gastro

Question 1

narrowing of the pylorus from the stomach to the sm intestine (duodenum) causing severe projectile non bilious vomiting in the first few months of life leading to dehydration and weight loss

Answer 1

pyloric stenosis

Question 2

why do you get a peptic ulcer

Answer 2

H.pylori and NSAIDs

these irritate the mucosal lining of GI tract eventually leading to a hole or ulcer

Question 3

mucosal irritation leads to damage and more irritation eventually leading to an ulcer or hole causing inflammation from the immune response

Answer 3

peptic ulcer

Question 4

why do stomach/ gastric cancers occur

Answer 4

cells in the stomach lining develop changes in DNA causing cells to grow uncontrollably accumulating into a mass or tumor

• these cells break off and spread to other areas of the body via the bloodstream or lymphatic vessels

Question 5

most common site of metastasis in stomach cancer

Answer 5

liver

Question 6

2 most important risk factors for stomach cancer

Answer 6

presence of H.pylori and diet of heavily salted, smoked, pickled, nitrate additives and low intake of veggies and fruits

Question 7

risk factors for stomach cancer

Answer 7

blood type A
family hx
obesity
smoking
pernicious anemia

Question 8

what does H.pylori do

Answer 8

damage to stomach tissues, cause ulcers, lead to stomach

Question 9

pathologies caused by parasites and bacteria

Answer 9

malabsorption syndrome
chronic and acute gastritis
gastroenteritis

Question 10

upper part of the stomach protrudes through a hole or hiatus in the diaphragm and into thorax

Answer 10

hiatus hernia

can occur due to a weakened diaphragm

Question 11

most common hernia

Answer 11

sliding hiatal hernia which the stomach slides into the thoracic cavity through the esophageal hiatus

Question 12

other type of hernia

Answer 12

rolling/ paraesophageal hiatal hernia in which the greater curvature of the stomach protrudes through a secondary opening in the diaphragm

Question 13

develops from small benign clumps of cells called adenomatous polyps

Answer 13

colorectal cancer

Question 14

risk factors for colorectal cancer

Answer 14

H.pylori
diet in salted, pickled, smoked

ulcerative colitis
crohns
hx of intestinal polyps
smoking
excessive drinking
diabetes mellitus
obesity

Question 15

risk factors for liver cancer

Answer 15

infections of Hep B and C w cirrhosis
smoking, drinking

Question 16

risk factors for familial polyposis coli or colorectal polyps

Answer 16

age over 50
smoking
obesity
low dietary fiber and fam hx of colon polyps or colon cancer

Question 17

malabsorption clinical features

Answer 17

diarrhea, watery / frequent stools (key features), cramping, weight loss, mm cramps

Question 18

peritonitis clinical features

Answer 18

sudden, severe abdominal pain w localized tenderness, pain intensifies w movement, abdominal bloating and rebound tenderness, nausea, vomiting, chills, fatigue, thirst, confusion, fever

Question 19

hepatitis clinical features

Answer 19

mild w no symptoms for many cases, severe = massive necrosis and liver failure

Preicteric stage - flu symptoms, pain in upper right quadrant, fever, headache

Icteric stage - 1-4 weeks, jaundice, enlarged liver (hepatomegaly)

Posticteric stage - 4-6 weeks, recovery stage marked by reduction of S&S

Question 20

portal hypertension clinical features

Answer 20

ascites
hepatic encephalopathy (brain dysfunction due to liver dysfunction)
splenomegaly
portalcaval anastomosis
hemorrhage

Question 21

high BP in portal vein system causes the veins to distend and dilate

Answer 21

portal hypertension

seen w primary sclerosing cholangitis

caused by lover cirrhosis, hepatic fibrosis due to Wilson’s disease or hemochromatosis

Question 22

clinical features of cholelisthitis / gallstones

Answer 22

asymptomatic until obstruction occurs
pain in upper right quadrant - radiating to mid upper back and right shoulder
symptoms mimic heartburn, flatulence
bloating, belching, food intolerances
pain in upper

Question 23

the 4 F’s of gallstones

Answer 23

female
older than forty
fertile
fat

Question 24

Masses of solid material or stones called calculi or gallstones most common made of undissolved cholesterol

Answer 24

cholecystitis / gallstones

Question 25

cardinal signs of celiac disease

Answer 25

large, pale, greasy, foul-smelling stools that float dermatitis herpetiformis (itchy blistery skin rash) on elbows, knees, butt

Question 26

Changes in systemic circulation like low blood pressure or atherosclerosis, local constriction of blood vessels or clot Diminished blood flow damages cells and tissues causes necrosis

Answer 26

bowel ischemia

Question 27

Defects in diaphragm and in suspensory ligaments of stomach Cause twisting and obstruction causing strangulation which causes necrosis, shock, perforation

