Midterm Flashcards
disease that causes abnormal protein clumps called plaques and irregular knots called neurofibrillary tangles to form in nerve cells in the brain
Alzheimers
what physiological effects does Alzheimer’s have on the brain
changes in tissues
atrophy
dilated ventricles
widening grooves
sulci and gyri elevations are narrowed
rare, degenerative, genetic
causes generation of nerve cells characterized by motor disturbances , mental deterioration, abnormal behavior
gene mutation causing neurons in brain to degenerate and die
Huntington’s
basal ganglia and cerebral cortex begin to atrophy and ventricles become dilated is in which disease
Huntington’s
symptoms not evident till 40’s , can be passed to children
dies within 15-20 years
rapid, jerky motions called chorea
Huntington’s
progressive, degenerative neurological disorder that produces a syndrome of abnormal movements (tremors, rigidity)
Parkinson’s
dopamine producing neurons in a part of the cerebral cortex called basal nuclei and substantia nigra degenerate and die
Parkinson’s
bradykinesia = slow movements
repetitive pin finger rolling motion
mask-like appearance
shuffle gait - parkinsonian gait
stooped over, rigid mms, shuffle gait
Parkinson’s
demyelination of neurons in the brain and spinal cord including cranial nerves
Multiple sclerosis
loss of/blurred vision
progressive mm weakness
speech and hearing impairments
nerve numbness
poor balance
90% of cases of MS
relapsing-remitting
relapses lasting weeks to months w states of remission
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
amyotrophic= atrophy of mm fibers/wasting
lateral sclerosis = hardening of sclerosis of lateral pathways of the spinal cord
stationary blood clot =
thrombi
floating blood clot =
emboli
what blocks blood vessels in a TIA
thrombi and emboli
migraine / vascular headache
imbalances in brain chemicals of the trigeminovascular system triggering the release of neuropeptides and serotonin which helps regulate pain via the trigeminal nerve
blood vessels become dilated and inflamed resulting in a headache
CN IX (9)
glossopharyngeal nerve = glossophayrngeal neuralgia
common cause of all dystrophies
genetic defect in dystrophin gene on the x chromosome
dystrophin has a function in the hippocampus w learning and memory functions
“Gowers sign” is when you use chair handles to push up to get out of the chair when seated
which muscular dystrophy affects males only
Duchenne’s
Beckers
degenerative joint disease/cartilage degenerates
osteoarthritis
*most common
- linked to stress on joints over time
- joint P w crepitus, morning stiffness, Herberden’s nodes on DIPs
- joint mice, bone spurs
- age-related 65 +
autoimmune
abnormal response to synovial cells in the synovium of synovial joints
rheumatoid arthritis
symmetrical, polyarticular, sm joints involved is what arthritis
RA
initiated by activation of T helper cells that produce cytokines, then activate B cells to produce antibodies
RA
destruction causes inflammation of synovial membrane w vasodilation, increased permeability and formation of exudate
5 steps of RA
synovitis
pannus formation
cartilage erosion
fibrosis
ankylosis
boutonniere, swan neck, ulnar drift =
can be seen with rheumatoid arthritis
no nodules
larger joints affected
systemic, polyarticular/ oligoarticular
Juvenile RA
autoimmune
symmetrical
“sausage finger”
affects skin as well as joints
affects axial and appendicular
enthesitis is common
psoriatic arthritis
stiffness, swelling, pain triggered by a bacterial infection
reactive arthritis
invasion of a single joint space (monoarticular) from bacteria, fungus, virus
septic arthritis
disorders characterized by
1. lack of sereum markers
2. HLA B-27 protein
3. inflammation of synovial joints
spondyloarthropathy
all involve inflammatory back pain, arthritis of SI joints, and intervertebral joints
AS, reactive & psoriatic arthritis & arthritis associated w IBD
crystallization of urid acid forming tophi, monosodium urate crystals
gout
calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate
pseudogout
main cause of headaches
decrease levels of neurochemicals like dopamine and serotonin
what is the jump sign associated w
myofascial pain syndrome
build up of fat and connective tissues from necrosis that make the mm appear larger
pseudohypertrophy
seen in muscular dystrophy
characteristics of muscular dystrophy
inherited or genetic
mms are the targeted tissue
symptoms are related to mm wasting
progressive
a genetic defect in the dystrophin gene on x chromosome
muscular dystrophy
rare genetic disease characterized by the atrophy of skeletal mm’s
most common muscular dystrophy in children
myotonic dystrophy
prolonged mm contractions
Males only - severe
Onset 3-5 y0, W/C by 12, death by 25
Duchennes dystrophy
Second most common dystrophy
Onset 5-10 yo
Males only
Shoulder and hip mm’s affected first
Less severe, normal lifespan
Becker’s
dystrophin affects?
hippocampus w learning and memory functions, short term memory problems
union of bone, but unacceptable deformity leading to altered biomechanics
malunion
bone does not heal even after the repair process has given up - large gap, bone destruction, poor bone health
non-union
bone does not heal within expected time frame
delayed union
Congenital anomaly (birth defect) from a neural tube defect, the neural tube eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord in a developing embryo
Lack of B9 / folic acid
spina bifida
3 types of spina bifida
1.Spina bifida occulta - hidden, mildest, most common, one or more SPs fail to unite leaving an open gap posteriorly
- Myelomeningocele - most severe, SP’s fail to form at multiple locations
- Meningocele - meninges herniate
Tremors, chorea, athetosis, dystonia, myoclonus, tics
movement abnormalities that all have basal ganglia damage
skin rash w symmetric proximal mm weakness that can be painful, feels like DOMS P
dermatomyositis
can cause paralysis of the digit and thumb extensor mm’s
Posterior interosseous nerve syndrome
compression of superficial branch of radial nerve, sensory only nerve, burning/tingling at dorsolateral aspect of hand, wrist and fingers
Cheiralgia paresthetica
Motor disorder caused by brain damage in the fetus or during birth/early childhood
Abnormal mm tone, reflexes, motor development/coordination
cerebral palsy
Neurotransmitters modulate
reward, risk taking, impulsivity, mood, attention, arousal behaviors
weakness in shoulder, “winged scapula” affects serratus anterior
long thoracic nerve entrapment
virus causing destruction of motor nerves that is highly contagious - causes paralysis, weakness and difficulty breathing
poliomyelitis
virus enters fecal-oral route - infects motor neurons in the anterior horn
inflammation of brain w swelling and necrosis
encephalitis
inflammation of fluid surrounding meninges - can affect brain/spinal cord
caused by viruses - pus formation can lead to encephalitis
meningitis
swelling and compression on brain tissue and often brain damage
related to imbalances in brain chemicals of the trigeminovascular system triggering release of neuropeptides and serotonin which help regulate pain via trigeminal N
migraine / vascular headache
blood vessel become dilated and inflamed resulting in a headache
