reproductive system

Question 1

triad of symptoms with endometriosis

Answer 1

1. dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation)
2. dyspareunia (painful intercourse)
3. infertility / difficulty conceiving

Question 2

common site to develop tumors for breast cancer

Answer 2

upper outside quadrant

Question 3

risk factors for breast cancer

Answer 3

increasing age
race (caucasian)
hormones
genetic factors
hx of hypertension
excessive alcohol consumption
diabetes
obesity
not bearing children
radiation exposure to thorax

Question 4

cells in milk-producing ducts morph into malignant cells due to genetic mutations, hormonal fluctuations, lifestyle and environmental factors = pathogenesis for what

Answer 4

breast cancer

Question 5

partial mastectomy = more than quadrant but not whole breast

Answer 5

total mastectomy = entire breast

radical mastectomy = breast, pec minor, lymph nodes

Question 6

trimester numbers

Answer 6

first - 14 weeks
second - 14-28
third - 28-40 / birth

Question 7

triad of symptoms for eclampsia

Answer 7

hypertension
sudden weight gain w edema
protein in urine (proteinuria)

Question 8

chromosomal abnormality that causes overproduction of placental tissue - develops into abnormal growth

Answer 8

hydatidiform mole

partial mole - abnormal placenta w some fetal development

complete molar pregnancy - abnormal placenta w no fetal development

Question 9

day 1-5 sloughing off built up endometrial lining in uterus =

Answer 9

follicular phase

Question 10

day 14 - high surge of LH from ant.pituitary causes maturation and release of most developed ovarian follice - hormone production ceases

Answer 10

ovulation phase

Question 11

day 15-28 - LH stimulates ovaries to secrete progesterone
endometrium sheds, regrows, proliferates, maintained for several days, sheds again after menstruation

Answer 11

luteal phase

Question 12

why have death rates of cervical cancer decreased

Answer 12

increase in prevalence of routine PAP screening

Question 13

implantation of a fertilized ovum outside the uterine cavity - pregnancy outside of uterine cavity

usually fallopian tubes but can happen in ovaries, cervix

Answer 13

ectopic pregnancy

Question 14

downward displacement of the uterus or vagina from its normal position due to weakened pelvic floor mm’s and ligaments

Answer 14

uterine prolapse

Question 15

what causes mastitis

Answer 15

bacterial infection- staph aureus

blocked milk duct

Question 16

causes of miscarriage

Answer 16

chromosomal abnormalities
drug/alcohol abuse
exposure to environmental toxins
hormonal irregularities
infection
obesity
physical abnormality w reproductive organs
ectopic pregnancy
immune response
serious body wide disease like diabetes
older age
previous miscarriage

Question 17

starts in breast ducts, extends to areola
scaly, crusty patch on nipple

Answer 17

Paget’s 5%

Question 18

develops rapidly, can be mistaken for mastitis, breast/ swelling/discoloration
peau d’ orange symptom on skin
red, swollen, tender = what kind of breast cancer

Answer 18

inflammatory breast cancer

Question 19

fertilized ovum implants in lower segment of the uterus and the developing placenta grows over the internal cervical

Answer 19

placenta previa

puts mother at risk and can cause hemorrhage

Question 20

changing hormones of pregnancy block insulin action

• blocking insulin gives rise to blood glucose levels is what?

Answer 20

gestational diabetes

dx in 2nd trimester

Question 21

fetal complications of gestational diabetes include

Answer 21

excessive growth
respiratory distress syndrome
premature birth

Question 22

3 P’s of gestational diabetes

Answer 22

polydipsia
polyuria
polyphagia

Question 23

most common gynecologic cancer

Answer 23

uterine/endometrial

ovarian is second most common

Question 24

causes of dysmenorrhea

Answer 24

pelvic pathology
endometriosis
uterine fibroids
pelvic inflammatory disease
unknown

Question 25

dilated vein in scrotum
usually left side

Answer 25

varicocele

Question 26

collection of fluid around testicle

• increase serous fluids collects in space between the layers of tunica vaginalis of scrotum

Answer 26

hydrocele

Question 27

collection of fluid around epididymis

cyst containing fluid and sperm that develop between testes and epididymis OUTSIDE tunica vaginalis

Answer 27

spermatocele

Question 28

upper (dorsal) rare birth defect on urethral opening on dorsal surface of penis instead of tip

Answer 28

epispadias

Question 29

under (ventral) urethral opening on underside of penis

Answer 29

hypospadias

(hypo = below)

Question 30

causes for inflammation of prostate

Answer 30

staph
streptococcus
STIs
viral / fungal
catheterization
cystoscopy
injury to urinary tract
bike riding/horseback riding

Question 31

what pathos cause painful urination

Answer 31

prostatitis
benign prostatic hyperplasia
prostate cancer
cervical cancer
vaginal candidiasis (yeast)

Question 32

which clampsia is life threatening

Answer 32

eclampsia

Question 33

persistent elevated blood pressure w protein in urine - returns to normal after delivery

Answer 33

preeclampsia

also called “pregnancy-induced hypertension*

Question 34

eclampsia

Answer 34

severe form of preeclamsia

recurrent seizures
possible placenta abruption
pulmonary edema
maternal /fetal death

Question 35

causes of dysmenorrhea

Answer 35

endometriosis
uterine fibroids
PID
during menstruation uterus contracts to aid in expelling its lining releasing prostaglandins causing inflammation and P triggering more contractions

Question 36

causes of pelvic inflammatory disease

Answer 36

bacteria from STI’s (chlamydia, gonorrhea)
infection from appendix
bacterial spread through cervix and vagina

Question 37

causes of uterine prolapse

Answer 37

progressive relaxation / weakening of pelvic support structures

Question 38

causes of ovarian cysts

Answer 38

hormonal abnormalities
cushing’s
obesity
diabetes
acromegaly
thyroid disease
lipid and cholesterol
genetic, familial

excess androgen production

Question 39

causes of vaginal candidiasis

Answer 39

yeast fungus candida albicans
balance of yeast and bacteria becomes disrupted causing fungi overgrowth

Question 40

causes of cervical cancer

Answer 40

HPV, herpes, history of STIs

virus causes cervical cells to mutate and become cancerous exhibiting cancer cell attributes