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Patho 2 > strains, sprains, fractures, bones > Flashcards

strains, sprains, fractures, bones Flashcards

1
Q

Grade 1 Sprain

A

minor stretch/tear
no joint instability on passive testing
minimal P/swelling
able to complete ADLs
weight bear
bruising absent or slight

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2
Q

Grade 2 Sprain

A

partial tear of ligament
increased P
bruising/swelling
loss of function
P on WB
snapping sound / joint gives way
passive testing = hypermobile but still stable joint

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3
Q

Grade 3 Sprain

A

complete tear
sx required
immobilization needed
synovial inflamm
accumulation of synovial fluid (joint effusion)
hemarthrosis if bleeding into joint

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4
Q

if the foot is flexed on the ground, and the knee is struck medially or laterally by directed force what 3 structures does it tend to affect

A

medial meniscus
ACL
MCL

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5
Q

Sprains =

A

LIGAMENTS

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6
Q

Strains =

A

MUSCLE OR TENDON

common in low back, hamstrings, neck

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7
Q

Grade 1 Strain

A

few fibers damaged
mild P / swelling
min loss of strength
P w tissue stress
ADLS completed
3 weeks healing

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8
Q

Grade 2 Strain

A

extensive damage to fibers/tendon
mm not completely ruptured
snapping sound
palpable gap at injury site (possibly)
3-6 week healing

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9
Q

Grade 3 Strain

A

severe injury w complete mm rupture
snapping sound
severe P
edema
bruising
ADLs cannot be continued
joint effusion
hemarthrosis
6 months to heal fully/regain strength

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10
Q

pathologies that present w ligamentous laxity

A
  1. Marfan syndrome
  2. Ehlers-Danlos
  3. Osteogenesis imperfecta
  4. Stickler syndrome
  5. Alport syndrome
  6. Congenital contractual arachnodactyly
  7. Psoriatic arthritis

all have to do w COLLAGEN

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11
Q

hematoma formation
fibrin mesh around site
fibroblasts recruited
= what stage of fracture repair

A

Stage 1

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12
Q

callus forms
fibroblast deposit collagen
cells from periosteum become chondroblasts
cartilage is deposited
soft callus forms
osteoclasts clean
= what stage of fracture repair

A

Stage 2

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13
Q

bony callus formed
fibrous
immature bone is calcified
woven bone (spongy)
= what stage fracture repair

A

Stage 3

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14
Q

remodeling of hard bony callus
mature bone formed
goverened by Wollfs Law
= what stage fracture repair

A

Stage 4

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15
Q

what is a Salter-Harris fracture

A

affects epiphyseal growth plate
applies to children only before plate fusion

type I = transverse fracture through growth plate
Type II = through plate and metaphysis
Type III = plate and epiphysis
Type IV = plate, epiphysis, metaphysis
Type V = growth plate

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16
Q

complications of fractures

A

nerve compression
vascular damage
infection
disuse atrophy
joint stiffness and limited ROM
delayed union
non union
malunion

17
Q

cancer of bone forming cells (terry fox has it)

(malignant)

A

Osteocarsoma

18
Q

begins in bones or soft tissues, (pelvis,hip,shoulder)
cancer cells produce cartilage

(malignant)

A

Chondrosarcoma

19
Q

effects fibroblasts, common in legs or trunk
fibroblasts multiple uncontrollably and invade local tissues
(malignant)

A

Fibrosarcoma

20
Q

found in soft tissues like mm or ligaments
(malignant bone tumor)

A

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma

21
Q

cancer of a specialized white blood cell called a plasma cell that make abnormal proteins, accumulate in bone marrow (malignant)

A

multiple myeloma

22
Q

replacement of bone w fibrous bone tissue, (common in femur, tibia, humerus, skull, ribs, pelvis)

causes production of immature/irregular bone tissue

(benign bone tumor)

A

Fibrous dysplasia

23
Q

benign blood filled cyst inside bone - mutation in gene USP6 triggers production of protein that destroys bone and increases blood supply to area

(benign bone tumor)

A

Aneurysmal bone cyst

24
Q

rare, aggressive, young adults, occurs near a joint at end of long bone in metaphysis, common in knee - can be linked to paget’s

(benign bone tumor)

A

Giant cell tumor

25
Q

cartilage tumor, affects long bone of hands and feet, femur, humerus, tibia

(benign bone tumor)

A

Enchondroma

26
Q

affects children, abnormal growth near metaphyseal region of the growth plate stops when child stops growing, associated w defect in gene EXT 1 or inherited

(benign bone tumor)

A

Osteochondroma

27
Q

found in skull commonly, compact, spongy, mutation of the APC gene cause overgrowth

(benign bone tumor)

A

Osteoma

28
Q

hematoma vs bruise

A

hematoma is diff b/c the blood vessels that are damaged are larger and the damage is worse

hematoma = damage to wall of artery, vein, capillary. causing blood to leak into tissues. a solid swelling of clotted blood

29
Q

what pathology can have the complication of rhabdomyolysis (mm injury where mm’s start to break down)

A

contusions

30
Q

causes of Anchondroplasia / dwarfism

A

protein called fibroblast growth factor receptor becomes abnormal, slowing down the growth of bone in the growth plate

Patho 2 (6 decks)

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