased thickness of a floor slab at its edges (known as a monolithic floor); aka reinforced slab -A widened strip of concrete under a wall that supports a raised floor with a crawl space; aka craw space A widened strip of concrete under full story high walls that create a full or partial basement; aka basement

Answer 201

Column footing

Answer 202

- Grillage footing; is used when a column footing is supporting a large load - The beams that make up the grillage footing distribute the load of the column over the area of the footing

Answer 203

One way is to obtain information through the building permit process.(This method is particularly useful in the case of large structures such as hospitals, shopping malls, exhibition halls, and high-rise buildings) A second means of developing knowledge of building construction is through pre-incident (pre-fire) planning. Geographic information systems (GIS) are another means of obtaining, analyzing, and using data based on location.

Answer 204

occupancy, industrial process, hazardous materials, fire protection systems, building access, and utilities.

Answer 205

Pre-incident Planning Also called Pre-fire Planning, Preplanning, Pre-fire Inspection, or Pre-incident Inspection

Answer 206

construction type (i.e., wood frame, fire-resistive), location of fire walls, vertical openings, roof construction, exits, and any smoke control systems that may be provided.

Answer 207

The floating foundation is located beneath a building at a depth such that the weight of the soil removed is equal to the weight of the building

Answer 208

during and upon completion | architect or the architect’s representative

Answer 209

* Vision impairments • Hearing impairments • Learning | * Speech • Neuromuscular impairments • Mental illness

Answer 210

The possibility of decay and the length of available trees from which timbers are cut

Answer 211

Used to support loads, piles are driven into the ground and develop their load carrying ability either through friction with the surrounding soil, or by being driven into contact with rock or a load bearing soil layer

Answer 212

Load supporting member constructed by drilling or digging a shaft, then filling the shaft with concrete

Answer 213

(1) Area where persons who are unable to use stairs can temporarily wait for instructions or assistance during an emergency building evacuation. (2) Space in the normal means of egress protected from fire by an approved sprinkler system, by means of separation from other spaces within the same building by smoke proof walls, or by virtue of location in an adjacent building.

Answer 214

two-way communication

Answer 215

And unusual problem arises when a building is to be built on sloping ground. This situation often occurs with beachfront property or property located on the side of the canyon or steep slope. As the slope of the ground increases, the foundation design becomes more critical. When the ground slopes angle is severe, piles or piers are placed in more dense lower soils.These deep elements act as a vertical cantilevers to resist the lateral force exerted by the building. The vertical elements are connected with a tie beam

Answer 216

ventilate a building | rate of combustion

Answer 217

soil properties

Answer 218

- Any vertical or horizontal misalignment along the length of a crack in the foundation wall indicates a movement or shift in the structure - When a structure is inspected for stability, any change in size or extension of cracks or fissures should be given close attention

Answer 219

It may mean a change in the imposition of loads on structural members

Answer 220

Concrete block, stone, or brick

Answer 221

Preservatives to resist decay

Answer 222

Wood foundations are used with wood frame buildings

Answer 223

available funds

Answer 224

The expanded polystyrene conserves he in cold climates and reduces the energy needed for air-conditioning in warm climates. The use of EPS also permits foundations to be dug to shallower depths resulting in a cost savings. This is due to the fact that the reduced heat transfer through the EPS to the surrounding soil results in a frost line that is closer to the surface

Answer 225

Various unforeseen factors or as a result of construction defects

Answer 226

Downward as in the case of settlement, upward as in the case of heaving, or outward as in the case of lateral displacement

Answer 227

Settlement- downward movement

Answer 228

Uniform or differential

Answer 229

Parts of a foundation settle at the same rate and misalignment between structural members is minor

Answer 230

Takes place when different parts of the foundation settle by different amounts and is more troublesome than uniform settlement, because it can result in significant misalignment of structural members

Answer 231

-Non-uniform soil conditions under the foundation – Footings a different size – Footings placed a different elevations – Unequal loads on footings

Answer 232

Underpinning

Answer 233

-Excessive settlement because of an in adequate foundation - An increase in the load on a foundation because of the construction of additional stories – Erosion of soil from under or around the foundation

Answer 234

- General term used for lengths of timber, screw jacks, hydraulic and pneumatic jacks, and other devices that can be used as temporary support for formwork or structural components or used to hold sheeting against trench walls. - Individual supports are called Shores, cross braces, and struts - shoring an existing structure is frequently necessary to support the structure until underpinning can be put into place

Answer 235

It frequently involves excavation by hand because it may not be possible to position power equipment when the work is done in limited spaces such as basements. If a collapse occurs in connection with this work, the fire department typically is called upon to conduct a rescue operation. Such rescue operations always require extreme caution and coordination

Answer 236

Board of Appeals

Answer 237

building department

Answer 238

Aesthetics

Answer 239

pre-incident planning.

Answer 240

International Building Code (IBC) | International Code Council Incorporated

Answer 241

* The Uniform Building Code (UBC) published by the International Council of Building Officials (ICBO). * The Standard Building Code published by the Southern Building Code Congress International. * The BOCA National Building Code published by the Building Officials and Code Administrators International.

Answer 242

International Fire Code | facility design

Answer 243

NFPA® 1, Uniform Fire Code NFPA® 5000, Building Construction Safety Code

Answer 244

Wildland/Urban interface

Answer 245

shake (wood) roofs, open vents, exterior sidings, and vegetation

Answer 246

Convection

Answer 247

``` condominiums community theater flea market shopping mall condominiums with parking ```

Answer 248

Aesthetics

Answer 249

* Removal or penetration of bearing walls • Modification of beams or trusses • Structural overloading of roofs • Creation of mezzanine floors in attic spaces • Rooftop additions * Remodeling that creates additional voids, such as suspended ceilings * Illegal remodeling or overloading that poses extreme hazards

Answer 250

coordination and scheduling

Answer 251

design and construction

Answer 252

the Life Safety Code (NFPA® 101)

Answer 253

* Structural fire resistance * Flammability of interior finishes * Adequacy of means of egress * Enclosure of vertical openings * Fire protection systems * Exposure protection * Occupancy separation

Answer 254

* Design of stairs and walking surfaces * Balcony railings * Overhead obstacles * Electrical wiring * Elevator operation

Answer 255

One way is to obtain information through the building permit process.

Answer 256

occupancy, industrial process, hazardous materials, fire protection systems, building access, and utilities.

Answer 257

Preincident Planning Also called Prefire Planning, Preplanning, Prefire Inspection, or Preincident Inspection

Answer 258

construction type (i.e., wood frame, fire-resistive), location of fire walls, vertical openings, roof construction, exits, and any smoke control systems that may be provided.

Answer 259

Spec Building — (short for speculation).

Answer 260

during and upon completion | architect or the architect’s representative

Answer 261

* Vision impairments • Hearing impairments • Learning | * Speech • Neuromuscular impairments • Mental illness

Answer 262

• Building entrances • Parking and passenger loading zones • Elevators *Drinking fountains • Toilet facilities • Alarms (visible and/or audible) • Telephones • Automated teller machines • Means of egress

Answer 263

41⁄2 | 31⁄2

Answer 264

area of refuge

Answer 265

Green Design

Answer 266

ventilate a building | rate of combustion

Answer 267

soil properties

Answer 268

thermal radiation

Answer 269

Horizontal

Answer 270

radiant heat

Answer 271

materials used

Answer 272

* Fiscal resources (cost) • Building use • Aesthetic tastes • Building codes * Safety • Accessibility * Climate • Infrastructure • Soil conditions • The physical laws of engineering • The owner’s needs and desires

Answer 273

Civil engineering, Structural engineering, Mechanical engineering, Electrical engineering, Fire protection engineering

Answer 274

— Water supply — Sanitary sewers — Surveying— Site preparation and excavation — Roadways — Storm water drainage

Answer 275

— Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning — Pumping systems — Elevators — Plumbing systems

Answer 276

— Determination of loads — Foundation design — Structural behavior — Structural members — Structural erection

Answer 277

— Lighting — Power — Communications

Answer 278

— Automatic sprinklers — Standpipes — Fire alarm — Smoke control — Code compliance

Answer 279

landscaping

Answer 280

concrete, fire pumps, and emergency generators | fire department

Answer 281

fire inspector

Answer 282

installing contractor

Answer 283

Flame temperature | height and width

Answer 284

thermal radiation

Answer 285

80A | light, moderate, or severe

Answer 286

• Clear space between buildings • Fire suppression systems such as water-based sprinkler systems and fire- retardant distribution systems • Blank walls of noncombustible construction • Self-supporting barrier walls between the fire building and the exposure • Parapets on exterior masonry walls • Automatic outside deluge systems • Elimination of openings in exterior walls • Glass block panels in openings • Wired glass in steel sash windows • Automatic fire shutters or dampers on wall openings • Automatic fire doors on door openings

Answer 287

preincident planning.

Answer 288

failure | excessive vibration, deflection, noise, or wear.

Answer 289

• Structural integrity • Building systems • Design deficiencies

Answer 290

structural integrity

Answer 291

Fire-resistive

Answer 292

electrical power plumbing elevators and conveyors

Answer 293

design deficiencies

Answer 294

``` condominiums community theater flea market shopping mall condominiums with parking ```

Answer 295

Aesthetics

Answer 296

safety concerns

Answer 297

increase the size | on-site storage

Answer 298

public water mains

Answer 299

what is desired, what is needed, and what is practical

Answer 300

electrical receptacle

Answer 301

Live load *Another definition is: force placed upon a structure by the addition of people, objects, or whether.

Answer 302

Concentrated load

Answer 303

Minimum concentrated load

Answer 304

Snow load Can vary from virtually none in the southern states to 60 pounds per square foot in some areas such as northern Michigan. The amount of snow that accumulates on the roof also depends on the slope or shape of the roof and the effect of adjacent structures.

Answer 305

Poorly maintained

Answer 306

The snow load expected on the ground

Answer 307

20 or 30 pounds per square foot Page 84

Answer 308

Live load Most of the water will drain from upper floors by way of elevator shafts and stairwells

Answer 309

Static or dynamic Static load-loads that are steady, motionless, constant, or applied gradually. The dead load of the building, the snow load, and many live loads are static loads. dynamic load-loads that involve motion. they include the forces arising from wind, moving vehicles, earthquakes, vibration, falling objects, as well as the addition of a moving load force to an aerial device or structure, also called shock loading. Page 84

Answer 310

Delivering energy to a structure in addition to the weight of an object.

Answer 311

Repeated cycles An example of this is the deterioration of a garage floor because of the repeated impact loads created by the movement of heavy vehicles.

Answer 312

Equilibrium A building collapses or partially collapses when the applied loads exceed the ability of the structural system to support them. The collapse represents a loss of equilibrium. In a sense, when the building becomes a pile of debris on the ground, equilibrium is reestablished.

Answer 313

Reactions Page 86

Answer 314

Internal forces Proper design requires an evaluation of the internal forces to prevent failure in the form of cracking, crumbling, bending, or breaking.

Answer 315

Cantilever beam Another definition is: projecting beam or slab supported at one end.

Answer 316

Bending moment That is the answer for both blanks Page 87

Answer 317

Tension, compression, shear Tension-tends to pull the material apart Compression-tends to squeeze the material Shear-tends to slide one plane of a material past an adjacent plane

Answer 318

Tensile strength

Answer 319

Stress Page 87

Answer 320

Direction in which they occur in the material. Page 88

Answer 321

Failure point

Answer 322

Factor of safety A factor of safety is the ratio of the failure point of the material to the maximum design stress Page 88

Answer 323

Axial, eccentric, or torsional Axial load-load applied to the center of the cross-section of a member and perpendicular to that cross-section. It can be either tensile or compressive and creates uniform stresses across the cross-section of the material. Eccentric load-is a load that is perpendicular to the cross-section of the structural member but does not pass through the center of the cross-section. An eccentric load create stresses that vary across the cross-section and maybe both tensile and compressive. Torsional load-is offset from the center of the cross-section of the structural member and at an angle to or in the same plane as the cross-section. A torsional load produces a twisting effect that creates shear stresses in a material.

