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Patho 2 > Musculotendinous pathologies > Flashcards

Musculotendinous pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

abnormal fusion of at least two spinal bones in neck is called ?

A

Klippel-Feil Syndrome

  • short neck, low hairline at back of head and restricted cervical spine movement
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2
Q

a congenital anomaly - elvated, dysplastic (underdeveloped and smaller scapula) restricting shoulder ROM

A

Sprengel’s Deformity

  • in early fetal development, failure of the scapula to descend
  • restricts movement of arm, one sh noticeably elevated
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3
Q

failure of fusion of the ventral aspects of the vertebrae during embryogenesis

A

Butterfly Vertebrae

often just 1 vertebra mostly in thoracolumbar spine

  • ossification sites fail to form
  • often asymptomatic, LB P, MB P
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4
Q

1/2 of vertebral body fails to form causing a wedge shaped vertebrae

A

Hemivertebrae

  • can cause scoliosis
  • commonly in mid-thoracic region (T8)
  • embryo 3-6th week, failure of normal segmentation or formation
  • neural tube defect due to lack of blood supply
  • often asymptomatic, is severe - limb weakness, paralysis, incontinence, spinal pain
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5
Q

disc protrudes through the vertebral end plate into vertebral body causing inflammation and swelling

A

Schmorl’s Nodes

degenerative: weakness in endplate of vertebral body, nucleus pulposos of disc protrudes into vertebral body

  • back pain, edema, herniated disc
  • in 75% of people
    -thoracolumbar spine
  • in aged spine
  • gymnasts
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6
Q

vertebrae grow unevenly during childhood while growth is occurring causing a wedging of vertebra = causes spine to curve more than normal

A

Scheurermann’s Disease

  • avascular necrosis of cartilage ring of vertebral body interrupting bone growth during growth sports

clinical features = early teens, slouching posture, mid-low BP worse w forward flexion, kyphosis develops over time

  • home care = erector strengthening - supermans
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7
Q

cogenital anomaly of the chest wall causing 4-5 ribs on each side and the sternum to grow inward forming a DEPRESSION in the chest

A

Pectus Excavatum

  • more common in boys, worsens in puberty
  • rarely severe enough to interfere w heart & lungs functions
  • associated w Marfans, Ehlers-Danlos, turner syndrome, osteogenesis imperfect

Features = indentation in chest

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8
Q

congenital anomaly of the chest wall causing 4-5 ribs on each side and the sternum to grow outward making it jut out

A

Pectus Carinatum

  • worsens in puberty
  • breast bone STICKS OUT
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9
Q

rounded, bulging chest like a barrel, appears inflated at all times

A

Barrel Chest

  • may indicated COPD, osteoarthritis of ribs and sternum joints, occurs with kyphosis
  • lungs are chronically overinflated

features: distention of rib cage, painless, difficulty breathing, SOB, stiffness, reduced O2 / increased CO2

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10
Q

cogenital anomaly where TVP L5 fuses to sacrum or ilium on one or both sides

A

Sacralization

  • often L5/S1 is thin and narrow
  • occurs in embryonic development
  • mutated gen causes dysfunction in embryo when vertebra begin to ossify

features: often asymptomatic, LBP, arthritis at fusion site, bursitis, disc degeneration, limited ROM, postural imbalances, scoliosis, leg/butt pain

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11
Q

cogenital anomaly where the 1st and 2nd segments of the sacrum fail to fuse and are freely moveable

A

Lumbarization

  • appears lumbar spine has 6 vertebra, 6th vertebra is called transitional, sacrum only has 4 segments

features: often asymptomatic, LBP, arthritis at fusion site, bursitis, disc degeneration, limited ROM, postural imbalances, scoliosis, leg/butt pain

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12
Q

ball and socket of hip doesn’t form properly in children/infants, the socket isn’t deep enough so hip is dislocated

A

Congenital Hip Dysplasia

  • from crowding in the womb in last trimester may cause the hip joint to be pushed out of position

features: depending on age, one hip is less flexible, limping, osteoarthritis, labral tear

