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Patho 2 > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

Kidney is malformed during fetal development - irregular cysts form making the tissue primitive and dysfunctional, often dx during fetal ultrasound around 28 wks

A

cystic renal dysplasia

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2
Q

Common causes of renal failure

A

diabetes
hypertension

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3
Q

caused by recent untreated strep infection

upper respiratory tract infection in throat “strep throat”

A

Glomerulonephritis

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4
Q

diabetes damages blood vessels to the nephrons that make them thicken and scarred, the kidneys are unable to filter and leak proteins in the urine

A

diabetic nephropathy

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5
Q

common cause of STIs

A

escherichia coli bacterial infection most common, 2nd schistosomiasis, these microorganisms ascend through the urethra, other microorganisms may enter via the bloodstream.

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6
Q

Sprain:

A

Grade I: Minor stretch/tear, minimal pain, stable joint, able to bear weight

Grade II: Partial tear with pain, swelling, and bruising, joint feels slightly unstable

Grade III: Complete tear, severe injury, requires surgery and immobilization

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7
Q

Strain:

A

Grade I: Mild damage, minimal pain, can perform daily activities, heals within ~3 weeks.

Grade II: Partial muscle/tendon tear, moderate pain, difficulty with ADLs, heals in 3–6 weeks.

Grade III: Complete rupture, severe pain and dysfunction, requires surgery or immobilization.

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8
Q

Urolithiasis, Kidneys stones renal calculi

A

crystals and salts in urine may solidify and crystallize and produce stones.

located in the kidney, the renal pelvis (most) , ureters

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9
Q

Functions of the kidney:

A

Regulation of ion blood levels (Na, K,Ca,PO4)

Regulation of blood pH

Adjusting blood volume

Regulate BP

Stimulates RBC production

Production and excretion of wastes and urine

Production of calcitriol and erythropoietin

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10
Q

Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies arr a group of disorder characterized by what 3 things

A

Lack of serum markers

Inflammation of synovial joints

HLA-B27

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11
Q

hard bony swellings over the joint caused by osteophytes in the articular cartilage - occurs at DIPs

A

Herberden’s nodes

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12
Q

vasodilation, increased permeability, forms an exudate that causes a red, swollen, painful joint

A

rheumatoid arthritis

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13
Q

if someone came in w GERD what may it be helpful to do for them during a massage treatment

A

elevate the upper body 6-8 inches to prevent reflux

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14
Q

wall thickening - rare
obstructions - rare
large intestine - left
bloody stools common

A

ulcerative colitis

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15
Q

defect in pars interarticularis of vertebral arch

A

Spondylolysis

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16
Q

forward displacement of a vertebra on the one below

A

Spondylolisthesis

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17
Q

mild/most common, one or more SP’s fail to unite leaving a gap posteriorly

  • type of spina bifida
A

occulta

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18
Q

most SEVERE type of spina bifida - SP’s fail to form at multiple locations

A

myelomeningocele

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19
Q

Malignant bone tumors

A

Osteosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Fibrosarcoma
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
Ewing’s sarcoma
Multiple myeloma

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20
Q

Polyarteritis nodosa is strongly associated with

A

Hep B infection

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21
Q

flat feet, protruding breast bone, thin long extremities, crowded teeth, heart murmurs, curved spine

A

clinical features of Marfan’s syndrome

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22
Q

slow, gradual, fibrosis of palmar fascia that creates a shortening and thickening of the 3,4,5 digits, causing them to be flexed - nodules develop

A

Duyputrens contracture

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23
Q

permanent shortening of forearm mms including hand, fingers, wrist - results in claw like deformity due to ischemia

A

Volkmann’s contracture

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24
Q

chronic widespread P syndrome w heightened response w soft tissue P - dx by 11/18 tender points on the body

A

fibromyalgia

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25
Q

most common cerebral palsy

mm spasms, hypertonicity

A

spastic

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26
Q

uncontrolled movement

normal movements are slow and jerky

what kind of CP

A

dyskinetic/athetotic

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27
Q

gait disturbances and loss of balance - type of CP

A

ataxic

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28
Q

activity limited to a single area of the brain

A

partial seizure

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29
Q

activity involving diffuse area of the brain or the whole brain

A

generalized seizure

30
Q
  • involve brief loss of awareness
  • transient facial movement
    -person may have no memory of episode

what kind of seizure is this

A

absence / petit mal

31
Q

most intense seizure

  • produce intermittent contract-relax patterns in mm that is associated w loss of conciousness
  • shaking of limbs
  • arching of back
  • may last 10-30 mins
    -peculiar visual/auditory sensations called auras before convulsion
A

tonic clonic / grand mal

32
Q

most common type of generalized seizures

A

absence
tonic clonic

33
Q

most commonly injured sites on the spinal cord

A

C1-C7 and T12-L2
(most mobile)