Answer 324

Thermal energy Firefighters must understand that structures and individual structural members are designed to support specific loads Page 89

Answer 325

There is no answer for this note card. It was just a tidbit of info

Answer 326

The probability of failure Page 90

Answer 327

Beams Columns Arches Cables Trusses Spaceframes Connectors

Answer 328

Beam Another definition: a beam is a structural member that can carry loads perpendicular to it's a longitudinal dimension.

Answer 329

Simply supported beam A wood joist resting on a masonry wall is an example of a simply supported beam.

Answer 330

Cantilever beam These beams are often used to support balconies

Answer 331

Retain its load bearing ability longer than a simply supported beam. Page 90

Answer 332

Wood, steel, or reinforced concrete

Answer 333

Resist bending from the applied the loads

Answer 334

Top and bottom. The top is under compression and the bottom is under tension. Neutral axis The top and bottom portions of the beam do most of the work resisting the bending movement. Page 92

Answer 335

The strength of the beam This increases the fishing use of material and reduces the weight of the beam. It is this engineering principle that results in many beams being constructed in the shape of the letter I.

Answer 336

Flanges Because the top and bottom flanges of an I-beam support most of the load, any alteration of the flanges, such as cutting the top flange of a wooden I-beam, can have the effect of greatly reducing its strength. Page 92

Answer 337

Cross-sectional area

Answer 338

Columns The stresses created within a column are primarily compressive Another definition: vertical supporting beam

Answer 339

Wood, steel, cast-iron, concrete, or masonry In cases of failure, tall, thin columns fail by buckling and short, squatty columns fail by crushing. Page 93

Answer 340

Across a distance

Answer 341

Supports If the end supports of an arch are removed, the arch becomes unstable

Answer 342

Masonry Steel Concrete Laminated wood

Answer 343

Cables Although cables can be used in applications where they are a sensually Street, a cable used to support loads over a distance will assume the shape of a para bola.

Answer 344

Tension stresses Steel strands, although aluminum may be used where weight is a critical factor

Answer 345

Trusses Only compressive or tensile stresses will affect the members of the trusts Another definition: framed structural units made up of a group of triangles in one plane.

Answer 346

Straight members Page 95

Answer 347

Curved top chord These curved members are unavoidably subjected to bending forces

Answer 348

Parabola Pg95

Answer 349

Top cords Bottom chords Diagonals or web members The joints may be formed by pin connections, welding, gusset plates, strap connectors, or structural adhesive.

Answer 350

Would Steel A combination of wood and steel

Answer 351

Inherently rigid frame

Answer 352

King post, inverted king post, inverted queen post, howe, Pratt, fink, camebered fink, scissors, hammer beam trus, Warren truss, saw tooth, bowstring, K truss, truss with monitor

Answer 353

22 to 70 feet But in today's construction truss spans in excess of 100 feet or not uncommon

Answer 354

Structural member Pre-fabricated Page 97

Answer 355

Being lighter than a comparable beam

Answer 356

Truss joists Lightweight wood trusses are also commonly used in roof construction.

Answer 357

Early failure under adverse conditions. This is due to the fact that failure of any portion of the top or bottom chords result in a failure of the truss. Lightweight steel trusses, known as bar joists, are also used for floor and roof construction and fire resistive and noncombustible construction. Page 97

Answer 358

Lightweight trusses

Answer 359

Galvanized steel studs or channels similar to them, and assembled with self drilling screws. Page 97

Answer 360

Space frames Space frames are well-suited to support uniformly distributed loads

Answer 361

Steel gusset plates Rivets Or welds

Answer 362

Connectors Failure of a connector will result in failure of the truss. Quality control and manufacture of trusses can affect the behavior of trusses under fire conditions.

Answer 363

Practical necessity Economics

Answer 364

Bearing wall

Answer 365

Beams Trusses Precast concrete slabs These are appropriately known as bearing wall structures.

Answer 366

Exterior walls However, it is possible to use interior walls for structural support.

Answer 367

Compressive The walls may be continuous or they may be interrupted for door and window openings.

Answer 368

Concrete masonry units Bricks Stone Concrete panels A log cabin is an example of the use of solid wood for a bearing wall

Answer 369

Skeleton supports the human body The walls act as the skin to enclose the frame. The walls may also provide lateral stiffness but provide no structural support Page 99

Answer 370

Steel stud wall framing Post and beam construction Rigid frames Slab and column frames Truss frames Page 99

Answer 371

Vertical steel studs Historically, stud wall frame construction has been associated with the use of 2 x 4" wood studs although the use of steel studs has become more common in recent years

Answer 372

Rigid wall panel Page 99

Answer 373

Transverse loads

Answer 374

24in 12 to 16in Typical dimensions for the posts are 6 x 8in when supporting roofs only. Post and beam construction requires the addition of other members such as diagonal braces to withstand lateral loads. Page 100

Answer 375

Rigid frame The most easily recognized rigid frame structure is the single-story, gabled roof and rigid frame building This type of rigid frame can be constructed of steel, laminated wood, or reinforced concrete. Page 100

Answer 376

Arch and the rigid frame Page 100

Answer 377

Concrete structures. The floors of a multi story, reinforced concrete building are concrete slab. These floor slabs are supported by concrete columns. The intersection between the slab and column is a region of high stress and usually is reinforced by additional material in the form of a capital or a drop panel. Page 101

Answer 378

Surface system Page 101

Answer 379

Membrane structure Page 101

Answer 380

Permanence Tents are used for short periods; membrane structures are permanent. Building codes typically address membrane structures with a life of 180 days or more, while fire codes address those to be used for less than 180 days. Page 101

Answer 381

2lbs Membrane structures can usually be erected in less time than a rigid structural system. In addition, the fabrics used can flex and absorb some of the stresses caused by seismic and wind forces. Page 102

Answer 382

Shell structure

Answer 383

Cones Domes Barrel vaults And folded plates

Answer 384

Concrete Although it is possible to construct them using plywood or fiberglass. Page 102

Answer 385

Shell structure

Answer 386

Beams Arches Trusses And columns It must be emphasized that under fire conditions, the loads and stresses exerted on the structural system are subject to change in magnitude and direction resulting in structural failure. Page 103

Answer 387

under fire conditions

Answer 388

building codes | fire resistance and combustibility

Answer 389

Fire resistance | The combustible

Answer 390

interior attack | occupant safety

Answer 391

Fire resistance rating

Answer 392

fire resistance

Answer 393

thermal conductivity | density

Answer 394

Fire resistance

Answer 395

fire resistance rating

Answer 396

* Beams * Columns * Walls and partitions * Floor and ceiling assemblies * Roof and ceiling assemblies

Answer 397

* Conducting standard fire resistance testing in a laboratory * Performing analytical calculations to determine the resistance to a standard fire test exposure * Employing analytical structural fire engineering design methods based on real fire exposure characteristics.

Answer 398

laboratory test

Answer 399

Germany in 1884-86 | Denver, Colorado in 1890

Answer 400

NFPA® 251

Answer 401

time-temperature curve

Answer 402

1,000°F 1,550°F 1,700°F

Answer 403

restrained and unrestrained

Answer 404

Restraints | restrained assemblies

Answer 405

fails | fire endurance

Answer 406

* Failure to support an applied load * Temperature increase on the unexposed side of wall, floor, and roof assemblies of 250°F above ambient temperatures * Passage of heat or flame through the assembly sufficient to ignite cotton waste * Excess temperature on steel members*

Answer 407

Underwriters Laboratories, inc. (UL) —

Answer 408

standard laboratory test fire

Answer 409

* Information about performance of assemblies constructed with components or lengths other than those tested * Evaluation of the extent to which the assembly may generate smoke, toxic gases, or other products of combustion * Measurement of the degree of control or limitation of the passage of smoke or products of combustion * Fire behavior of joints between building elements such as floor-to-wall or wall-to-wall connections * Measurement of flame spread over the surface of the tested material * The effect on fire endurance of openings in an assembly such as electri- cal outlets and plumbing openings unless specifically provided for in the construction tested.

Answer 410

undergo renovation

Answer 411

* Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. * Underwriters Laboratories of Canada * Building Research Division of the National Research Council of Canada * Southwest Research Institute * Intertek Testing * University of California at Berkeley, Forest Products Laboratory * Armstrong Cork Company * National Gypsum Company

Answer 412

Underwriters Laboratories

Answer 413

structural steel, plain and reinforced concrete, timber and wood, concrete masonry, and clay masonry

Answer 414

actual tests

Answer 415

American Society of Civil Engineers | Society of Fire Protection Engineers

Answer 416

NFPA® 251

Answer 417

Noncombustible

Answer 418

concrete | combustible

Answer 419

noncombustible

Answer 420

* Type I, Fire-Resistive * Type II, Noncombustible or protected noncombustible * Type III, Exterior protected (masonry) * Type IV, Heavy timber * Type V, Wood frame

Answer 421

Building codes | numerical designations

Answer 422

building classifications

Answer 423

Type IV, Heavy Timber

Answer 424

exterior bearing walls structural frames or columns and girders floor construction

Answer 425

heights and areas

Answer 426

noncombustible | protected

Answer 427

I-A and I-B.

Answer 428

two to four | two or three

Answer 429

one to two

Answer 430

retard the spread | occupant evacuation

Answer 431

* Roof coverings * Interior floor finishes * Interior wall finishes and trims * Doors and door frames * Window sashes and frames * Platforms * Nailing and furring strips * Light-transmitting plastics * Foam plastics subject to restrictions

Answer 432

Reinforcing

Answer 433

reinforced concrete or a protected steel frame

Answer 434

fire resistance | insulating material

Answer 435

insulating

Answer 436

Type II construction (noncombustible)

Answer 437

unprotected steel

Answer 438

noncombustible construction.

Answer 439

II-A and II-B

Answer 440

one-hour | unprotected

Answer 441

structural stability

Answer 442

* Ceiling height of the building * Size of the unprotected steel members * Intensity and duration of the exposing fire

Answer 443

noncombustible

Answer 444

wholly combustible

Answer 445

protected or unprotected

Answer 446

one-hour fire-resistive | no fire resistance

Answer 447

plaster | gypsum board

Answer 448

2- x 10 | 6 x 10

Answer 449

floor and ceiling joists | studs in partition

Answer 450

fire-stopped

Answer 451

hidden fires

Answer 452

consumed and collapse

Answer 453

masonry | combustible

Answer 454

solid or laminated | Concealed spaces

Answer 455

appearance

Answer 456

massive amount of fuel presented

Answer 457

structural endurance

Answer 458

wood-frame construction | combustible

Answer 459

1-hour plaster gypsum board

Answer 460

Light-Frame Construction

Answer 461

voids and channels

Answer 462

light-frame construction

Answer 463

North America today

Answer 464

mixed construction

Answer 465

classifications.

