reproductive system Flashcards
triad of symptoms with endometriosis
- dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation)
- dyspareunia (painful intercourse)
- infertility / difficulty conceiving
common site to develop tumors for breast cancer
upper outside quadrant
risk factors for breast cancer
increasing age
race (caucasian)
hormones
genetic factors
hx of hypertension
excessive alcohol consumption
diabetes
obesity
not bearing children
radiation exposure to thorax
cells in milk-producing ducts morph into malignant cells due to genetic mutations, hormonal fluctuations, lifestyle and environmental factors = pathogenesis for what
breast cancer
partial mastectomy = more than quadrant but not whole breast
total mastectomy = entire breast
radical mastectomy = breast, pec minor, lymph nodes
trimester numbers
first - 14 weeks
second - 14-28
third - 28-40 / birth
triad of symptoms for eclampsia
hypertension
sudden weight gain w edema
protein in urine (proteinuria)
chromosomal abnormality that causes overproduction of placental tissue - develops into abnormal growth
hydatidiform mole
partial mole - abnormal placenta w some fetal development
complete molar pregnancy - abnormal placenta w no fetal development
day 1-5 sloughing off built up endometrial lining in uterus =
follicular phase
day 14 - high surge of LH from ant.pituitary causes maturation and release of most developed ovarian follice - hormone production ceases
ovulation phase
day 15-28 - LH stimulates ovaries to secrete progesterone
endometrium sheds, regrows, proliferates, maintained for several days, sheds again after menstruation
luteal phase
why have death rates of cervical cancer decreased
increase in prevalence of routine PAP screening
implantation of a fertilized ovum outside the uterine cavity - pregnancy outside of uterine cavity
usually fallopian tubes but can happen in ovaries, cervix
ectopic pregnancy
downward displacement of the uterus or vagina from its normal position due to weakened pelvic floor mm’s and ligaments
uterine prolapse
what causes mastitis
bacterial infection- staph aureus
blocked milk duct
causes of miscarriage
chromosomal abnormalities
drug/alcohol abuse
exposure to environmental toxins
hormonal irregularities
infection
obesity
physical abnormality w reproductive organs
ectopic pregnancy
immune response
serious body wide disease like diabetes
older age
previous miscarriage
starts in breast ducts, extends to areola
scaly, crusty patch on nipple
Paget’s 5%
develops rapidly, can be mistaken for mastitis, breast/ swelling/discoloration
peau d’ orange symptom on skin
red, swollen, tender = what kind of breast cancer
inflammatory breast cancer
fertilized ovum implants in lower segment of the uterus and the developing placenta grows over the internal cervical
placenta previa
puts mother at risk and can cause hemorrhage
changing hormones of pregnancy block insulin action
- blocking insulin gives rise to blood glucose levels is what?
gestational diabetes
dx in 2nd trimester
fetal complications of gestational diabetes include
excessive growth
respiratory distress syndrome
premature birth
3 P’s of gestational diabetes
polydipsia
polyuria
polyphagia
most common gynecologic cancer
uterine/endometrial
ovarian is second most common
causes of dysmenorrhea
pelvic pathology
endometriosis
uterine fibroids
pelvic inflammatory disease
unknown
dilated vein in scrotum
usually left side
varicocele
collection of fluid around testicle
- increase serous fluids collects in space between the layers of tunica vaginalis of scrotum
hydrocele
collection of fluid around epididymis
cyst containing fluid and sperm that develop between testes and epididymis OUTSIDE tunica vaginalis
spermatocele
upper (dorsal) rare birth defect on urethral opening on dorsal surface of penis instead of tip
epispadias
under (ventral) urethral opening on underside of penis
hypospadias
(hypo = below)
causes for inflammation of prostate
staph
streptococcus
STIs
viral / fungal
catheterization
cystoscopy
injury to urinary tract
bike riding/horseback riding
what pathos cause painful urination
prostatitis
benign prostatic hyperplasia
prostate cancer
cervical cancer
vaginal candidiasis (yeast)
which clampsia is life threatening
eclampsia
persistent elevated blood pressure w protein in urine - returns to normal after delivery
preeclampsia
also called “pregnancy-induced hypertension*
eclampsia
severe form of preeclamsia
recurrent seizures
possible placenta abruption
pulmonary edema
maternal /fetal death
causes of dysmenorrhea
endometriosis
uterine fibroids
PID
during menstruation uterus contracts to aid in expelling its lining releasing prostaglandins causing inflammation and P triggering more contractions
causes of pelvic inflammatory disease
bacteria from STI’s (chlamydia, gonorrhea)
infection from appendix
bacterial spread through cervix and vagina
causes of uterine prolapse
progressive relaxation / weakening of pelvic support structures
causes of ovarian cysts
hormonal abnormalities
cushing’s
obesity
diabetes
acromegaly
thyroid disease
lipid and cholesterol
genetic, familial
excess androgen production
causes of vaginal candidiasis
yeast fungus candida albicans
balance of yeast and bacteria becomes disrupted causing fungi overgrowth
causes of cervical cancer
HPV, herpes, history of STIs
virus causes cervical cells to mutate and become cancerous exhibiting cancer cell attributes