34
Q

lower thoracic or lumbar spine injury

A

paraplegia

35
Q

cervical spinal injury

A

quadriplegia

36
Q

occurs below anterior horn/ motor nuclei of cranial nerve

A

lower motor neuron injury

37
Q

2 most common causes of dementiia

A

Alzheimers and vascular dementia

38
Q

abnormal protein clumps called plaques and irregular knots called neurofibrillary tangles form in nerve cells in the brain

A

seen in Alzheimer’s

39
Q

triad of symptoms for Parkinsons

A

TRAP

tremors
rigidity
ankinesia
posture/balance

40
Q

narrowed blood vessels become blocked and cause clots to lodge and occlude

A

ischemic stroke

  • most common
41
Q

blood vessel wall ruptures and bleeds into the brain, killing brain tissue on contact

A

hemorrhagic stroke

42
Q

what is Gower’s sign seen with

A

Duchennes muscular dystrophy

when using arms to push off of thighs to stand up

43
Q

when is endometrial tissue usually found in endometriosis

A

outside uterus - typically fallopian tube & ovaries

44
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease is most commonly caused by

A

chlamydia
gonorrhea

45
Q

benign tumors composed of smooth mm and fibrous tissue

A

uterine fibroids

46
Q

downward displacement of uterus or vagina from normal position due to weakened pelvic floor mms and supporting ligaments

A

uterine prolapse

47
Q

malignancy of uterus, most common gynecologic cancer

A

uterine/endometrial cancer

48
Q

severe, seizures, placenta abruption, pulmonary edema, maternal and fetal death

A

eclampsia

49
Q

persistent elevated blood pressure w protein in urine when pregnant

A

preeclampsia

50
Q

breast cancer

  • most common
A
  • Lumps can be palpated if 2 cm
  • mammograms can measure a lump less than 0.5 cm
  • Most common site for tumors to develop is the upper outside quadrant
    -Breast asymmetry, peau d’ orange, - paget’s (crusty nipple)
  • Advanced breast cancer = skin dimpling, flattening of nipple
51
Q

Cryptorchidism (undescended testicles)

A

-testes fail to descend into the scrotum

  • can remain in abdominal cavity or discontinue descent at some point in the inguinal canal
  • Sometimes it assumes abnormal position outside of the scrotum
  • Usually descends on own, if not increased risk of testicular cancer
52
Q

causes of peptic ulcers

A

H.pylori
NSAIDs

53
Q

collection of fluid around the testicle

  • in the space between the layers of the tunica vaginalis of scrotum
A

hydrocele

54
Q

collection of fluid around epididymis

  • develops between the testis and epididymis outside of the tunica vaginalis
A

spermatocele

55
Q

diverticulosis

A

Herniations that develop in weak areas of the walls of GI tract and form pouches

  • most develop in large intestine - sigmoid colon - once formed - do not go away
56
Q

what do peptic ulcers affect

A

mucosal lining of GI tract

57
Q

where does diverticulosis happen

A

large intestine - specifically sigmoid colon

58
Q

what causes Hep A and E

A

contaminated food and water

(other hep’s are blood related)

59
Q

Pain in upper right quadrant as liver enlarges

Edema of legs

Jaundice

Bruise easily, red spidery marks

Testicular atrophy

A

clinical features of cirrhosis

60
Q

copper accumulates in tissues and organs due to a genetic mutation causing neurological or psychiatric symptoms and liver disease

Gene mutation from both parents

Copper accumulates in liver and brain

Accumulates in the eyes called Kayser-Fleischer ring

A

Wilson’s disease

61
Q

what is the cause of acquired cystic disease

A

long term dialysis

62
Q

what is a bladder infection called

A

cystitis

persistent urge to urinate, burning sensation, small amounts of urination, blood in urine, strong smelling urine, pelvic discomfort

63
Q

what is the blood vessel disease associated with a Hep B infection

A

polyarteritis nodosa

64
Q

alzheimers - damage to brain tissue

A

vascular dementia = damage to blood vessels

65
Q

cause of acute pyelonephritis

A

UTI
E. coli

66
Q

muscle atrophy/disuse atrophy

A

decrease in mm cell diameter

decreased size of mm

67
Q

upper motor neuron injury

A

spastic paralysis
no atrophy
overactive reflexes
tight muscles
clonus
babinski response
mm weakness

68
Q

pathology of the kidneys caused by long standing diabetes. Early on it is asymptomatic. The damage is to the filtering membrane and proteins are leaked through a dysfunctional glomerulus.

A

diabetic nephropathy

69
Q

inflammatory disease that causes muscle weakness that may be autoimmune, but it is not infectious. Involves an inflammatory reaction by connective tissues in muscles and skin. May also affect joints, esophagus, lungs and even the heart. Related to epstein-barr virus or mononucleosis.

A

dermatomyositis

70
Q

chronic inflammation of the tendons or ligaments at their insertion sites cause joint erosion, fibrosis and then ossification of the joint capsule

A

ankylosing spondylitis

71
Q

Fibrocystic breast changes

A

fluctuating hormone (estrogen) levels during the menstrual cycle

72
Q

head trauma complications

A

hematoma
hemorrhage
concussion
edema
skull fracture

Patho 2 (8 decks)

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