Answer 466

potential heat

Answer 467

fire load pounds per square foot fuel

Answer 468

7,000 and 8,000 BTU

Answer 469

III, IV, and V | fire load

Answer 470

structural load For example, a warehouse of Type IV (heavy-timber) construction containing iron radiators would have a light fire load but a very large structural load. Conversely, a toy store would have a moderate structural load but a high fire load because most toys are combustible with combustible packaging

Answer 471

occupancy | construction

Answer 472

``` • Assembly Group A • Business Group B • Educational Group E • Factories Group F • High Hazard Group H • Institutional Group I • Mercantile Group M • Residential Group R • Storage Group S • Utility and Group U. Miscellaneous ```

Answer 473

R-1, R-2, R-3, and R-4.

Answer 474

five | A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4, and A-5

Answer 475

26 subgroups | three stories

Answer 476

* Assembly * Educational * Day care * Health care * Ambulatory health care * Detention and correctional * Residential * Residential board and care * Mercantile * Business * Industrial * Storage

Answer 477

one to three

Answer 478

local building code

Answer 479

IFSTA plans examiner Fire detection and suppression systems Fire inspection and code enforcement

Answer 480

Pipes and cables Lack of protection can allow fire to spread between floors and compartments Page 108

Answer 481

The building design team Subsequently, it is the responsibility of the building owner and or management to maintain these systems overtime

Answer 482

Means of egress

Answer 483

Convenience stair

Answer 484

They enable occupants to access various levels of the structure They serve as a basic component of building egress during an emergency

Answer 485

Protected open exterior stairs In either case, the building code specifies the fire resistance rating of the enclosure or separation when exterior stairs are utilized. Page 109

Answer 486

Fire and smoke This level of protection also provides firefighters a safe route to access and attack a fire.

Answer 487

Convenience stairs Typically, these stairs are open and limited by code to connecting only two levels Page 109

Answer 488

Ships ladders Page 109

Answer 489

4 or more Page 109

Answer 490

Run and rise For safety purposes, the code requires that the run and rise be consistent throughout the same stair. Other important features are the handrails and guards required when the stairs have open sides. The guards are intended to prevent objects from falling onto adjacent space. Page 109

Answer 491

Straight run stairs

Answer 492

Tread Page 110

Answer 493

Return stairs

Answer 494

Scissor stairs The newer design arrangement for scissor stairs allows for ingress and egress at each floor landing, this feature is not only less confusing but it also is used to provide additional exit capacity. Page 110

Answer 495

Scissor stairs Page 111

Answer 496

Straight run Return Scissor Circular Folding Spiral

Answer 497

Scissor stairs Page 112

Answer 498

Circular stairs

Answer 499

Circular stairs Circular stairs must remain a certain width Page 112

Answer 500

Folding stairs Usually made up of wood in sections, the main section that hinges from the frame and to articulating sections. Most often located in a hallway.

Answer 501

Folding stairs Firefighters must also be cautious when using folding stairs due to weight limitations. Page 112

Answer 502

Protected stair enclosure Page 113

Answer 503

Spiral stairs They are typically custom-made, spiral stairs are not enclosed and are usually found in private homes, however, they may also be found in commercial occupancies for limited use. Page 113

Answer 504

Spiral stairs Page 113

Answer 505

Safely egress

Answer 506

Open to the elements Page 114

Answer 507

They can be protected from the fire and smoke that develop inside a building Page 114

Answer 508

Light Fire protection Environmental control Self or automatic closing fire rated doors are required Page 114

Answer 509

The applicable billing code Page 114

Answer 510

Exterior stairs Enclosed stairs on the exterior of a building are considered the same as interior enclosed the stairs. Page 114

Answer 511

Fire escape The lowest flight may consist of a swinging stare section to limit unwanted access. Stairs that have been exposed to weather must be continually inspected and maintained. Open exterior stairs that are not supported at the grade level but are supported only from one side of the building must be used with extra caution. Page 115

Answer 512

Many decades So the fire escapes that do exist have been in place for many years. Many older fire escapes have failed when loaded with people during an emergency. Page 115

Answer 513

The freeze thaw cycle Corrosion from pollution and whether And temperature changes. The mortar and which the anchors are set may have deteriorated or may have originally been in adequate for their load potential. Page 115

Answer 514

There is no answer for this card. It was a big warning sign on the side of the page in a Redbox it looked important

Answer 515

Fire escape There were several definitions for fire escapes so I added all of them to make sure we covered all of our bases. The info is on page 115

Answer 516

Smoke proof enclosures Page 116

Answer 517

5 Stair enclosures may be classified as smoke proof using either active or passive smoke control. Typically, smoke proof stair enclosures are on the exterior perimeter of the building and are entered through ventilated vestibules or open exterior balconies. Pg116

Answer 518

Pressurizing the shaft The mechanical pressurization system keeps the stair enclosure free of smoke, even when a door is open to the fire floor. Page 116

Answer 519

Helps keep smoke from a fire out of the stairwell. Page 117

Answer 520

Passive smoke proof enclosures Page 117

Answer 521

Open the stairs Building codes typically allow the use of open stairs in buildings only when they connect no more than two adjacent floors above the basement level. The stairs are sometimes referred to as convenient stairs and can be used as part of an exit system and a two-story building. Page 118

Answer 522

Situational awareness

Answer 523

pavement, foundations, columns, floors, walls, not burn insects

Answer 524

steel | reinforcement

Answer 525

Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water aggregates *The aggregates make up a large percentage of the total volume of concrete.

Answer 526

hydration and temperature | strength

Answer 527

heat of hydration

Answer 528

fairly quickly slowly moist

Answer 529

produces a stronger concrete

Answer 530

sprinkling it with water, ponding, or covering it with a plastic film

Answer 531

50°-70°F 100°F harden more slowly massive

Answer 532

cold water chilled water heated

Answer 533

shrink | 28 days

Answer 534

A vestibule A balcony A smoke shaft All can be used to prevent smoke from traveling into a building and or contaminating a stairwell. Pg118

Answer 535

An exit Page 118

Answer 536

Positive or negative Problems with the elevators themselves or the loss of electrical power can create potentially dangerous rescue situations. Page 118

Answer 537

Design Construction And operation Most elevator regulations are based on the safety code for elevators, published by the American Society of mechanical engineers. Page 119

Answer 538

Americans with disabilities act of 1990 Page 119

Answer 539

Policies and procedures Page 119

Answer 540

Hoisting and lowering Page 119

Answer 541

Passenger or freight Service elevator is another term used to describe elevators and often is defined as a passenger elevator that has been designed to carry freight. Page 119

Answer 542

Hydraulic and electric Page 119

Answer 543

A fluid being forced under pressure into a cylinder containing a piston or RAM. As the fluid is pumped in the ram rises in the attached elevator car moves upward. As the fluid drains out the car is lowered by gravity. Page 120

Answer 544

Brakes Cars are slowed and stopped by controlling the flow of hydraulic fluid back into the reservoir. Page 120

Answer 545

Six stories However, some hydraulic elevators installed and taller buildings now use a multistage hydraulic cylinder rather than a single stage RAM. This reduces the overall length of the cylinder as well as the depth of the well that needs to be provided. Page 120

Answer 546

Drum or traction devices Drum elevators-older style elevators employ a drum on which the hoisting cable is wound. The car is connected to a set of moving counterweights to reduce the effort the motor must produce to raise the car. This type of elevator is obsolete and is found only in very old structures. However, drum elevator still may be found in use as freight elevators. ***Traction elevators-the most common type of elevator and buildings over six stories because it is very fast and does not have a height limitations of either hydraulic or drum type elevators. Like drum elevators they use counterweights. The hoist cables do not wind around the drive sheave-they merely pass over it. Pg120

Answer 547

Flat polyethylene coated steel belts The increase energy efficiency Page 120

Answer 548

500 V The drive motors may be either direct current or alternating current Page 121

Answer 549

Drive motor Under normal conditions the spring operated brake shoes are held away from the drum by electromagnets. In the event of a power failure, the electromagnets release and the brake shoes are forced against the drum. This results in the car being stopped where ever it was when the power failed. Page 121

Answer 550

Terminal switches Buffers Speed reducing and overspeed switches Car safeties Page 121

Answer 551

Terminal device Page 121

Answer 552

Buffers Page 121

Answer 553

Speed reducing switch Page 121

Answer 554

Overspeed switch Page 121

Answer 555

****Car Safeties**** Page 121

Answer 556

Mushrooming Page 122

Answer 557

Elevator hoistway Hoistways are required to be constructed of fire resistive materials and are equipped with fire rated door assemblies. Some hoistways, such as those located in an atrium, are not required to be enclosed Page 122

Answer 558

1 or 2 No wiring, ductwork, or piping should be run within the hoistway unless it is required for the elevator itself. Page 122

Answer 559

Venting at the top of practically every hoistway built today Page 123

Answer 560

3 When four or more elevators are provided, there must be a minimum of two separate hoistways. Page 123

Answer 561

4 Elevators within a given hoistway usually are not separated by any sort of partition. Page 123

Answer 562

3 floors Page 123

Answer 563

15-20 floors Page 123

Answer 564

Blind hoistway Page 123

Answer 565

In the same direction and to open and closed together. Page 123

Answer 566

Electric motor Page 123

Answer 567

Electric interlocks When the elevator stops at the correct level, the hoistway doors are held open by a driving being attached to the car door. Page 124

Answer 568

Only as a last resort Page 124

Answer 569

Manual lowering valve The valve permits the lowering of the car in the event of a malfunction. Some top panels are designed to be open from the inside of the car, but all can be open from outside and all open outwards. Page 124

Answer 570

Transferred laterally from a stalled car to a functioning car next to it. Page 124

Answer 571

Moving stairs Older escalators usually operate at speeds of either 90 or 120 ft./m. However, speeds now have been standardized at 100 ft./m. Each individual step ride to track. The steps are linked and move around the escalator frame buy a chain called the step chain.continuous handrails also move at the same speed as the steps. Page 125

Answer 572

Two floors The most common method of protecting the vertical opening is to use closely spaced sprinklers in conjunction with draft stops around the opening. This approach consists of an 18 inch deep draft stop with a row of automatic sprinklers on all sides outside the draft stop. Page 125

Answer 573

Rolling shutter at the top of the escalator. Page 125

Answer 574

Fixed stairs An emergency stop switch is available that will stop the escalator and set the brake. Page 125

Answer 575

Moving walkways They are commonly found in airports Page 126

Answer 576

Conveyor system Conveyor systems often pass through fire barriers. These penetrations are usually protected by either providing a fire door or shutter or by utilizing a Waterspray method. A primary concern for conveyor penetrations during a fire is incomplete door or shutter closure. Page 126

Answer 577

There is no answer for this card just some information. Page 126

Answer 578

Utility Chase Page 126 Vertical shaft enclosures are built using fire rated construction methods but may contain combustible materials.

Answer 579

Pipe chase Another definition is: concealed vertical channel in which pipes and other utility conduits are housed. Pipe chases that are not properly protected can be major contributors to the vertical spread of smoke and fire in a building. Also called Chase. Page 126

Answer 580

Fire resistive construction to ensure fire safety. Page 127

Answer 581

Refuse chute Provides for the removal of trash and garbage from upper floors. Extend through the building and have openings on each floor for depositing trash or linen. These chutes and rooms create a frequent fire response. Page 128

Answer 582

At the top of the chute and in its termination room. Page 128 They pose a significant fire hazard because of combustibles placed in them

Answer 583

Grease duct Some design applications include horizontal ducts Page 129

Answer 584

HVAC systems The functions provided by an HVAC system include heating, cooling, filtering, humidifying, and dehumidifying. They also regulate the intake of outdoor air and the recirculation of indoor air to provide acceptable air-quality. Page 129

Answer 585

Openable windows and vents in roofs. Page 129

Answer 586

HVAC system Also called air handling system Page 129

Answer 587

A single rooftop unit In a high-rise office building, the total HVAC system could include hundreds of feet of ductwork, heating equipment, refrigeration equipment, motors, and blowers-all monitored and controlled by computers. Page 129

Answer 588

Cupolas Page 130

Answer 589

Do not open or have no windows at all. The consequence has been near total dependence on the HVAC system to provide not only a comfortable environment but also a livable environment. In many complex building is the HVAC system has become in effect a LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM. Page 130

Answer 590

Conditioned air Page 130

Answer 591

Hydronic systems Many HVAC systems involve the distribution of conditioned air through a building from one or more mechanical equipment rooms. Such systems are generally known as forced air systems. Page 130

Answer 592

90A In general, a fire and or smoke damper may be required when ever a duct penetrates a fire rated assembly. Page 131

Answer 593

1 2 Page 132

Answer 594

Make up air exhaust air Page 132

Answer 595

Duct detectors Page 134

Answer 596

Filters or electrostatic equipment Electrostatic equipment can present a significant electrical equipment hazard. Page 134

Answer 597

Electricity or steam Page 134

Answer 598

Lighter than air and rises Heavier than air and collects in low areas Page 134

Answer 599

Air duct Another definition is: channel or enclosure, usually of sheet metal, used to move heating and cooling air through a building. Hollow pathways used to move air from one area to another in ventilation systems. Page 134

Answer 600

The interstitial space They are used as a return air Plenum Another definition is: in building construction, refers to generally inaccessible spaces between layers of building materials. May be large enough to provide a potential space for fire to spread unseen to other parts of the building. Page 134

Answer 601

-Roofs are usually not as strong as floors because they are typically designed to support lighter live loads. – Many types of roof construction have inherent concealed spaces between the ceiling and the roof deck, making it difficult to determine the extent to which fire has developed overhead -Over time, loads may be added to Roofs for which they were not originally designed. – Roofs are subject to wear and tear ration from elements

Answer 602

- The fact that a roof is waterproof covering for a building can frustrate efforts to control a fire from above. - The waterproof nature of a roof tends to limit the penetration of streams from ladder pipes and platform apparatus into the seat of the fire. - If the roof collapses into a structure, it will form a waterproof covering over buried fire.

Answer 603

Fire mode The transfers can be accomplished either automatically or manually. Page 135

Answer 604

Smoke detectors Sprinkler water flow switches Heat detectors When the system goes into fire operation, dampers can be opened or closed, depending on the location of the fire, to redirect the flow of air and to exhaust the smoke. Page 135

Answer 605

Pressure sandwich This reduces the migration of smoke into those areas Page 135

Answer 606

It is relatively fast and will be activated during nighttime hours when occupants are asleep Page 136

Answer 607

Anticipated fire size Outside weather conditions The volume of a fire zone The maximum pressure differences across barriers such as stairwell doors Page 137

Answer 608

The elimination of system disruption due to false alarms and more specific system control. Page 137

Answer 609

Manual over the automatic Page 137

Answer 610

It is slower than automatic operation. Manual activation usually occurs after arrival of the fire department and may not occur until late in the fire development when a danger to life may have already developed. Page 137

Answer 611

Manual pull stations on the building fire alarm system. This is to avoid the possibility of occupants seeing a fire but not operating a pull station until they have fled another area of the building. Page 137

Answer 612

Use of a smoke proof tower Provide for stairwell pressurization The pressure in the stairwell must be high enough that it will prevent the flow of smoke into the stairwell, but not so high that people cannot open the door into the stairwell. Page 138

Answer 613

.05 Page 138

Answer 614

Single injection method Multiple injection system Page 139

Answer 615

Adjustable counterweights The dampers open when an overpressure condition in the stairwell is reached. Page 140

Answer 616

4ft Page 141

Answer 617

Curtain boards The depth of the curtain board will vary depending on the nature of the hazards within an occupancy, but should not be less than 20% of the ceiling height. Curtain boards should be spaced so that they are not farther apart than eight times the ceiling height. Page 141

Answer 618

Curtain boards Page 141

Answer 619

Above the stage Page 141

Answer 620

Voltage Page 142

Answer 621

600 Page 142

Answer 622

Convert high-voltage electricity, as supplied by the electric utility service, to an appropriate voltage for use in the building. Page 142

Answer 623

Air and oil Air cooled transformers, also called dry transformers, use the surrounding air to cool the unit unit through fins and heat sinks installed on the body of the transformer. Page 142

Answer 624

480/277 120/240 The electricity is used at 480V by HVAC equipment, refrigeration, and other motors; and at 277V by light fixture ballasts. Page 143

Answer 625

Dielectric Page 143

Answer 626

3 1 Page 143

Answer 627

Carbon dioxide Page 143

Answer 628

Generators Batteries Or a combination of both Page 143

Answer 629

Emergency backup generator systems Page 144

Answer 630

A generator Generators may be either permanent or portable Portable generators are powered by a small gasoline or diesel engine and generally have 110 and or 220 V capacities Page 144

Answer 631

Life safety systems plus critical needs of the occupancy. In a hospital, for example, power is required at all times for life-support systems and monitoring equipment. Page 144

Answer 632

2-8 48 When generators are located in buildings current codes require that the generator and the main fuel storage be installed in separate fire rated rooms. Page 144

Answer 633

Day Tank Day tanks are usually kept full by pumping fuel from the main tank. Page 144

Answer 634

Lead acid type storage batteries Lead acid batteries contain Sulfuric acid and lead. The sulfuric acid is hazardous to humans: skin contact causes injury and inhalation of the acid vapors can cause serious injury or death. Page 144

Answer 635

Chemical chain reaction The batteries can undergo unusual electro chemical reactions such as a thermal runaway or a battery fire, which may require an emergency response. Page 145

Answer 636

Toxic heavy-metal Page 145

Answer 637

Wet cell Gel cell Starved electrolyte cell Sealed cell Maintenance free cell Flooded cell The presence of lead acid batteries should be documented during pre-fire incident planning. Page 145

Answer 638

No answer for this card Pg 145

Answer 639

Shell Core Pg 146

Answer 640

True size and shape

Answer 641

