Midterm

Question 1

disease that causes abnormal protein clumps called plaques and irregular knots called neurofibrillary tangles to form in nerve cells in the brain

Answer 1

Alzheimers

Question 2

what physiological effects does Alzheimer’s have on the brain

Answer 2

changes in tissues
atrophy
dilated ventricles
widening grooves
sulci and gyri elevations are narrowed

Question 3

rare, degenerative, genetic
causes generation of nerve cells characterized by motor disturbances , mental deterioration, abnormal behavior

gene mutation causing neurons in brain to degenerate and die

Answer 3

Huntington’s

Question 4

basal ganglia and cerebral cortex begin to atrophy and ventricles become dilated is in which disease

Answer 4

Huntington’s

symptoms not evident till 40’s , can be passed to children

dies within 15-20 years

Question 5

rapid, jerky motions called chorea

Answer 5

Huntington’s

Question 6

progressive, degenerative neurological disorder that produces a syndrome of abnormal movements (tremors, rigidity)

Answer 6

Parkinson’s

Question 7

dopamine producing neurons in a part of the cerebral cortex called basal nuclei and substantia nigra degenerate and die

Answer 7

Parkinson’s

Question 8

bradykinesia = slow movements
repetitive pin finger rolling motion
mask-like appearance
shuffle gait - parkinsonian gait
stooped over, rigid mms, shuffle gait

Answer 8

Parkinson’s

Question 9

demyelination of neurons in the brain and spinal cord including cranial nerves

Answer 9

Multiple sclerosis

loss of/blurred vision
progressive mm weakness
speech and hearing impairments
nerve numbness
poor balance

Question 10

90% of cases of MS

Answer 10

relapsing-remitting

relapses lasting weeks to months w states of remission

Question 11

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Answer 11

amyotrophic= atrophy of mm fibers/wasting

lateral sclerosis = hardening of sclerosis of lateral pathways of the spinal cord

Question 11

stationary blood clot =

Answer 11

thrombi

Question 12

floating blood clot =

Answer 12

emboli

Question 13

what blocks blood vessels in a TIA

Answer 13

thrombi and emboli

Question 14

migraine / vascular headache

Answer 14

imbalances in brain chemicals of the trigeminovascular system triggering the release of neuropeptides and serotonin which helps regulate pain via the trigeminal nerve

blood vessels become dilated and inflamed resulting in a headache

Question 15

CN IX (9)

Answer 15

glossopharyngeal nerve = glossophayrngeal neuralgia

Question 16

common cause of all dystrophies

Answer 16

genetic defect in dystrophin gene on the x chromosome

Question 17

dystrophin has a function in the hippocampus w learning and memory functions

Answer 17

“Gowers sign” is when you use chair handles to push up to get out of the chair when seated

Question 18

which muscular dystrophy affects males only

Answer 18

Duchenne’s
Beckers

Question 19

degenerative joint disease/cartilage degenerates

Answer 19

osteoarthritis

*most common
- linked to stress on joints over time
- joint P w crepitus, morning stiffness, Herberden’s nodes on DIPs
- joint mice, bone spurs
- age-related 65 +

Question 20

autoimmune
abnormal response to synovial cells in the synovium of synovial joints

Answer 20

rheumatoid arthritis

Question 21

symmetrical, polyarticular, sm joints involved is what arthritis

Answer 21

RA

Question 22

initiated by activation of T helper cells that produce cytokines, then activate B cells to produce antibodies

Answer 22

RA

destruction causes inflammation of synovial membrane w vasodilation, increased permeability and formation of exudate

Question 23

5 steps of RA

Answer 23

synovitis
pannus formation
cartilage erosion
fibrosis
ankylosis

Question 24

boutonniere, swan neck, ulnar drift =

Answer 24

can be seen with rheumatoid arthritis

Question 25

no nodules larger joints affected systemic, polyarticular/ oligoarticular

Answer 25

Juvenile RA

Question 26

autoimmune symmetrical "sausage finger" affects skin as well as joints affects axial and appendicular enthesitis is common

