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Patho 2 > gastro > Flashcards

gastro Flashcards

1
Q

narrowing of the pylorus from the stomach to the sm intestine (duodenum) causing severe projectile non bilious vomiting in the first few months of life leading to dehydration and weight loss

A

pyloric stenosis

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2
Q

why do you get a peptic ulcer

A

H.pylori and NSAIDs

these irritate the mucosal lining of GI tract eventually leading to a hole or ulcer

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3
Q

mucosal irritation leads to damage and more irritation eventually leading to an ulcer or hole causing inflammation from the immune response

A

peptic ulcer

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4
Q

why do stomach/ gastric cancers occur

A

cells in the stomach lining develop changes in DNA causing cells to grow uncontrollably accumulating into a mass or tumor

  • these cells break off and spread to other areas of the body via the bloodstream or lymphatic vessels
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5
Q

most common site of metastasis in stomach cancer

A

liver

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6
Q

2 most important risk factors for stomach cancer

A

presence of H.pylori and diet of heavily salted, smoked, pickled, nitrate additives and low intake of veggies and fruits

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7
Q

risk factors for stomach cancer

A

blood type A
family hx
obesity
smoking
pernicious anemia

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8
Q

what does H.pylori do

A

damage to stomach tissues, cause ulcers, lead to stomach

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9
Q

pathologies caused by parasites and bacteria

A

malabsorption syndrome
chronic and acute gastritis
gastroenteritis

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10
Q

upper part of the stomach protrudes through a hole or hiatus in the diaphragm and into thorax

A

hiatus hernia

can occur due to a weakened diaphragm

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11
Q

most common hernia

A

sliding hiatal hernia which the stomach slides into the thoracic cavity through the esophageal hiatus

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12
Q

other type of hernia

A

rolling/ paraesophageal hiatal hernia in which the greater curvature of the stomach protrudes through a secondary opening in the diaphragm

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13
Q

develops from small benign clumps of cells called adenomatous polyps

A

colorectal cancer

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14
Q

risk factors for colorectal cancer

A

H.pylori
diet in salted, pickled, smoked

ulcerative colitis
crohns
hx of intestinal polyps
smoking
excessive drinking
diabetes mellitus
obesity

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15
Q

risk factors for liver cancer

A

infections of Hep B and C w cirrhosis
smoking, drinking

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16
Q

risk factors for familial polyposis coli or colorectal polyps

A

age over 50
smoking
obesity
low dietary fiber and fam hx of colon polyps or colon cancer

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17
Q

malabsorption clinical features

A

diarrhea, watery / frequent stools (key features), cramping, weight loss, mm cramps

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18
Q

peritonitis clinical features

A

sudden, severe abdominal pain w localized tenderness, pain intensifies w movement, abdominal bloating and rebound tenderness, nausea, vomiting, chills, fatigue, thirst, confusion, fever

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19
Q

hepatitis clinical features

A

mild w no symptoms for many cases, severe = massive necrosis and liver failure

Preicteric stage - flu symptoms, pain in upper right quadrant, fever, headache

Icteric stage - 1-4 weeks, jaundice, enlarged liver (hepatomegaly)

Posticteric stage - 4-6 weeks, recovery stage marked by reduction of S&S

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20
Q

portal hypertension clinical features

A

ascites
hepatic encephalopathy (brain dysfunction due to liver dysfunction)
splenomegaly
portalcaval anastomosis
hemorrhage

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21
Q

high BP in portal vein system causes the veins to distend and dilate

A

portal hypertension

seen w primary sclerosing cholangitis

caused by lover cirrhosis, hepatic fibrosis due to Wilson’s disease or hemochromatosis

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22
Q

clinical features of cholelisthitis / gallstones

A

asymptomatic until obstruction occurs
pain in upper right quadrant - radiating to mid upper back and right shoulder
symptoms mimic heartburn, flatulence
bloating, belching, food intolerances
pain in upper

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23
Q

the 4 F’s of gallstones

A

female
older than forty
fertile
fat

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24
Q

Masses of solid material or stones called calculi or gallstones most common made of undissolved cholesterol

A

cholecystitis / gallstones

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25
Q

cardinal signs of celiac disease

A

large, pale, greasy, foul-smelling stools that float
dermatitis herpetiformis (itchy blistery skin rash) on elbows, knees, butt

26
Q

Changes in systemic circulation like low blood pressure or atherosclerosis, local constriction of blood vessels or clot

Diminished blood flow damages cells and tissues causes necrosis

A

bowel ischemia

27
Q

Defects in diaphragm and in suspensory ligaments of stomach

Cause twisting and obstruction causing strangulation which causes necrosis, shock, perforation