``` Knots knotholes decay inset damage splits warping ```

Answer 642

species grade respect to grain

Answer 643

dimensional wood

Answer 644

strength | appearance

Answer 645

``` Solid lumber laminated wood members structural composite lumber panels Manufactured components ```

Answer 646

2 2 to 4 5

Answer 647

8 to 18 24

Answer 648

Smaller 2x4 will be 1 1/2 x 3 1/2

Answer 649

flat strips glue

Answer 650

size and shape solid pieces

Answer 651

curves Cross

Answer 652

3 to 75 inches

Answer 653

Butt joint - easy to produce but cannot be used when tensile strength forces are to be transmitted through the beam Scarf joint - can be used to transmit tensile strength Finger joint - can be used to transmit tensile strength

Answer 654

LVL - Laminated veneer lumber PSL - Parallel strand lumber LSL - laminated strand lumber

Answer 655

outer portions of a log Finds application in I joist and beam sections

Answer 656

strongest heavily long

Answer 657

12 short span

Answer 658

plywood nonveneered panels sandwich and composite panels

Answer 659

Oriented Strand Board ( OSB)

Answer 660

Oriented strand board Particle board Wafer board

Answer 661

Flakeboard chipboard shavings board

Answer 662

Composite panels

Answer 663

energy efficiency

Answer 664

structural use exposure

Answer 665

Gusset plates

Answer 666

fire-resistive and non-fire resistive heavy beams columns

Answer 667

mass | fire resistance

Answer 668

light frame heavy timber split ring

Answer 669

combustibility

Answer 670

``` Density of wood Size and form of wood moisture content rate of heating nature of the heating source air supply ```

Answer 671

Pyrolisis Pyrolysis of wood releases combustible gases and leaves a charred suface

Answer 672

``` Density of wood Size and form of wood moisture content rate of heating nature of the heating source air supply ```

Answer 673

Surface to mass ratio

Answer 674

Pyrolisis Pyrolysis of wood releases combustible gases and leaves a charred suface

Answer 675

Pressure impregnatation surface coating Surface coating is used primarily to reduce the surface burning of wood

Answer 676

* Tendency to rust when exposed to air and moisture | * Loss of strength when exposed to the heat of a fire

Answer 677

melt steel

Answer 678

36,000 psi to approximately 18,000 psi 1,200 72

Answer 679

unprotected

Answer 680

Thermoplastic lumber Main application is outside decks and railings It is a combustible product with a flame spread rating of 80

Answer 681

490 pounds

Answer 682

bar joists or slender trusses | steel beams and girders

Answer 683

ultimate stress | yield point

Answer 684

stresses lower stresses yield point

Answer 685

rigidly welded or bolted

Answer 686

Accelerating the formation of charring in the wood when wood is exposed to heat.

Answer 687

uniform manner | Cast iron

Answer 688

Thermoplastic lumber Main application is outside decks and railings It is a combustible product with a flame spread rating of 80

Answer 689

columns, beams, and girders | roofs and floors

Answer 690

Cold-rolled

Answer 691

solid slabs or panels floor decking and exterior curtain walls concrete, masonry, or glass

Answer 692

bolting or welding | Riveting

Answer 693

beam to a column | rigidity

Answer 694

* Mass of the steel members * Intensity of the exposing fire * Load supported by the steel * Type of connections used to join the steel members * Type of steel

Answer 695

490 pounds

Answer 696

intensity | thermal energy

Answer 697

rigidly welded or bolted

Answer 698

linear coefficient of thermal expansion

Answer 699

the connections are not completely rigid but possess enough rigidity to provide some diagonal support to the structure.

Answer 700

rigid, simple, or semi-rigid

Answer 701

rigid-frame connection

Answer 702

sufficient rigidity | no change

Answer 703

the joints are designed primarily to support a vertical force.

Answer 704

simply supported systems and simple frame connection

Answer 705

``` Open web joists 6 144 2 40 ```

Answer 706

web joist flat bars round bar

Answer 707

Steel trusses

Answer 708

bar joist *The bar joist is a common type of open web steel joist.

Answer 709

open web joist and the joist girder

Answer 710

Open web truss constructed entirely of steel, with steel bars used as the web members

Answer 711

floors or roof decks

Answer 712

one-story industrial buildings, farm buildings, and a variety of other applications.

Answer 713

Steel arches | gymnasiums and convention halls

Answer 714

``` crown knees rigid joints no rotation wind loads ```

Answer 715

Gable roof rigid-frame perpendicular to the plane cross-members

Answer 716

girder arches or trussed arches

Answer 717

Steel rods and cables | Suspension roof systems

Answer 718

cantilever roof

Answer 719

hollow cylinder, the rectangular tube wide flange shape

Answer 720

length cross-section top and bottom

Answer 721

slenderness ratio

Answer 722

higher buckling 120

Answer 723

ends are attached to the rest of the structure less tendency

Answer 724

earthquakes, impact, and/or the shifting of a foundation

Answer 725

open web joists (bar joists) or trusses, steel beams, and light-gauge steel joists.

Answer 726

``` lightweight concrete 2 inches open-web steel joists masonry wall precast concrete ```

Answer 727

steel beams

Answer 728

light-gauge joists

Answer 729

6 to 12 | 16 to 48

Answer 730

less likely it is to fail in a fire

Answer 731

certain connections | lighter-weight

Answer 732

Rigid connections | simply supported beam

Answer 733

Gusset Plates

Answer 734

connection | possibility of failure

Answer 735

roof and the wall | last part to fail

Answer 736

redundancy

Answer 737

slender chords wall or beam fail and collapse large amount of heat

Answer 738

large surface area compared to its mass

Answer 739

fire-resistive

Answer 740

siliceous four lighter-weight

Answer 741

gypsum, spray-applied materials, and intumescent coatings spray-applied fire resistive materials (SFRMs).

Answer 742

Gypsum Board | Also known as gypsum wallboard, plasterboard, and drywall

Answer 743

regular or type X.

Answer 744

no special additives to enhance its fire resistance, although it will provide some degree of fire protection contains additives to increase its fire resistance and is usually required where a specified fire resistance is desired

Answer 745

chemically | 21

Answer 746

absorbs the heat | calcination

Answer 747

one to four

Answer 748

vermiculite and perlite | thickness of the application

Answer 749

7/8 to 1 7/8 | 1 to 4

Answer 750

Low-density exterior use 40 to 80

Answer 751

Cementitious

Answer 752

Portland cement, gypsum, perlite, and vermiculite magnesium oxychloride, or oxysulfate, calcium aluminate, phosphate, or ammonium sulfate. 15 to 50

Answer 753

SFRM *Asbestos has not been used in SRFMs since the 1970’s.