Answer 26

psoriatic arthritis

Question 27

stiffness, swelling, pain triggered by a bacterial infection

Answer 27

reactive arthritis

Question 28

invasion of a single joint space (monoarticular) from bacteria, fungus, virus

Answer 28

septic arthritis

Question 29

disorders characterized by 1. lack of sereum markers 2. HLA B-27 protein 3. inflammation of synovial joints

Answer 29

spondyloarthropathy all involve inflammatory back pain, arthritis of SI joints, and intervertebral joints AS, reactive & psoriatic arthritis & arthritis associated w IBD

Question 30

crystallization of urid acid forming tophi, monosodium urate crystals

Answer 30

gout

Question 31

calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate

Answer 31

pseudogout

Question 32

main cause of headaches

Answer 32

decrease levels of neurochemicals like dopamine and serotonin

Question 33

what is the jump sign associated w

Answer 33

myofascial pain syndrome

Question 34

build up of fat and connective tissues from necrosis that make the mm appear larger

Answer 34

pseudohypertrophy seen in muscular dystrophy

Question 35

characteristics of muscular dystrophy

Answer 35

inherited or genetic mms are the targeted tissue symptoms are related to mm wasting progressive

Question 36

a genetic defect in the dystrophin gene on x chromosome

Answer 36

muscular dystrophy rare genetic disease characterized by the atrophy of skeletal mm's

Question 37

most common muscular dystrophy in children

Answer 37

myotonic dystrophy prolonged mm contractions

Question 38

Males only - severe Onset 3-5 y0, W/C by 12, death by 25

Answer 38

Duchennes dystrophy

Question 39

Second most common dystrophy Onset 5-10 yo Males only Shoulder and hip mm’s affected first Less severe, normal lifespan

Answer 39

Becker's

Question 40

dystrophin affects?

Answer 40

hippocampus w learning and memory functions, short term memory problems

Question 41

union of bone, but unacceptable deformity leading to altered biomechanics

Answer 41

malunion

Question 42

bone does not heal even after the repair process has given up - large gap, bone destruction, poor bone health

Answer 42

non-union

Question 43

bone does not heal within expected time frame

Answer 43

delayed union

Question 44

Congenital anomaly (birth defect) from a neural tube defect, the neural tube eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord in a developing embryo Lack of B9 / folic acid

Answer 44

spina bifida

Question 45

3 types of spina bifida

Answer 45

1.Spina bifida occulta - hidden, mildest, most common, one or more SPs fail to unite leaving an open gap posteriorly 2. Myelomeningocele - most severe, SP’s fail to form at multiple locations 3. Meningocele - meninges herniate

Question 46

Tremors, chorea, athetosis, dystonia, myoclonus, tics

Answer 46

movement abnormalities that all have basal ganglia damage

Question 47

skin rash w symmetric proximal mm weakness that can be painful, feels like DOMS P

Answer 47

dermatomyositis

Question 48

can cause paralysis of the digit and thumb extensor mm’s

Answer 48

Posterior interosseous nerve syndrome

Question 49

compression of superficial branch of radial nerve, sensory only nerve, burning/tingling at dorsolateral aspect of hand, wrist and fingers

Answer 49

Cheiralgia paresthetica

Question 50

Motor disorder caused by brain damage in the fetus or during birth/early childhood Abnormal mm tone, reflexes, motor development/coordination

Answer 50

cerebral palsy

Question 51

Neurotransmitters modulate

Answer 51

reward, risk taking, impulsivity, mood, attention, arousal behaviors

Question 52

weakness in shoulder, “winged scapula” affects serratus anterior

Answer 52

long thoracic nerve entrapment

Question 53

virus causing destruction of motor nerves that is highly contagious - causes paralysis, weakness and difficulty breathing

Answer 53

poliomyelitis virus enters fecal-oral route - infects motor neurons in the anterior horn

Question 54

inflammation of brain w swelling and necrosis

Answer 54

encephalitis

Question 55

inflammation of fluid surrounding meninges - can affect brain/spinal cord caused by viruses - pus formation can lead to encephalitis

Answer 55

meningitis swelling and compression on brain tissue and often brain damage

Question 56

related to imbalances in brain chemicals of the trigeminovascular system triggering release of neuropeptides and serotonin which help regulate pain via trigeminal N

Answer 56

migraine / vascular headache blood vessel become dilated and inflamed resulting in a headache