final Flashcards by ash box

Kidney is malformed during fetal development - irregular cysts form making the tissue primitive and dysfunctional, often dx during fetal ultrasound around 28 wks

cystic renal dysplasia

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Common causes of renal failure

diabetes
hypertension

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caused by recent untreated strep infection

upper respiratory tract infection in throat “strep throat”

Glomerulonephritis

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diabetes damages blood vessels to the nephrons that make them thicken and scarred, the kidneys are unable to filter and leak proteins in the urine

diabetic nephropathy

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common cause of STIs

escherichia coli bacterial infection most common, 2nd schistosomiasis, these microorganisms ascend through the urethra, other microorganisms may enter via the bloodstream.

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Sprain:

Grade I: Minor stretch/tear, minimal pain, stable joint, able to bear weight

Grade II: Partial tear with pain, swelling, and bruising, joint feels slightly unstable

Grade III: Complete tear, severe injury, requires surgery and immobilization

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Strain:

Grade I: Mild damage, minimal pain, can perform daily activities, heals within ~3 weeks.

Grade II: Partial muscle/tendon tear, moderate pain, difficulty with ADLs, heals in 3–6 weeks.

Grade III: Complete rupture, severe pain and dysfunction, requires surgery or immobilization.

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Urolithiasis, Kidneys stones renal calculi

crystals and salts in urine may solidify and crystallize and produce stones.

located in the kidney, the renal pelvis (most) , ureters

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Functions of the kidney:

Regulation of ion blood levels (Na, K,Ca,PO4)

Regulation of blood pH

Adjusting blood volume

Regulate BP

Stimulates RBC production

Production and excretion of wastes and urine

Production of calcitriol and erythropoietin

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Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies arr a group of disorder characterized by what 3 things

Lack of serum markers

Inflammation of synovial joints

HLA-B27

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hard bony swellings over the joint caused by osteophytes in the articular cartilage - occurs at DIPs

Herberden’s nodes

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vasodilation, increased permeability, forms an exudate that causes a red, swollen, painful joint

rheumatoid arthritis

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if someone came in w GERD what may it be helpful to do for them during a massage treatment

elevate the upper body 6-8 inches to prevent reflux

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wall thickening - rare
obstructions - rare
large intestine - left
bloody stools common

ulcerative colitis

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defect in pars interarticularis of vertebral arch

Spondylolysis

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forward displacement of a vertebra on the one below

Spondylolisthesis

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mild/most common, one or more SP’s fail to unite leaving a gap posteriorly

type of spina bifida

occulta

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most SEVERE type of spina bifida - SP’s fail to form at multiple locations

myelomeningocele

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Malignant bone tumors

Osteosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Fibrosarcoma
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
Ewing’s sarcoma
Multiple myeloma

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Polyarteritis nodosa is strongly associated with

Hep B infection

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flat feet, protruding breast bone, thin long extremities, crowded teeth, heart murmurs, curved spine

clinical features of Marfan’s syndrome

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slow, gradual, fibrosis of palmar fascia that creates a shortening and thickening of the 3,4,5 digits, causing them to be flexed - nodules develop

Duyputrens contracture

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permanent shortening of forearm mms including hand, fingers, wrist - results in claw like deformity due to ischemia

Volkmann’s contracture

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chronic widespread P syndrome w heightened response w soft tissue P - dx by 11/18 tender points on the body

fibromyalgia

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most common cerebral palsy mm spasms, hypertonicity

spastic

uncontrolled movement normal movements are slow and jerky what kind of CP

dyskinetic/athetotic

gait disturbances and loss of balance - type of CP

ataxic

activity limited to a single area of the brain

partial seizure

activity involving diffuse area of the brain or the whole brain

generalized seizure

- involve brief loss of awareness - transient facial movement -person may have no memory of episode what kind of seizure is this

absence / petit mal

most intense seizure - produce intermittent contract-relax patterns in mm that is associated w loss of conciousness - shaking of limbs - arching of back - may last 10-30 mins -peculiar visual/auditory sensations called auras before convulsion

tonic clonic / grand mal

most common type of generalized seizures

absence tonic clonic

most commonly injured sites on the spinal cord

C1-C7 and T12-L2 (most mobile)