Answer 754

supports and hangers

Answer 755

intumescent Coating | 15 to 30

Answer 756

Mastic coatings

Answer 757

Intumescent coatings | 0.03 to 0.4

Answer 758

lighter weight, durable surfaces, and good adhesion

Answer 759

Membrane Ceiling

Answer 760

A very commonly used method of protecting a steel floor or roof assembly. mineral tiles

Answer 761

perforations for acoustical

Answer 762

steel framing systems | one to three

Answer 763

independently | floor and ceiling assembly

Answer 764

fire resistance

Answer 765

electrical wiring, automatic sprinkler piping and ventilation ducts

Answer 766

additional insulation

Answer 767

* Eliminating the fire-resistance rating for roof construction located more than 20 feet (6.6 m) above the floor below for some occupancies * Allowing a reduction of the required fire resistance when an automatic sprinkler system is provided that is not otherwise required by the provisions of the code

Answer 768

Type IA and IB and Type IIA

Answer 769

fire loading actual fire growth timber dimensions conservitavely

Answer 770

- Specific gravity of wood - shrinkage of the wood - position of the fasteners, such as bolts, relative to the grain of the wood - relative size of the wood members and fasteners

Answer 771

Mortise and Tenon joint This method is highly labor intensive and therefore costly

Answer 772

heavy timber light frame 4x4 6x6 4 to 12

Answer 773

Light wood

Answer 774

balloon framing Platform framing

Answer 775

2 2x4 or 2x8

Answer 776

Balloon fram construction

Answer 777

Platform frame construction

Answer 778

Draft stop

Answer 779

existence of an air space

Answer 780

glass wool and rock wool

Answer 781

granulated rock wool granulated cork mineral wool glass wool

Answer 782

Arches and bowstring trusses | P308

Answer 783

Structural system used to support them

Answer 784

through the exterior communication of fire from window and door openings being ignited by exposing fire

Answer 785

every sixth course of brick is a header course with the ends of the brick facing out (load bearing brick wall) pg223

Answer 786

Type 5 A Typically reached with the use of 5/8 inch gypsum board

Answer 787

fire resistive Wildland fires

Answer 788

roof coverings noncombustible 1 hour fire resistive rating

Answer 789

If the roof is not constructed with a method for drainage, pools of water will form, which leads to early deterioration. Therefore, many flat roofs are provided with a slight slope, typically from front to rear to facilitate drainage

Answer 790

Low slope – have a slope of up to 3 to 12, meaning for each 12 units of horizontal dimension the roof slopes upward three units Medium to high slope roofs have slopes of 4/12 to 12/12 (a slope of 12/12 is a 45 degree angle)

Answer 791

Gable roof

Answer 792

Gambrel roof

Answer 793

Mansard roof

Answer 794

The butterfly roof

Answer 795

shale or clinker | admixture

Answer 796

* Ordinary stone concrete * High early-strength concrete * Structural lightweight concrete * Expansive concrete * Insulating lightweight concrete * Water-permeable concrete * Gypsum concrete

Answer 797

A pitched roof is designed to Shedwater and snow. The pitch of the roof presents a major hazard to firefighters because the steepness of the roof result in a lack of secure footing. This hazard is increased when the roof is wet or covered with ice but also exists when the roof is dry because of the loose or regular texture of some roof coverings

Answer 798

Special form of arched roof that is constructed from short pieces of wood known as the melons. Lamellas vary from 2 x 8" to 3 x 16 and lengths varying from 8 to 14 feet.

Answer 799

Bolted together in a diagonal pattern with a special plate known as a Lamella washer

Answer 800

Gymnasiums, exhibition halls, and auditoriums

Answer 801

A geodesic dome | Triangles are arranged in three dimensions to form a nearly spherical surface

Answer 802

The roof is weakening

Answer 803

The simplest system uses ordinary would joists supported at either end by a load bearing wall - The wood joists function as beams to support the roof deck just as for beams for a four system. - Solid or laminated beams and columns may be used to support the wood roof joists - In modern practice box beams and I-beams manufactured from plywood and woodtruss joists are often used to support flat roofs

Answer 804

compression tension 2,500 psi to 6,000 psi

Answer 805

* Ordinary reinforcing | * Prestressing reinforcing (pretensioning or post-tensioning)

Answer 806

steel bars are placed in the formwork and the wet concrete is placed in the formwork around the bars

Answer 807

design engineer | .375 inches to 2.257 inches

Answer 808

stirrups | diagonal tension

Answer 809

tee greater load bottom

Answer 810

tensile forces | compressive

Answer 811

wind load and settling

Answer 812

tee-shaped | lightweight

Answer 813

steel reinforcing bars | lateral reinforcing

Answer 814

preloading

Answer 815

axis of the beam | shortening

Answer 816

pretensioning and postensioning

Answer 817

Pretensioned reinforcing

Answer 818

upward deflection *As loads are applied to the pretensioned member, the deflection usually disappears and the member becomes flat

Answer 819

Post-tensioned reinforcing

Answer 820

Monitor roof

Answer 821

Monitor and sawtooth roofs

Answer 822

Sawtooth roof

Answer 823

rescue trapped victims

Answer 824

large loads | life of the assembly

Answer 825

post-tensioned | rubber bands

Answer 826

Cast-in-Place Concrete

Answer 827

place or precast

Answer 828

forms and cured at a precasting plant away from the job site. *Precast concrete structural members are then transported to the job site.

Answer 829

after it has been placed in the location where it will be used.

Answer 830

mixing, placing, and curing

Answer 831

corrosion and deterioration segregation * *The heavy coarse aggregate settles at the bottom of the mixture and the water and cement rise to the top

Answer 832

water-to-cement ratio

Answer 833

hydration process workability microscopic voids

Answer 834

slump test

Answer 835

moisture | cone-shaped sample

Answer 836

greater slump | excessive slump

Answer 837

compression harden costly

Answer 838

one operation | overlap

Answer 839

Flat slab • Slab and beam • Waffle construction

Answer 840

flat-slab | 6 to 12

Answer 841

columns drop panels mushroom flat plate

Answer 842

``` slab and beam 2 inches thin slab closely spaced wood joists ```

Answer 843

one-way reinforced

Answer 844

spans are short and floor loadings are high.

Answer 845

thin nature Fireproofing

Answer 846

``` bottom thicker weight Reinforcing steel two-way slabs ```

Answer 847

structural steel beams | fireproofing

Answer 848

Precast Concrete

Answer 849

— Precasting forms can be located in a sheltered environment not exposed to the weather — A high degree of quality control can be exercised over the ingredients — Mixing and pouring the concrete can be more mechanized and efficient., which may result in additional costs.

Answer 850

— Precasting is faster because there is no need to construct formwork at the job site. — No need to wait for concrete to harden before work can proceed, as with cast-in-place concrete. — No need to construct and remove forms

Answer 851

polystyrene core | insulating

Answer 852

transport costs limits

Answer 853

whole precast | framework

Answer 854

solid slabs, hollow-core slabs, single tee slabs, and double tee slabs

Answer 855

30 feet | 120 feet

Answer 856

tilt-Up Construction Also known as Tilt- Slab Construction.

Answer 857

timber beams, precast slabs, steel beams, and steel trusses outward horizontal

Answer 858

cast-in-place continuity individual components

Answer 859

bolting, welding, and posttensioning bearing wall or column laterally

Answer 860

corbels cast ledge that projects from the column and supports the beam

Answer 861

Precast beams

Answer 862

Curtain Wall | certain

Answer 863

aluminum, glass, steel panels, and masonry

Answer 864

ordinary reinforcing or posttensioned reinforcing | cast-in-place concrete and precast concrete

Answer 865

* Concrete density * Concrete thickness * Concrete quality * Load supported by the concrete * Depth of concrete cover over the reinforcing bars

Answer 866

density thermal conductivity insulator load bearing

Answer 867

inherent restraint | columns and beams

Answer 868

excess moisture | the length of time

Answer 869

heat sink effect

Answer 870

reignite combustibles | uncomfortable

Answer 871

20 feet, therefore unprotected steel roof supports may be encountered in a building in which the main structural supports are fire resistive

Answer 872

- Because roofs are designed for lighter live loads and floors are - Nonetheless, flat roofs usually must be designed to support the weight of at least a few workers so they can be accessed safely for maintenance purposes - Therefore, the flexion or vibration under the weight of firefighters may not signal imminent failure

Answer 873

Light weight

Answer 874

Their main roof beams

Answer 875

- In a conventional roof system the main joists are located at the final roof level directly supporting the roof deck. A ceiling is attached to the underside of the joists or, more commonly, suspended below the joists. - With the inverted roof, the main joists are located at the level of the ceiling and the framework is constructed above the main joists to support the roof deck

Answer 876

Any other flat roof

Answer 877

The design of the inverted roof creates a concealed space that may be several feet in height between the ceiling and roof deck

Answer 878

Horizontal thrusts exist at the base and a compressive force exist at the top However, the forces in a dome are exerted around a complete circle instead of just one plane.

Answer 879

Inclined joists used to support some types of pitched roofs

Answer 880

Shed, gable, hip, gambrel, and mansard style roofs, although trusses can also be used for these retards

Answer 881

Resisted by ceiling or attic floor joists or collar beams that are in tension

Answer 882

The roof can push out against the walls

Answer 883

A structural ridge beam | P314

Answer 884

Would rafters vary in size from 2 x 4" to 2 x 14". They can be spaced from 12 to 24 inches apart, depending on the span and design load

Answer 885

Early failure under fire conditions

Answer 886

Concealed spaces

Answer 887

Bowstring truss

Answer 888

This assembly uses split- ring connectors at all joints except the heel plates located at the ends of the truss

Answer 889

Fink and Pratt style

Answer 890

Typically wood and steel

Answer 891

Off-site and shipped to the job site

Answer 892

It can be moved in sections and connected in the field

Answer 893

The material from which the arch is constructed.

Answer 894

Some arch roofs use a steel tie rod between the two ends of the arc to resist the outward thrust of the arch. The tie rods extend through the interior of the building and are usually unprotected. Failure of the tie rods will permit the arch to spread outward and the roof will collapse

Answer 895

The portion of roof construction to which the roof covering or roofing is applied

Answer 896

Sheathing, roof plank or slabs, and purlins

Answer 897

Roof support

Answer 898

Deck and exterior roof covering

Answer 899

Plywood, wood planks, corrugated steel, precast gypsum or concrete planks, poor gypsum, poured concrete, and Seamit planks containing wood fiber

Answer 900

1/2 inch on supports 24 inches on center

Answer 901

1 inch nominal thickness

Answer 902

Ranges from 29 gauge, the thinnest, 2 to12 gauge, the thickest. The overall depth varies from 3/4 to 2 inches. Corrugated steel decking can be used with a sheet of flat steel welded to the bottom to form cellar decking. The attached flat steel increases the stiffness of the deck

Answer 903

This is sometimes accomplished with wood nailing strips that are either embedded in the concrete at intervals of 3 feet, drilled and anchored, or placed between rigid insulation panels if rigid insulation is used

Answer 904

It is more economical

Answer 905

Roof covering

Answer 906

Depends on the form of the roof structure, the slope of the roof, the local climate, and the appearance desired Others include maintenance requirements, durability, required wind resistance, and fire resistance

Answer 907

That they may encounter more than one layer of roof covering on a given roof

Answer 908

Because they drain more slowly

Answer 909

Vapor barrier

Answer 910

Starting from the roof deck working towards the interior | Vapor barrier, thermal insulation, roofing membrane, drainage layer, and wear course

Answer 911

It is needed when the average outdoor temperature is below 40°F in the indoor relative temperature is 45% or greater at 68°F

Answer 912

Thermal insulation In addition to resisting the flow of heat, the insulation should have resistance to mechanical damage such as gouging, moisture decay, and fire

Answer 913

Insulation can be poured or rigid

Answer 914

Portland cement or gypsum

Answer 915

Construction Page 375

Answer 916

A few weeks As long as 3 years Page 375

Answer 917

soil used in its composition

Answer 918

3 5/8 x 7 5/8 x 2 1/4 8

Answer 919

Excavation sites Stored equipment Debris Unfinished portions of construction Page 376