A

gastric volvulus

28
Q

causes of gastroenteritis

A

contaminated food and water by bacteria

29
Q

causes of cirrhosis

A

chronic alcohol abuse
viral hep B/c infection
autoimmune

30
Q

Mutated genes promote uncontrollable cell growth forming mass or tumor

Tumors or masses inhibit growth and maintenance of normal functioning cells and destroy nearby tissue

A

cause of liver cancer

31
Q

causes of wilson’s disease

A

Gene mutation from both parents

Excessive accumulation of copper in the body, mostly in tissues and organs induces oxidative stress, inhibits proteins and impairs mitochondria function, impairing organ function

32
Q

When copper accumulates in tissues and organs due to genetic mutation causing neurological or psychiatric symptoms and liver disease

A

Wilson’s disease

33
Q

causes of colorectal cancer

A

Cells in the lining of the colon develop changes in DNA causing cells to become cancerous and grow uncontrollably forming a tumor or mass, these cells break off and spread to other areas of the body

34
Q

progressive scarring of the bile ducts caused by infection and producing obstruction and inflammation

Inflammation impedes the flow of bile to the gut and it backs up in the liver, leading to cirrhosis, liver failure/cancer

A

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

35
Q

Metabolic disorder that damages mm tissues and nerve cells caused by the accumulation of glycogen

Causes a buildup of glycogen inside lysosomes that impaired the function of nearby tissues

A

glycogen storage disease Type II

36
Q

Masses of solid material or stones called calculi /gallstones

2 types
cholesterol
Pigment

A

Cholelithiasis / gallstones

37
Q

inflammation of peritoneal lining- the lining that lines the inner abdominal wall and covers organs - all forms have a high death rate - fibrous adhesions form because the omentum produces a thick, sticky substance in response to inflammation

A

peritonitis

38
Q

acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach or gastric intestinal mucosa caused by viruses (rotavirus, norovirus), bacteria, parasites, fungi, from eating contaminated food or water

A

gastroenteritis

39
Q

periodic regurgitation of gastric contents or stomach acids into the esophagus - these acids irritate the lining of the esophagus and cause a burning sensation - seen w hiatal hernia

A

GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease

40
Q

risk factors for GERD

A

obesity
smoking
pregnancy
overeating
fatty or fried foods
aspirins
anti-inflammatories

41
Q

inflammation and ulcers in the bowel, affecting the innermost lining of the large intestine and rectum - may be mild to life-threatening

A

ulcerative colitis

42
Q

Inflammation and injury of the large intestine from an inadequate blood supply usually due to constriction of blood vessels

A

bowel ischemia

43
Q

Many colorectal cancer cells release

A

carcinoembryonic antigen CEA into blood stream

44
Q

chronic inflammation thicken the GI tract, giving cobblestone appearance

A

crohn’s disease

45
Q

clinical features of Crohns

A

tenderness in the lower right quadrant and abdominal dullness

46
Q

2 most important risk factors for stomach cancer and colorectal cancer

A

H.pylori and diet

47
Q

abnormal muscular contractions in large intestine that does not cause inflammation or permanent damage or an increased risk of colorectal cancer

A

irritable bowel syndrome

48
Q

what is GERD often seen in conjunction with

A

hiatal hernia

49
Q

with _______ symptoms are mild to moderate w remission - diarrhea, abdominal pain/cramping, rectal pain/bleeding, defecation urgency, weight loss, fatigue, fever

A

ulcerative colitis

50
Q

excess iron in the body is called

A

haemochromatosis

51
Q

clinical features of chronic/acute gastritis

A

feeling of fullness in abdomen w belching, bloating, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal P w digestion

may cause stomach bleeding, anemia

52
Q

primary sclerosing cholangitis is autoimmune and more than 80% have ________ as well

A

ulcerative colitis

53
Q

most common type of peptic ulcer

A

duodenal

54
Q

most deadly cancer

A

colorectal

55
Q

in ulcerative colitis obstructions are

A

rare

but
common in crohns

56
Q

herniations that develop in weak areas of walls of GI tract and form pouches

A

diverticulosis

mostly in large intestine (signmoid specifically)

once formed, pouches do not go away

57
Q

which pathology is the mortality rate up to 50% if no immediate surgery

A

gastric volvulus and strangulation

58
Q

most prevalent liver disease in the world

A

hepatitis

59
Q

aggressive scarring of bile duct
slow progressive destruction of small bile ducts in liver

A

primary biliary cirrhosis

60
Q

epigastric or umbilical pain, can start vague then shifts to lower right quadrant of the abdomen at “McBurney’s point”

A

appendicitis

61
Q

highly contagious, from contaminated food/water or from close contact w someone, no permanent damage, recover completely…….. is what type of hepatitis

A

A

Patho 2 (7 decks)

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