lower thoracic or lumbar spine injury

paraplegia

cervical spinal injury

quadriplegia

occurs below anterior horn/ motor nuclei of cranial nerve

lower motor neuron injury

2 most common causes of dementiia

Alzheimers and vascular dementia

abnormal protein clumps called plaques and irregular knots called neurofibrillary tangles form in nerve cells in the brain

seen in Alzheimer's

triad of symptoms for Parkinsons

TRAP tremors rigidity ankinesia posture/balance

narrowed blood vessels become blocked and cause clots to lodge and occlude

ischemic stroke - most common

blood vessel wall ruptures and bleeds into the brain, killing brain tissue on contact

hemorrhagic stroke

what is Gower's sign seen with

Duchennes muscular dystrophy when using arms to push off of thighs to stand up

when is endometrial tissue usually found in endometriosis

outside uterus - typically fallopian tube & ovaries

Pelvic inflammatory disease is most commonly caused by

chlamydia gonorrhea

benign tumors composed of smooth mm and fibrous tissue

uterine fibroids

downward displacement of uterus or vagina from normal position due to weakened pelvic floor mms and supporting ligaments

uterine prolapse

malignancy of uterus, most common gynecologic cancer

uterine/endometrial cancer

severe, seizures, placenta abruption, pulmonary edema, maternal and fetal death

eclampsia

persistent elevated blood pressure w protein in urine when pregnant

preeclampsia

breast cancer - most common

- Lumps can be palpated if 2 cm - mammograms can measure a lump less than 0.5 cm - Most common site for tumors to develop is the upper outside quadrant -Breast asymmetry, peau d’ orange, - paget’s (crusty nipple) - Advanced breast cancer = skin dimpling, flattening of nipple

Cryptorchidism (undescended testicles)

-testes fail to descend into the scrotum - can remain in abdominal cavity or discontinue descent at some point in the inguinal canal - Sometimes it assumes abnormal position outside of the scrotum - Usually descends on own, if not increased risk of testicular cancer

causes of peptic ulcers

H.pylori NSAIDs

collection of fluid around the testicle - in the space between the layers of the tunica vaginalis of scrotum

hydrocele

collection of fluid around epididymis - develops between the testis and epididymis outside of the tunica vaginalis

spermatocele

diverticulosis

Herniations that develop in weak areas of the walls of GI tract and form pouches - most develop in large intestine - sigmoid colon - once formed - do not go away

what do peptic ulcers affect

mucosal lining of GI tract

where does diverticulosis happen

large intestine - specifically sigmoid colon

what causes Hep A and E

contaminated food and water (other hep's are blood related)

Pain in upper right quadrant as liver enlarges Edema of legs Jaundice Bruise easily, red spidery marks Testicular atrophy

clinical features of cirrhosis

copper accumulates in tissues and organs due to a genetic mutation causing neurological or psychiatric symptoms and liver disease Gene mutation from both parents Copper accumulates in liver and brain Accumulates in the eyes called Kayser-Fleischer ring

Wilson's disease

what is the cause of acquired cystic disease

long term dialysis

what is a bladder infection called

cystitis persistent urge to urinate, burning sensation, small amounts of urination, blood in urine, strong smelling urine, pelvic discomfort

what is the blood vessel disease associated with a Hep B infection

polyarteritis nodosa

alzheimers - damage to brain tissue

vascular dementia = damage to blood vessels

cause of acute pyelonephritis

UTI E. coli

muscle atrophy/disuse atrophy

decrease in mm cell diameter decreased size of mm

upper motor neuron injury

spastic paralysis no atrophy overactive reflexes tight muscles clonus babinski response mm weakness

pathology of the kidneys caused by long standing diabetes. Early on it is asymptomatic. The damage is to the filtering membrane and proteins are leaked through a dysfunctional glomerulus.

diabetic nephropathy

inflammatory disease that causes muscle weakness that may be autoimmune, but it is not infectious. Involves an inflammatory reaction by connective tissues in muscles and skin. May also affect joints, esophagus, lungs and even the heart. Related to epstein-barr virus or mononucleosis.

dermatomyositis

chronic inflammation of the tendons or ligaments at their insertion sites cause joint erosion, fibrosis and then ossification of the joint capsule

ankylosing spondylitis

Fibrocystic breast changes

fluctuating hormone (estrogen) levels during the menstrual cycle

head trauma complications

hematoma hemorrhage concussion edema skull fracture