Answer 920

A considerable distance from a paved street or highway Fire codes require that fire hydrants be located close to buildings with a water supply capable of meeting the required fire flow for the premises. Page 377

Answer 921

Construction site Page 377

Answer 922

no significant In there structural application they are used to support compressive loads

Answer 923

Construction elevators Page 378

Answer 924

Manually During normal work hours an operator is stationed on the car, during nonworking hours and operator is not provided. Page 378

Answer 925

Disconnect the power Firefighters should determine what provisions exist for operating the construction elevator during nonworking hours during site visits. Page 378

Answer 926

Material hoists Page 378

Answer 927

75 psi 2500 psi

Answer 928

Lighted stairway Page 379

Answer 929

Construction stairs or construction ladders Page 379

Answer 930

Temporary wiring Combustible debris Page 379

Answer 931

Curing of concrete Page 380

Answer 932

Natural gas Kerosene Propane The heating systems used at a construction site become a cause of fires not only because of the temporary nature of their installations, but also because they are frequently left unattended. Page 380

Answer 933

100 pound Page 380

Answer 934

Hourly Page 380

Answer 935

Welding The sparks can also ignite residual fuel vapors around liquid fuel storage tanks. Fire prevention code usually requires a firewatch be provided during and after welding or cutting torches. Page 380

Answer 936

And extinguisher and he should have no other duties. Page 380

Answer 937

Labor intensive 234

Answer 938

soil used in its composition

Answer 939

steel or concrete structural frame

Answer 940

``` Ordinary construction (Type III ) ```

Answer 941

plaster drywall

Answer 942

no significant In there structural application they are used to support compressive loads

Answer 943

uniform transmission of compressive load from unit to unit

Answer 944

75 psi 2500 psi

Answer 945

portland cement hydrate lime sand

Answer 946

Portland cement Portland Cement is mixed with water to form a paste that hardens and is, therefore known as hydraulic cement

Answer 947

Bearing wall

Answer 948

brick concrete block or combination of brick and block

Answer 949

steel or concrete structural frame

Answer 950

Excavators, cranes, lifters, and forklift. In order to keep equipment supplied with fuel, diesel and gasoline likely to be stored on site. Page 380

Answer 951

Cured Page 381

Answer 952

Concrete formwork If the formwork is destroyed, freshly placed concrete will collapse to the floors below Page 382

Answer 953

Sprinkler system Page 382

Answer 954

Standpipes with outlets It can also include automatic sprinklers when sufficient progress has been made after the installation of the water supply. Page 383

Answer 955

Make use of the permanent fire protection systems as they are installed. Page 383

Answer 956

Header course 240

Answer 957

Stretcher course Soldier course

Answer 958

cavity wall

Answer 959

Lintels arches

Answer 960

Masonry, wood joisted construction

Answer 961

``` Ordinary construction (Type III ) ```

Answer 962

plaster drywall

Answer 963

Three Page 383

Answer 964

40 feet The top hose outlets should be within one story of the uppermost level having a secure floor. On some projects, this may require that two standpipe risers be available so that one can be maintained and serviced while the contractor extends the other. Page 383 Page 383

Answer 965

Any open valve Page 384

Answer 966

Construction materials Trucks Or barricades Page 384

Answer 967

The riser must be drained after used to prevent freezing Page 384

Answer 968

Barrels of water with buckets Page 384

Answer 969

Remodeling This is because the remodeling often takes place in one portion of the building while the remainder of the building continues to be occupied. Page 385

Answer 970

First aide hose stations and extinguishers The number of sprinklers shut off should be limited to those in the affected area. Page 385

Answer 971

20 Page 385

Answer 972

Expansion projects If new construction will impact one or more exits of the building, temporary exits must be provided. They may be provided using temporary fire rated tunnels. Page 385

Answer 973

Demolition Fires on demolition sites are very common Page 386

Answer 974

Temporary Mains Hydrants And fire department connections It maybe necessary to provide temporary risers and temporary bulk sprinkler piping until the new construction is complete. Page 386

Answer 975

Exterior fighting firefighting tactics from a safe distance are the best course of action Page 387 scavengers pilfering materials frequently become victims of their own activities and need to be rescued from the building being demolished.

Answer 976

- Loss of local or areawide water supplies - Rupture of local or areawide gas distribution means - Loss of local or areawide electrical distribution system - Loss of local or areawide landline communications - Impaired access roads - Utilities and Roads May be impaired for days or even weeks - Multiple building collapses - Multiple incidents involving rescue of trapped occupants - Fires following event due to accumulation or ignition of vapors from ruptured gas lines or means - Impairment of building a life safety systems - Fires occurring several days weeks later when utilities are restored, especially electrical service - arson fires and subsequent days when owners realize the property damage is not covered by the insurance policies in effect Page 394

Answer 977

Unreinforced masonry construction Page 395

Answer 978

Lateral bracing Page 396

Answer 979

Landslides Early warning signs include damage to underground utilities, cracking in roads, and minor slides in the area. Page 397

Answer 980

Sinkhole Another definition is a natural depression in a land surface formed by the collapse of a cavern roof. Generally occurs in the limestone regions Page 398

Answer 981

Subsidence Page 398

Answer 982

Water surges One resource available to fire departments to assist them in monitoring weather conditions is my contacting the national oceanographic and atmospheric administration Page 399

Answer 983

Wind loads Page 400

Answer 984

110mph Impact resistant Wind clips Page 400

Answer 985

Snow and rain These values range from zero and certain portions of the Sunbelt states to 300 PSF

Answer 986

Floods Water can undermine foundations causing the building to partially or totally collapse. Page 402

Answer 987

Maximum live loads Page 403

Answer 988

Temporary loads Sequencing-another cause of collapse is the improper sequencing of the construction process Weakness of building frame Instability of building frame Page 404

Answer 989

Hand tools Crane A primary goal of demolition must be to protect nearby structures. Page 406

Answer 990

Amateur scavenging Page 406

Answer 991

Natural gas leaks Other common sources of explosions and buildings include boiler furnaces, gasoline vapors, finally powdered dust, storage of fireworks or blasting agents, and in today's society meth labs. Deliberate explosions are rising threat due to terrorist activities. Page 406

Answer 992

two to four hours or more 246

Answer 993

imminent collapse

Answer 994

equal to the height of the wall

Answer 995

Fascia 250

Answer 996

dimension of the wood structural members | and that fact that combustible concealed spaces are not permitted

Answer 997

concealed spaces

Answer 998

Consists of waterproof material that keeps out rain and snow from the interior of the building.

Answer 999

Built up roof membranes, single ply membrane, and fluid applied membranes

Answer 1000

Built up membranes uses several overlapping layers of roofing felt saturated with a bituminous material that may be either tar or asphalt - The layers of roofing felt are cemented together with a hot bituminous roofing cement. The roofing felt usually is supplied in rolls 3 feet wide. The number of layers of roofing felt used varies, but four layers is a common design. The more layers of felt used, the more durable the resulting roof will be

Answer 1001

A single ply membrane roof consists of a single membrane laid in sheets on the roof deck. The membrane material comes in sheets 10 or 20 feet wide and up to 200 feet long. The membranes are very thin, typically 0.03 to 0.10 inches thick

Answer 1002

The most common is a synthetic rubber material, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM). Other materials include polyvinylchloride (PVC) and chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)

Answer 1003

-They are attached to the roof by means of adhesive, gravel ballast, or mechanical fasteners. -Using a propane torch to heat the underside of the membrane as it is unrolled will cause it to adhere to the roof. -This process has resulted in roof covering fires that spread rapidly across the entire roof. -The burning material liquefies and can drop down through holes in the roof decking onto content below Pg 322

Answer 1004

The fluid applied membranes are useful for buildings with curved roof surfaces such as dogs that would be difficult to cover with other materials. The material is applied as a liquid and allow to cure.

Answer 1005

The materials used include neoprene, silicone, polyurethane, and butyl rubber pg 322

Answer 1006

The drainage layer permits the free movement of rain water to the roof drains. Depending on the membrane material used, the drainage layer can't be the ballast layer in a single ply roofing system, a drainage fabric, or the aggregate used in a built up roofing system

Answer 1007

External covering on a roof that protects the roof from mechanical operation. The typical tar and gravel roof uses gravel as the wear course

Answer 1008

Shingle or tile roofs and metal roofs

Answer 1009

Small overlapping units that are relatively easy for workers to handle. Their small size allows for movement between individual units caused by thermal expansion and shifting of the building structural system. Shingles and tiles are available as wood shingles and shakes, asphalt shingles, slate, and clay and concrete tiles.

Answer 1010

The difference between wood shingles and shakes is in their method of production. What shingles are thin tapered slabs of wood that are song from pieces of a tree trunk. Shakes are split from the wood either by hand or by machine and are thicker than shingles. Wood shingles and shakes used in North America are made from red Cedar, White Cedar, or redwood because of the resistance of these woods to decay

Answer 1011

Produced from heavy sheets of asphalt impregnated felt made from rag, paper, or wool fiber. Asphalt impregnated fiberglass felt is becoming common. A mineral aggregate is embedded in the top surface to act as a where in service and to provide color.

Answer 1012

Pg324 | Asphalt shingles are available in several sizes but the most common size is 12 x 36"

Answer 1013

Clay tile is an ancient material known to have been used for thousands of years. It is made by shaping clay and molds and firing it in kilns. It is a dense, hard, and non-absorbent material and can be used for flat or curved tiles. The curved Clay tiles are known as "mission tiles" and are used to create imitation (or genuine) Spanish style architecture

Answer 1014

Made from Portland cement, aggregate, and water. Concrete tiles are frequently made to look like clay tile, slate, or even wood in color and texture.

Answer 1015

Their longevity

Answer 1016

Corrosion resistant nails

Answer 1017

Wood shingles are installed in an overlapping manner so that only about one third of the length of the shingle is actually exposed to weather

Answer 1018

What shingles can be nailed to a conventional solid deck or two and open deck consisting of wood strips attached to the roof rafters. This latter method of construction can produce earlier failure of the roof when a fire occurs in the attic

Answer 1019

Because they produce a rustic appearance and may be more resistant to wind damage than asphalt shingles

Answer 1020

There disadvantage is that they pose a serious fire potential. They can be easily ignited by burning brands landing on them from an exposing fire. Once ignited, they can produce embers that spread fire to other roofs

Answer 1021

They can be pressure impregnated with a fire retardant solution. Experience with pressure impregnated with shingles and shakes indicates that the treatment remains effective after exposure to the elements.

Answer 1022

Painting or staining fire retardant shingles or shakes can reduce the effect of the fire retardant, especially if oil based materials are used

Answer 1023

-Asphalt shingles are fundamentally combustible. They tend to drip and run under fire conditions and produce a characteristic heavy black small. -Asphalt shingles used for roofs are typically produced with a grit surface that reduces their ease of ignition and permits there used under the provisions of building codes Pg 325

Answer 1024

Clay, slate, and cement tiles are noncombustible and produce fire resistant roof coverings that have excellent resistance to flying brands. Flying brands, however, can be blown under tiles such as Spanish tiles That do not lie flat, and ignite the roof deck.