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13
Q

femoral neck deformity

A

Coxa Vara - deformity of femoral neck of hip, normal is 135-145, Vara is LESS than 110-120

Coxa Valga - angle in INCREASED

  • from a failure of growth in epiphyseal plate

features: limb length discrepancy, femoral head subluxation, prominent greater trochanter, limited in abduction & internal rotation of hip

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14
Q

pubic symphysis joint is dislocated w/o fracture, ligaments are partially or completely torn

A

Pubic Symphysis Disruption

  • in pregnant women, relaxin hormone makes ligaments stretchier
  • looser ligs cause unstable joint to sublux

features: difficulty walking w severe P in pubic area, LBP

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15
Q

birth defect where the sacrum is underveloped w a large variation in severity

A

Sacral Dysplasia

  • 3rd week of embyro formation of lower back/sacrum

features: partial loss of tail bone, asbsense of lower vertebrae, abnormal sized sacrum

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16
Q

reduced movement at SI joint, causing unilateral back or butt pain - can radiate down leg

A

Sacroiliac Hypomobility

  • pain while sitting - achy/ stabbing/ shooting
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17
Q

increased / abnormal movement at SI joint causing unilateral back/butt pain that can radiate down leg

A

Sacroiliac Joint Hypermobility

  • ligaments are loose, leads to instability
  • pain while sitting, burning achy, shooting
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18
Q

degenerative osteoarthritis between centres of spinal vertebral joints around discs and the vertebral bodies at end plates

bone spurs grow

A

Spondylosis

  • degeneration over time

features: mild pain, stiffness, grinding sound, weakness in hands/legs, numbness and tingling, poor coordination, mm pain, spams, headaches, loss of bladder/bowel control

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19
Q

defect in the pars interarticularis of vertebral arch on a vertebra

A

Spondylolysis

  • bone is affected by repititive stress and common in lumbar spine
  • weakened bone

features: asymptomatic, back pain that gets worse w activity or radiate and increase on back extension

  • would palpate L5 pushed posteriorly
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20
Q

forward displacement of a vertebra on the one below, most often the 5th lumbar vertebra, common after break/fracture due to degeneration and wear and tear

A

Spondylolisthesis

  • congenital, often acquire from sports
  • wear & tear to lumbar spine

features: persistent low back pain, stiffness in legs (tight hamstrings, thigh pain

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21
Q

nonunion of ossification centres of a bone, most often affecting right side of body in girls

A

Upper Extremity Congenital Pseudarthrosis
Clavicle, Radius, Ulna

  • subclavian artery malfunction
  • failure of multiple ossification centres to join a complete bone during embryogenesis

features: asymptomatic, diagnosed at birth, bony abnormality usually visible

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22
Q

painful shoulder w restricted ROM occurring in 3 stages

A

Adhesive Capsulitis (frozen shoulder)

  1. Freezing stage - any movement causes pain, ROM decreases
  2. Frozen stage - pain diminishes, shoulder becomes stiffer
  3. Thawing stage - ROM begins to improve

synovial capsule covering the GH joint thickens and tightens

features: pain, stiffness, worsens over time then resolves over 1-3 years

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23
Q

ulnar collateral ligament is partially or completely torn from repetitive work/injuries

A

Ulnar Collateral Ligament Thumb / Gamekeepers thumb

pathogenesis: radially directed force causing hyperabduction of thumb

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24
Q

deformity of the finger caused by damage to extensor tendon, finger is bent

A

Mallet Finger

features: finger tip droops, cannot straighten, pain

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25
Q

injury to ligaments that straighten the middle joint of a finger causing deformity

A

Boutonniere Finger

  • a forceful blow to the dorsal side of a flexed joint
  • cannot straighten finger
26
Q

rupture of flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon where it attaches on the distal phalanx - most often 4th finger

A

Jersey Finger

  • excessive force on tendon insertion
  • FDP mm belly in maximal contraction during DIP extension
27
Q

fracture at the base of the 1st metacarpal bone into CMC bone from forced ABDUCTION at 1st metacarpal