Answer 27

gastric volvulus

Question 28

causes of gastroenteritis

Answer 28

contaminated food and water by bacteria

Question 29

causes of cirrhosis

Answer 29

chronic alcohol abuse viral hep B/c infection autoimmune

Question 30

Mutated genes promote uncontrollable cell growth forming mass or tumor Tumors or masses inhibit growth and maintenance of normal functioning cells and destroy nearby tissue

Answer 30

cause of liver cancer

Question 31

causes of wilson's disease

Answer 31

Gene mutation from both parents Excessive accumulation of copper in the body, mostly in tissues and organs induces oxidative stress, inhibits proteins and impairs mitochondria function, impairing organ function

Question 32

When copper accumulates in tissues and organs due to genetic mutation causing neurological or psychiatric symptoms and liver disease

Answer 32

Wilson's disease

Question 33

causes of colorectal cancer

Answer 33

Cells in the lining of the colon develop changes in DNA causing cells to become cancerous and grow uncontrollably forming a tumor or mass, these cells break off and spread to other areas of the body

Question 34

progressive scarring of the bile ducts caused by infection and producing obstruction and inflammation Inflammation impedes the flow of bile to the gut and it backs up in the liver, leading to cirrhosis, liver failure/cancer

Answer 34

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

Question 35

Metabolic disorder that damages mm tissues and nerve cells caused by the accumulation of glycogen Causes a buildup of glycogen inside lysosomes that impaired the function of nearby tissues

Answer 35

glycogen storage disease Type II

Question 36

Masses of solid material or stones called calculi /gallstones 2 types cholesterol Pigment

Answer 36

Cholelithiasis / gallstones

Question 37

inflammation of peritoneal lining- the lining that lines the inner abdominal wall and covers organs - all forms have a high death rate - fibrous adhesions form because the omentum produces a thick, sticky substance in response to inflammation

Answer 37

peritonitis

Question 38

acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach or gastric intestinal mucosa caused by viruses (rotavirus, norovirus), bacteria, parasites, fungi, from eating contaminated food or water

Answer 38

gastroenteritis

Question 39

periodic regurgitation of gastric contents or stomach acids into the esophagus - these acids irritate the lining of the esophagus and cause a burning sensation - seen w hiatal hernia

Answer 39

GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease

Question 40

risk factors for GERD

Answer 40

obesity smoking pregnancy overeating fatty or fried foods aspirins anti-inflammatories

Question 41

inflammation and ulcers in the bowel, affecting the innermost lining of the large intestine and rectum - may be mild to life-threatening

Answer 41

ulcerative colitis

Question 42

Inflammation and injury of the large intestine from an inadequate blood supply usually due to constriction of blood vessels

Answer 42

bowel ischemia

Question 43

Many colorectal cancer cells release

Answer 43

carcinoembryonic antigen CEA into blood stream

Question 44

chronic inflammation thicken the GI tract, giving cobblestone appearance

Answer 44

crohn's disease

Question 45

clinical features of Crohns

Answer 45

tenderness in the lower right quadrant and abdominal dullness

Question 46

2 most important risk factors for stomach cancer and colorectal cancer

Answer 46

H.pylori and diet

Question 47

abnormal muscular contractions in large intestine that does not cause inflammation or permanent damage or an increased risk of colorectal cancer

Answer 47

irritable bowel syndrome

Question 48

what is GERD often seen in conjunction with

Answer 48

hiatal hernia

Question 49

with _______ symptoms are mild to moderate w remission - diarrhea, abdominal pain/cramping, rectal pain/bleeding, defecation urgency, weight loss, fatigue, fever

Answer 49

ulcerative colitis

Question 50

excess iron in the body is called

Answer 50

haemochromatosis

Question 51

clinical features of chronic/acute gastritis

Answer 51

feeling of fullness in abdomen w belching, bloating, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal P w digestion may cause stomach bleeding, anemia

Question 52

primary sclerosing cholangitis is autoimmune and more than 80% have ________ as well

Answer 52

ulcerative colitis

Question 53

most common type of peptic ulcer

Answer 53

duodenal

Question 54

most deadly cancer

Answer 54

colorectal

Question 55

in ulcerative colitis obstructions are

Answer 55

rare but common in crohns

Question 56

herniations that develop in weak areas of walls of GI tract and form pouches

Answer 56

diverticulosis mostly in large intestine (signmoid specifically) once formed, pouches do not go away

Question 57

which pathology is the mortality rate up to 50% if no immediate surgery

Answer 57

gastric volvulus and strangulation

Question 58

most prevalent liver disease in the world

Answer 58

hepatitis

Question 59

aggressive scarring of bile duct slow progressive destruction of small bile ducts in liver

Answer 59

primary biliary cirrhosis

Question 60

epigastric or umbilical pain, can start vague then shifts to lower right quadrant of the abdomen at “McBurney's point”

Answer 60

appendicitis

Question 61

highly contagious, from contaminated food/water or from close contact w someone, no permanent damage, recover completely........ is what type of hepatitis

Answer 61

A