Answer 1025

1) tiles can become loose and fall from the roof as a deck burns away and nails lose their grip or as firefighters conduct ventilation operations 2) The surface can become slippery, posing a serious fall hazard. Proper equipment and caution could be used at all times 3) The thin pieces of slate are brittle and may have sharp edges, creating a hazard for firefighters below

Answer 1026

Galvanized iron or steel, copper, zinc, aluminum, and lead. Flat or corrugated metal can be used. Corrugated sheets of aluminum or steel are widely used on industrial and agricultural buildings

Answer 1027

Decking, in these cases the roofing sheets are supported by roof beams or purlins - The spacing between purlins can be from 2 to 6 feet

Answer 1028

NFPA 256 also ASTM E – 108

Answer 1029

-The test simulates several fire exposure conditions for fires originating outside a building. The standard does not evaluate the fire resistance of the structural system supporting a roof or the fire resistance of the roof itself with respect to a fire originated within a building(TEST) last Captains test. Does not test for fire originating within the building.p328 In the test, samples of roof coverings are attached to a wooden deck measuring 3'4" by 4'4". - The samples are then subjected to the required test procedures: 1) Intermittent flame exposure test 2) Burning brand test 3) Flying brand test 4) Rain test 5) Weathering test 6) Spread of flame test

Answer 1030

The individual test procedures may be repeated from 2 to 15 times on different samples depending on the specific material being used. if the properties of a specific roof covering material are subject to variation, more than the minimum number of tests contained in NFPA 256 may be required