A

Bennet Finger

  • intra-articular fracture at CMC joint causing subluxation or dislocation
  • forced abduction at 1st metacarpal
28
Q

compression neuropathy of the median nerve at the elbow by pronator teres mm

A

Pronator Teres Syndrome

features: pain, weakness of flexor pollicis longus, abductor pollicis brevis, sensory loss

29
Q

Anterior Interosseous (nerve) syndrome

A
30
Q

ulnar nerve is compressed through the narrow tunnel of Guyon

A

Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome

  • common from ganglion cyst, hamate fracture
31
Q

disruption of a nerve pathway in the sympathetic division of the ANS system for the brain to the face and eye on one side

A

Horner’s Syndrome

  • decreased pupil size (miosis), drooping eyelid (ptosis) decreased sweating (anhidrosis) on one side of the face
32
Q

radial nerve compression caused by improper & prolonged use of crutches

A

Crutch Palsy

  • radial nerve winds around the spiral groove of the humerus in the extensor mm compartment of the forearm affecting the posterior interosseous branch causing finger and wrist drop
33
Q

compression of the radial nerve in the axilla caused by resting the arm at the back of the chair for prolonged time

A

Saturday Night Palsy

  • tricep and brachioradialis weakness, arm numbness, wrist and finger drop, weakness of thumb abductor, pinch and grio weakness, sensory loss on dorsum of hand and forearm
34
Q

axillary nerve compression due to inflammation and swelling of a shoulder dislocation or traction forces

A

Axillary Nerve Palsy

features- ant. deltoid, teres minor weakness, sensory loss below shoulder, loss of movement

35
Q

compression of the superficial branch of the radial nerve often where it lies between the brachioradialis and extensor capri radialis longus

A

Cheiralgia Paresthetica

  • burning, shooting pain, numbness and tingling at dorsolateral aspect of hand
36
Q

compression of suprascapular nerve causing weakness and pain in shoulder

A

Suprascapular Nerve Entrapment

  • pain and weakness in arm/shoulder, burning radiation pain, pain worsens w shoulder movement, atrophy of infraspinatus
37
Q

excessive traction or direct causes damage to the MOTOR ONLY long thoracic nerve causing weakness or paralysis

A

Long Thoracic Nerve Entrapment

  • long thoracic nerve runs from the brachial plexus to various points on serratus anterior mm that holds the scapula against rib cage - when innervation is interupted it atrophies causing winged scapula
38
Q

traction or compression injury to upper trunk of brachial plexus at C5/C6

A

Erb’s Palsy

nerves affected = axillary, musculocutaneous, suprascapular

  • “waiter’s tip deformity - arm is medially rotated, forearm extended and pronated and wrist flexed
39
Q

traction or compression injury to lower trunk of brachial plexus at C8/T1

A

Klumpke’s

  • Claw Hand - forearm supinatedm wrist and fingers flexed
40
Q

permanent shortening of a mm causing the joint to be flexed and fixated

A

Contracture

  • mm atrophy, spasm, loss of skin elasticity, nerve damage, weakness, paralysis
41
Q

slow gradual fibrosis of palmar fascia that creates a shortening and thickening of the 3,4,5 digits causing them to flexed

A

Dupuytren’s Contracture

  • fibrotic process occurs causing shortening of flexor digits w hand deformity

nodules develop first in the palm then form longitudinal cord separate from nearby tendons

42
Q

permanent shortening of forearm mm’s including hand, fingers, wrist resulting in claw deformity

A

Volkmann’s Contracture (Ischemic)

43
Q

painful tendonitis affecting the radial side of the wrist below the thumb

A

De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis

  • pain and swelling at base of thumb
44
Q

posterior tibial nerve is compressed within the tarsal tunnel that runs between medial malleolus and flexor retinaculum

