strains, sprains, fractures, bones Flashcards
Grade 1 Sprain
minor stretch/tear
no joint instability on passive testing
minimal P/swelling
able to complete ADLs
weight bear
bruising absent or slight
Grade 2 Sprain
partial tear of ligament
increased P
bruising/swelling
loss of function
P on WB
snapping sound / joint gives way
passive testing = hypermobile but still stable joint
Grade 3 Sprain
complete tear
sx required
immobilization needed
synovial inflamm
accumulation of synovial fluid (joint effusion)
hemarthrosis if bleeding into joint
if the foot is flexed on the ground, and the knee is struck medially or laterally by directed force what 3 structures does it tend to affect
medial meniscus
ACL
MCL
Sprains =
LIGAMENTS
Strains =
MUSCLE OR TENDON
common in low back, hamstrings, neck
Grade 1 Strain
few fibers damaged
mild P / swelling
min loss of strength
P w tissue stress
ADLS completed
3 weeks healing
Grade 2 Strain
extensive damage to fibers/tendon
mm not completely ruptured
snapping sound
palpable gap at injury site (possibly)
3-6 week healing
Grade 3 Strain
severe injury w complete mm rupture
snapping sound
severe P
edema
bruising
ADLs cannot be continued
joint effusion
hemarthrosis
6 months to heal fully/regain strength
pathologies that present w ligamentous laxity
- Marfan syndrome
- Ehlers-Danlos
- Osteogenesis imperfecta
- Stickler syndrome
- Alport syndrome
- Congenital contractual arachnodactyly
- Psoriatic arthritis
all have to do w COLLAGEN
hematoma formation
fibrin mesh around site
fibroblasts recruited
= what stage of fracture repair
Stage 1
callus forms
fibroblast deposit collagen
cells from periosteum become chondroblasts
cartilage is deposited
soft callus forms
osteoclasts clean
= what stage of fracture repair
Stage 2
bony callus formed
fibrous
immature bone is calcified
woven bone (spongy)
= what stage fracture repair
Stage 3
remodeling of hard bony callus
mature bone formed
goverened by Wollfs Law
= what stage fracture repair
Stage 4
what is a Salter-Harris fracture
affects epiphyseal growth plate
applies to children only before plate fusion
type I = transverse fracture through growth plate
Type II = through plate and metaphysis
Type III = plate and epiphysis
Type IV = plate, epiphysis, metaphysis
Type V = growth plate
complications of fractures
nerve compression
vascular damage
infection
disuse atrophy
joint stiffness and limited ROM
delayed union
non union
malunion
cancer of bone forming cells (terry fox has it)
(malignant)
Osteocarsoma
begins in bones or soft tissues, (pelvis,hip,shoulder)
cancer cells produce cartilage
(malignant)
Chondrosarcoma
effects fibroblasts, common in legs or trunk
fibroblasts multiple uncontrollably and invade local tissues
(malignant)
Fibrosarcoma
found in soft tissues like mm or ligaments
(malignant bone tumor)
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
cancer of a specialized white blood cell called a plasma cell that make abnormal proteins, accumulate in bone marrow (malignant)
multiple myeloma
replacement of bone w fibrous bone tissue, (common in femur, tibia, humerus, skull, ribs, pelvis)
causes production of immature/irregular bone tissue
(benign bone tumor)
Fibrous dysplasia
benign blood filled cyst inside bone - mutation in gene USP6 triggers production of protein that destroys bone and increases blood supply to area
(benign bone tumor)
Aneurysmal bone cyst
rare, aggressive, young adults, occurs near a joint at end of long bone in metaphysis, common in knee - can be linked to paget’s
(benign bone tumor)
Giant cell tumor