Answer 1031

``` Class A roof coverings are effective against a severe fire exposure class B roof coverings are effective against a moderate fire exposure class C roof coverings are effective against a light fire exposure ```

Answer 1032

Building codes use these three classifications to control the flammability of roofs. Therefore, certain types of construction, such as fire resistant buildings, may be required to have class a or class B roof coverings. A building code may also use the classification to restrict the flammability of roofs on buildings in congested areas such as a downtown area.pg 328

Answer 1033

A second roof constructed over an existing roof

Answer 1034

- A void is created between the rain roof and the original roof and eighth, and any concealed space creates problems during firefighting. When a fire enters the space, you can travel undetected in several directions and is exceptionally hard to access and extinguished. - The existence of two separate roofs can also impede rapid and effective ventilation. p329

Answer 1035

Involves the use of the roof surface of a building for a rooftop garden.p329

Answer 1036

- One is the increased insulating affects between the building interior and the outside. - Probably the greatest benefit however, is in the increase in here quality due to the oxygen carbon dioxide exchange of growing plants, particularly in urban areas.

Answer 1037

A green roof or rooftop garden can vary from the use of potted plants and flower boxes to a layer of earth with growing plants covering a large area of a roof. Green roofs can be developed on existing roofs and a new construction. P330

Answer 1038

A rooftop garden constitutes a dead load on the roof structural system, which must be capable of supporting the load. The layer of earth required for a rooftop garden can vary from a few inches to one or 2 feet. Depending on the depth of the soil, the deadload can vary from 20 pounds per square foot 150 pounds per square foot. -In new construction the structural engineer can provide for this load in the store in the structural plans just as it's done for Stella's

Answer 1039

(Solar energy) system produces a clean and reliable energy that can be used in a wide range of applications. Photovoltaic cells and panels can be laid on top of a roof or embedded in the roof pg 331

Answer 1040

- Although solar energy represents a clean source of energy, the electricity generated by the operation of the solar system represents a significant hazard for firefighters. Even if power to the building is shut off, the panels retain a significant amount of electricity. It is not safe to break photovoltaic cells or skylights that are actually solar power. -Furthermore, panels themselves represent a significant tripping and fall hazard. Pg 330 - In emergencies conditions electrical shock, inhalation exposure, falls from roof, and roof collapse always present serious safety considerations. For these reasons, it is crucial that fire department conduct thorough preincident planning to identify the structures rather than encountering them during adverse conditions - Solar panels, like other elements on a roof, may not even be visible from the ground on a building with a flat roof.

Answer 1041

Air supported roof structures are often used in sports arenas and at colleges and universities. Air supported roofs provide protection from the elements and enable year-round use of the area under the roof. A typical use with this type of structure would be a sports practice facility(Dolphins have one) p331

Answer 1042

Air supported roofs do not lend themselves to conventional firefighter and tactics. Attempting to ventilate the roof may result in loss of the interior supporting structure. The roof is curved it will not support the weight of firefighters. Having doors open to provide the firefighting access for lengthy periods could result in slow deflation of the structure

Answer 1043

1) structure on the roof of a building that may be used as a living space, to enclose mechanical equipment, or to provide roof access from an interior stairway. 2) room or building built on the roof, which usually covers stairways or houses elevator machinery , and contains water tanks and/or heating and cooling equipment. Also called a bulkhead

Answer 1044

Sometimes houses may not be directly accessible from the inside of a building it must be accessed from the roof. This is frequently the case with penthouse is built for elevator and mechanical equipment. Buyers can occur in the spaces, however, so when the roof is beyond the reach of ladders, firefighters must locate a route to the roof. Although some means of access to a roof must always be provided for maintenance purposes, the access may not be readily apparent and may entail climbing up ladders through roof hatches.pg 332

Answer 1045

Any of a variety of Ruth structures or devices intended to increase natural illumination within buildings in rooms or over stairways and other vertical shafts that extent of the roof

Answer 1046

Skylights are sometimes provided with operable glass panes to facilitate normal building ventilation. For safety purposes, building codes require wired glass or tempered glass in skylights. Skylights on modern buildings can also be plastic domes

Answer 1047

Ceilings can be designed to control the diffusion of light and distribution of air in the room. In addition, the space above a ceiling can be used to conceal air-conditioning ducts, electrical wiring, and sprinkler piping

Answer 1048

75 feet | The height is measured from the lowest level of emergency vehicle access to the floor of the highest occupied story

Answer 1049

The effective reach of fire equipment located at the street level

Answer 1050

The most obvious aspect of a high-rise building is that exterior means of fire attack and rescue or not possible beyond a certain height

Answer 1051

Pre-incident planning

Answer 1052

Steel frame construction and the elevator

Answer 1053

Stairs and elevators to be enclosed

Answer 1054

Because the buildings were constructed with fire system materials, automatic sprinklers were not considered necessary

Answer 1055

Height The earliest high-rise buildings were rarely more than 10 or 12 stories. Today's building exceeding 60 stories have become common place

Answer 1056

Ventilation may be accomplished through the fire department control of the HVAC system. Attempted to ventilate the upper floors of the building by simply breaking out windows poses considerable risk to persons on the street below. The enclosure of stairwells and elevator shaft reduces the upward flow of combustion products.

Answer 1057

Engineering staff

Answer 1058

2 or 3 hour

Answer 1059

2 hour - In reinforced concrete construction the floors will be concrete slab. - In steel frame buildings the floors will be lightweight structural concrete placed over corrugated steel

Answer 1060

Automatic sprinklers, voice evacuation system, fire department communication system, and often some form of smoke control

Answer 1061

Standpipe systems The sprinkler and standpipe systems are typically supplied from the same vertical riser These systems will be supplied by one or more fire pumps located in basement of the building

Answer 1062

A secondary on-site water supply is required, usually in the form of a storage tank

Answer 1063

Floor control valves

Answer 1064

These valves are important because they permit the rapid shutdown of sprinklers on the floor on which a fire has occurred after the sprinklers have control the fire. This permits the sprinkler system to remain in service on the other floors during overhaul operations and reduces the water damage from a fire. These valves are also useful in reducing water damage resulting from a broken sprinkler

Answer 1065

The availability of stand-pipes

Answer 1066

To provide a protected location from which to advance a hose line

Answer 1067

Excessive pressure in the lower portion of a stamp pipe riser is undesirable because it can make those lines difficult or dangerous to handle

Answer 1068

Installation of standpipe and hose systems

Answer 1069

100 psi | 175 PSI

Answer 1070

Several hundred

Answer 1071

- Many modern high-rise buildings have voice alarm systems that automatically sound and alert tone followed by voice instructions on actuation of any detector, water flow device, or manual pull station. - These voice evacuation systems are often zone by floor. - These systems will have voice override capability to broadcast further instructions on a selective or on call basis

Answer 1072

The floor of origin, the floor above, and the below rather than the entire building

Answer 1073

Smoke detection in high-rise buildings typically include duct detectors arrange to prevent recirculation of smoke weather floors. Smoke detectors are usually provided in elevator machine room's and elevator lobbies to initiate elevator recall. Some model codes require corridor smoke detectors in residential occupancies. All of these detection devices along with waterflow switches are required to be monitored through the fire alarm system. (Smoke detectors in individual residential units are not monitored through the fire alarm system).

Answer 1074

- Landings of enclosed exit stairways, areas of refuge, elevators, elevator lobbies, and emergency generator and fire pump rules. - Spare telephone handsets are often provided in the fire command center

Answer 1075

During the 1970s, the model building codes began requiring break out panels and exterior walls. However instead of the break out panels, the coach typically permitted the use of building mechanical air handling system to have a smoke removal, if the building was completely protected by automatic sprinklers. -A common approach using the mechanical equipment was called a "pressure sandwich". This approach exhausted the floor of fire origin and pressurize the floors immediately above and below to contain the smoke to the floor of origin.

Answer 1076

This is based on the premise that code requirements for shaft construction in the ceiling of four penetrations in conjunction with automatic sprinklers are adequate to control smoke movement in the building.

Answer 1077

Serving floors 75 feet or higher Entrance to the stairways must be made through an open balcony or a pressurized vestibule Pg346

Answer 1078

- Typically on the first floor or level of fire department access. - The model building codes require a room or area in a high-rise building to serve as a fire command center. - The location of the space must be approved by the fire department

Answer 1079

Often, and enclosed room separated from the remainder of the building by 1 hour fire rated construction is required.

Answer 1080

That the room be accessed directly through an exterior door

Answer 1081

1) emergency voice alarm system control panels 2) fire department two way telephone System panel 3) fire detection and fire alarm system annunciator panel 4) elevator location and status panel 5) sprinkler valve and water flow annunciator 6) emergency and standby power status indicators and controls 7) Central, status panel for small management systems 8) Controls for unlocking stairway doors 9) fire pump status indicators 10) telephone for fire department use with access to public telephone system

Answer 1082

Pre-incident planning and inspections visits

Answer 1083

In a central core configuration such building services as elevators, stairwells, and service shafts are grouped in the center of the floor. This arrangement maximizes the amount of space available for development around the periphery of the building

Answer 1084

Is by exterior communication from floor to floor. This is particularly likely wear a glass curtain wall extends from floor to ceiling. Model building codes now have strict requirements for sealing voids where floors intersect with curtainwalls

Answer 1085

Extent to which a floor is subdivided by partitions. The partitions between units in the Corridor enclosure will act as barriers to fire spread.

Answer 1086

1) Access to the structure 2) rescue and evacuation of occupants 3) ventilation of heat and smoke 4) water supply and drainage from flooding or firefighting operations

Answer 1087

The difficulty in venting heat and smoke Normal ventilation tactics usually will not work when the roof is entirely below grade. It is critical that these structures be thoroughly pre-planned and that the plans be kept current

Answer 1088

Because of the greater physical exertion required for occupants going upstairs and the greater potential for a stairwell being filled with smoke from the fire below. Smoke proof enclosures are now required for buildings with levels more than 30 feet below the level of exit discharge

Answer 1089

One typical requirement is that the underground portion of the building be a fire assistive construction. - Where buildings have floor levels more than 60 feet below the level of exit discharge, separation of each level into two approximately equally sized compartments may be required. - Each compartment will be provided with at least one stair and access into the other compartment. - The codes require automatic sprinkler protection for underground buildings, even if a portion of the building extends above the ground and the above ground portion of the building does not require sprinkler protection. - To address the problem of ventilation of smoke and he, model, it's often require a smoke exhaust system. The depth at which a smoke exhaust system becomes necessary as well as specific requirements for any system will depend on the applicable codes.

Answer 1090

These structures can present many of the same challenges as underground buildings. - Firefighter access for fire suppression and rescue has limited as well as the ability to quickly and efficiently ventilate the building. - As a result, building codes generally require these buildings be fully protected by automatic sprinklers. - In addition, emergency access openings are typically required on a minimum of two sides of upper floors of these buildings. These openings must be readily identifiable an operable from both the exterior and interior, and sized to allow for rescue and ventilation operations

Answer 1091

Building having its exterior skin consist of a thin "waterproof" fabric.

Answer 1092

Air inflated, air supported, membrane covered cable, and membrane covered frame

Answer 1093

Tennis courts, athletic fields, ice-skating rinks, several major sports stadiums, warehouses, casinos, churches, and campus dining facilities

Answer 1094

Can be used to provide a large on obstructed interior space

Answer 1095

Made of a vinyl coated polyester fabric material

Answer 1096

1) do not use an elevator to travel to the fire floor – stable though the farm for according to SOP's. 2) maintain the ability to communicate via radio or other means at all times 3) know the visual signal on the elevator control panel that indicates and impending elevator problem 4) never use a fire or heat damaged elevator 5) never use an elevator that has been exposed to water 6) become familiar with the emergency procedures required to operate elevators by training on actual local systems

Answer 1097

Smoke detectors or sprinkler water full alarms | Phase 1 can also be activated manually by a keyed switch in the terminal floor lobby

Answer 1098

Is designed to prevent the deaths of civilians who may find themselves in an elevator that is called to the fire floor Phase 1 operation automatically stops all the cars that serve the fire for if they're moving away from their terminal floor. It also causes the cars to return nonstop to the lobby or other designated level if the alarm originated from the lobby

Answer 1099

Freight elevators

Answer 1100

Emergency operating mode for elevators. Phase 1 operation recalls the car to a certain floor and opens the doors

Answer 1101

This can be accomplished by checking the elevator control and information panel that is usually located adjacent to the elevator bank Phase 1 operation makes it easy to see which cars are empty and which may be on another level with people trapped.

Answer 1102

They are rendered inoperative so that car occupants who may be unaware of the fire or emergency cannot stop the car anywhere but at the terminal floor

Answer 1103

Emergency elevator operating mode that allows emergency use of the elevator with certain safeguards and special functions Phase 2 elevator operation is designed to permit firefighters to use the elevators after they arrive on scene by overriding the recall feature

Answer 1104

A firefighter must insert a key and a three- position switch within a car to place that particular car in "fire service"

Answer 1105

Manually operated elevator. The floor select buttons within the car remain operable but the floor call buttons on the individual floors are inoperable, meaning that the controls are only operable within the car. The elevator doors do not open automatically and the operator must push the "door open"button in the car

Answer 1106

The electric eye safety, which prevents the doors from closing if there is a person or smoke in the doorway, he is disabled during phase 2 operations. This is done so the car doors can be closed and the car moved if it inadvertently stops at a smoke-filled floor.

Answer 1107

Is defined by some counts as one in which the lowest level used for human occupancy is 30 feet below the main exit that serves that level

Answer 1108

With the current trend toward sustainable green building design

Answer 1109

Security, relatively constant temperatures, and smaller visual impact

Answer 1110

Older underground buildings were usually access to vertically from grade level; however, some modern underground buildings are being built into the side of hills with the primary access being horizontal

Answer 1111

Because the interior pressure is greater than the exterior pressure, cables are frequently used to anchor the roof to the ground or substructure

Answer 1112

Normal access or egress is provided through airlocks or revolving doors. Because revolving doors may not be permitted to be used as exits by a building code, emergency exits may also be provided

Answer 1113

They are obviously limited to one store. To comfortably accommodate human occupancy, the interior pressure and air supported structure can be slightly greater than the outside pressure. Air supported buildings, therefore, make use of a membrane that weighs only a few ounces per square foot for the building skin. This limitation however, does not apply to air inflated structures because the occupants are not exposed to any interior pressure

Answer 1114

Conventional ventilation of an air inflated or air supported building is not possible because firefighters simply cannot open the roof. The fans could probably keep up with the air loss through a small opening in the membrane. However, gaining access to the roof is difficult and dangerous. One offsetting feature, however, is the likelihood that the membrane may self vent by melting under high temperatures.

Answer 1115

A membrane covered cable structure uses a system of masts and cables to provide support for the membrane covering. Similarly, membrane covered frame structures utilize a rigid frame system, usually with columns, to support the membrane - these type of membrane construction are more commonly used than air inflated or air support structures - cannot be used to provide a large unobstructed interior space because of the necessary support system

Answer 1116

- Shopping malls are constructed in various sizes and configurations and typically consist of one to three levels. - When they contain more than one level, covered malls will have multiple openings between the levels. - Building codes require that the mall be a minimum of 20 feet in width. This space permits the use of opens storefronts while still allowing for pedestrian exiting.

Answer 1117

Malls are usually doesn't designed with one or more large, well-known perimeter stores that are known as anchor stores. In some cases, the mall may include a hotel as an anchor. The anchor building serve to hide in the overall commercial appeal of the mall. The anchor buildings are usually operated by nationally known chains and owned and managed as separate entities. The anchor stores may be separated from the smaller stores by a firewall

Answer 1118

Current codes require malls to be fully sprinklered; however, it is possible to find older covered malls that are only partially sprinkler or even non- sprinklered. It is also possible to find in older covered malls that the anchor stores are sprinklered and the smaller stores are non-sprinklered

Answer 1119

Codes require individual stores within a shopping mall to have a 1 hour resistive separation from each other.

Answer 1120

Current codes have eliminated the requirement of a smoke control system in all covered mall buildings, regardless of the number of stories. However, a smoke control systems may be required in 2 and three-story covered my buildings

Answer 1121

Because the smaller stores face into the mall, access to an individual store by responding fire companies may be slow because apparatus cannot drive directly up to the front of the store. Furthermore, a store may be some distance from the mall entrance, necessitating a long hose line. To compensate for this condition, codes now require fire department hose outlets in stairs, at major entrances to the mall, and that entrances from the mall to corridors and passageways

Answer 1122

This often results in vacant stores and stores undergoing renovation. When stores are remodeled, the work is typically done while other stores in the mall are open for business. Stores that are being renovated will have all the hazards associated with construction. In addition, the sprinkler zone protecting that store maybe shut off at times during the renovation. This usually results in the sprinklers been shut off and nearby stores

Answer 1123

Procedures take into the shelter persons from harmed during an emergency without evacuating them from a structure. Used especially in hospitals and prisons

Answer 1124

These features may include remote release of door locks, smoke compartments, areas of refuge on either side of smoke barriers, automatic sprinklers, smoke control systems, and both manual and automatic fire alarm systems. Newer correctional facilities will likely have a central control center where locking devices are monitored and controlled. However, current codes still allow the use of keys under certain conditions

Answer 1125

Until recent years, there was a reluctance to install automatic sprinklers in detection and correctional facilities because of the possibility of inmates committing suicide by hanging themselves from sprinklers. A breakaway sprinkler has now been developed, now many of the newer facilities have automatic sprinklers installed. Another key element is the creation of one or more compartments on each floor, separated by a fire rated smoke barrier. This allows inmates to be moved horizontally from the compartment of fire origin to an adjacent compartment on the same for therefore, in most cases, it will not be necessary to utilize stairs and evacuate inmates.

Answer 1126

Open area in the center of a building, extending through two or more stories, similar to a courtyard but usually covered by a skylight, to allow natural light and ventilation to interior rooms

Answer 1127

Include automatic sprinkler protection. Automatic sprinklers may only be required for those floors that are connected by the atrium. The building codes have a basic requirement that and atrium be enclosed with that one hour fire rated construction or a combination of glass and automatic sprinklers. However, codes usually make provision for illumination of the one hour enclosure for up to three stories or more when certain conditions are met.

Answer 1128

Any smoke control system is required to vent the products of combustion to the outside weather floors are closed or not. Until recently, the exhaust capacity was determined by the volume of the atrium and the on enclosed for us connected to the agent. Current code space the exhaust capacity to maintain the smoke later and his specified high above the highest walking level serving the exit system. The required exhaust capacity is based on the magnitude of expected fire and the height to the bottom of the desired smoke layer

Answer 1129

When sprinklers are installed at an atrium ceiling 50 or more feet above the floor, they will be less effective because of the longer time it takes for them to operate – if they operate at all. Some codes now waive the requirements for sprinklers where the ceilings of atriums are more than 55 feet above the floor

Answer 1130

A physical or chemical process that results in the rapid release of high-pressure gas into the environment

Answer 1131

The speed with which the process occurs

Answer 1132

1) Explosions involving a chemical reaction such as the rapid combustion resulting from the ignition of a mixture of air and a flammable vapor, or a condition of a mixture of air and dust. Dust explosions often occur in grain elevators and in milling operations involving sawdust. 2) explosions resulting from uncontrolled chemical reactions in processing plants or decomposition of unstable compounds 3) boiler explosions – a purely physical event in which no chemical reaction occurs.

Answer 1133

Depends on the maximum pressure developed, rate of pressure rise, the duration of the peak pressure, and the resistance of the confining structure

Answer 1134

Containment or venting

Answer 1135

In containment, the building enclosure is constructed with adequate reinforcement to contain the pressure resulting from an explosion without failure. Containment is usually expensive because it normally requires reinforcement beyond what is necessary for ordinary structural design purposes. The maximum pressure reached during an explosion may be as high as 10 times the atmospheric pressure, or more

Answer 1136

Explosion venting is designed to quickly relieve the pressure produced by an explosion before it causes excessive damage. Ideally, and explosion event would be open at all times. However, there are very few industrial operations That can be carried out without some kind of an enclosure

Answer 1137

Louvered openings, hangar type doors, wall panels, windows, or roof vents

Answer 1138

- Because vent panels must operate quickly, they must be relatively light. If the explosion panels are too happy, their inertia will slow the speed at which they are operating resulting in a faster rate of internal pressure rise. Ideally, explosion been panels should not weigh more than 3 pounds per square foot. - Several different materials, such as lightweight corrugated steel or aluminum sheets, are often used in industrial buildings for explosion vents.

Answer 1139

Reduced diameter bolts | The panels also may be hinged at one side and fastened at the other so that they swing open in an explosion

Answer 1140

The required explosion vent area is a function of the size and strength of the structure, the expected forces of the potential explosion, and the type of event. Determination of the actual event area, therefore, requires an engineering analysis

Answer 1141

It is important to remember that the venting of an explosion is a means of limiting structural damage. Explosion venting is not a substitute for prevention of explosions and it does not provide for the protection of personnel within a building. The pressure wave developed within the space May be great enough to cause death or injury even when it is vented, because the pressure wave may come into contact with personnel before the vent opens. When explosion vents operate, the force is carried beyond the opening. Therefore, in the design of vents, consideration must be given to what lies in the path of the pressure wave in the area beyond the vent opening

Answer 1142

Within the stairway on a landing or from an adjacent vestibule

Answer 1143

One or two wheelchairs, depending on the occupant load served. The wheelchair space must not obstruct other occupants using the stairway or vestibule for egress

Answer 1144

Areas of refuge must be provided with some type of two-way communication system connected to aconstantly attended location. This system must be designed to accommodate persons with any type of disability

Answer 1145

Storage racks can vary from two or three tiers with a total height of just 12 feet two in excess of 100 feet

Answer 1146

Normally, storage racks are structurally independent of the building in which they are located, and are often bolted to the floor. In some instances, however, the rack system provides part of the structural support for the building. Because racks consist of unprotected steel members, they may collapse under fire conditions. This situation not only adds to the difficulty of fire suppression, but can also affect the stability of the entire structure when the racks are used as part of the building structural support

Answer 1147

Density of Storage | When the stored materials are combustible, such as paper or containers of flammable liquid, a high fire load is produced

Answer 1148

The racks are frequently arranged with narrow aisles

Answer 1149

First, the penetration of water from overhead sprinklers is obstructed by the intervening tears of storage. Second, flue spaces may be created that permit vertical communication of fire through the racks

Answer 1150

Is determined by the height and style of racks, the commodity being stored, and the type of containers or palletizing used for the storage. Sprinklers are often installed at the ceiling and within High rack configurations. The effectiveness of in rack sprinklers can be reduced if the sprinkler discharge is obstructed by the material being stored