A

Tarsal Tunnel

  • pain radiating into the foot on the medial side worsened by weight bearing, numbness, burning, tenderness
45
Q

what does the Tarsal tunnel contain

A

tibialis posterior tendon

flexor digitorum tendon

posterior tibial artery and vein

tibial nerve

flexor hallucis longus tendon

46
Q

compression or entrapment of the fibular (peroneal) nerve commonly at the knee

A

Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve Syndrome

  • weakened ankle dorsiflexors, everters, foot drop, pain, sensory changes on the lateral side of the lower leg and foot
47
Q

compression of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve causing burning pain and numbness in upper lateral thigh

A

Meralgia Paresthetica

  • compression of nerve interrupts nerve impulse transmission
48
Q

Cauda Equina Syndrome

A

collection of nerve roots that are compressed and inflamed causing motor/sensory symptoms to LE and bladder

  • severe LB P, P in BL legs, saddle anesthesia, motor weakness, sensory loss, bladder dysfunction, bowel incontinence, sexual dysfunction
49
Q

“Jumpers knee” pain between patella and tendon insertion on tibia

A

Patellar tendinitis

50
Q

“runners knee” pain at and around patella

A

Patellofemoral Syndrome

pain around patella that worsens w activity, pain when walking up/down stairs

51
Q

softening and breakdown of cartilage tissue on underside of patella causing anterior knee pain

A

Chondromalacia Patella

  • cartilage degenerates causing swelling, friction, erosion of hyaline cartilage on patella

features: anterior knee pain worsened by weight bearing activities, minor swelling, weak vastus medialis and high Q angle

52
Q

before growth plates are closed, the femoral head moves or slips off neck of femur

A

Slipped Capital Epiphysis

  • head of femur remains in the acetabulum but rest of femur has shifted
  • starts during growth spurt
  • weakened growth plate at an oblique angle
53
Q

groups of mm’s w nearby blood vessels and nerves are contained together in a compartment by fascia

restricts blood flow to the region causing mm damage

A

Compartment Syndrome

4 main compartments:
1. anterior
2. superfical posterior
3. deep posterior
4. lateral

acute= inflamm and swelling, pain, tingling/burning, numbness

chronic= develops slowly, cramping pain during exercise

** look for shiny surface on leg*

54
Q

pain on posteromedial border of the tibia bone due to overuse and repetitive stress

periostitis occurs in tibia

A

Shin Splints or Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome

features: dull pain on distal 2/3 of the posteromedial border of tibia, often bilateral, worse on weight-bearing

55
Q

bony outgrowth or osteophyte and calcium deposits on the calcaneus at attachment site of plantar fascia , type of avulsion that doesn’t fracture

A

Heel Spurs

calcaneal pain (especially first steps getting out of bed)

56
Q

mm pain on mild exertion described as ache, cramp, caused by insufficient blood flow

A

Intermittent Claudication

  • caused by peripheral artery atherosclerosis or cardiovascular disease

most often in calf muscle

  • pain, ache, fatigue, cramp often in thighs, calves, butt, hips, feet - pain begins w exercise and improves w rest
57
Q

injury of a growth plate affecting adolescents causing abnormal growth around ossification centres

A

Osteochondrosis

58
Q

inflammation of patellar ligament on tibial tuberosity common in adolescent, painful bump just below the knee

A

Osgood Schlatter

  • tenderness at tibial tubercle swelling, tight quads, hammys

repetitive traction pulls on the tuberlce and the growth plate leading to inflammation inside the growth plate

59
Q

inflammation of achilles ligament where it attaches to the growth plate on calcaneus

A

Sever’s

repetitive traction pulls on the tuberlce and the growth plate leading to inflammation inside the growth plate

heel pain and tenderness under the heel

60
Q

in childhood (4-10) an interruption of blood supply to the femoral head causing avascular necrosis and tissue death

A

Legg-Calve_Perthes

bone is weakened and fractures easily

pain in hip or groin worsens w activity, relieved by rest, mm spasms, intermittent

61
Q

birth defect (congenital anomaly) from a neural tube defect

neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord in a developing embryo

A

Spina Bifida

lack of B9 or folic acid

life threatening - spinal canal is open protruding the meninges and the spinal cord is exposed , open to infection

62
Q
A

Patho 2 (6 decks)

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