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Patho 2 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

disease that causes abnormal protein clumps called plaques and irregular knots called neurofibrillary tangles to form in nerve cells in the brain

A

Alzheimers

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2
Q

what physiological effects does Alzheimer’s have on the brain

A

changes in tissues
atrophy
dilated ventricles
widening grooves
sulci and gyri elevations are narrowed

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3
Q

rare, degenerative, genetic
causes generation of nerve cells characterized by motor disturbances , mental deterioration, abnormal behavior

gene mutation causing neurons in brain to degenerate and die

A

Huntington’s

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4
Q

basal ganglia and cerebral cortex begin to atrophy and ventricles become dilated is in which disease

A

Huntington’s

symptoms not evident till 40’s , can be passed to children

dies within 15-20 years

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5
Q

rapid, jerky motions called chorea

A

Huntington’s

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6
Q

progressive, degenerative neurological disorder that produces a syndrome of abnormal movements (tremors, rigidity)

A

Parkinson’s

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7
Q

dopamine producing neurons in a part of the cerebral cortex called basal nuclei and substantia nigra degenerate and die

A

Parkinson’s

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8
Q

bradykinesia = slow movements
repetitive pin finger rolling motion
mask-like appearance
shuffle gait - parkinsonian gait
stooped over, rigid mms, shuffle gait

A

Parkinson’s

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9
Q

demyelination of neurons in the brain and spinal cord including cranial nerves

A

Multiple sclerosis

loss of/blurred vision
progressive mm weakness
speech and hearing impairments
nerve numbness
poor balance

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10
Q

90% of cases of MS

A

relapsing-remitting

relapses lasting weeks to months w states of remission

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11
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

amyotrophic= atrophy of mm fibers/wasting

lateral sclerosis = hardening of sclerosis of lateral pathways of the spinal cord

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11
Q

stationary blood clot =

A

thrombi

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12
Q

floating blood clot =

A

emboli

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13
Q

what blocks blood vessels in a TIA

A

thrombi and emboli

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14
Q

migraine / vascular headache

A

imbalances in brain chemicals of the trigeminovascular system triggering the release of neuropeptides and serotonin which helps regulate pain via the trigeminal nerve

blood vessels become dilated and inflamed resulting in a headache

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15
Q

CN IX (9)

A

glossopharyngeal nerve = glossophayrngeal neuralgia

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16
Q

common cause of all dystrophies

A

genetic defect in dystrophin gene on the x chromosome

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17
Q

dystrophin has a function in the hippocampus w learning and memory functions

A

“Gowers sign” is when you use chair handles to push up to get out of the chair when seated

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18
Q

which muscular dystrophy affects males only

A

Duchenne’s
Beckers

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19
Q

degenerative joint disease/cartilage degenerates

A

osteoarthritis

*most common
- linked to stress on joints over time
- joint P w crepitus, morning stiffness, Herberden’s nodes on DIPs
- joint mice, bone spurs
- age-related 65 +

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20
Q

autoimmune
abnormal response to synovial cells in the synovium of synovial joints

A

rheumatoid arthritis

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21
Q

symmetrical, polyarticular, sm joints involved is what arthritis

A

RA

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22
Q

initiated by activation of T helper cells that produce cytokines, then activate B cells to produce antibodies

A

RA

destruction causes inflammation of synovial membrane w vasodilation, increased permeability and formation of exudate

23
Q

5 steps of RA

A

synovitis
pannus formation
cartilage erosion
fibrosis
ankylosis

24
Q

boutonniere, swan neck, ulnar drift =

A

can be seen with rheumatoid arthritis

25
Q

no nodules
larger joints affected
systemic, polyarticular/ oligoarticular

A

Juvenile RA

26
Q

autoimmune
symmetrical
“sausage finger”
affects skin as well as joints
affects axial and appendicular
enthesitis is common

A

psoriatic arthritis

27
Q

stiffness, swelling, pain triggered by a bacterial infection

A

reactive arthritis

28
Q

invasion of a single joint space (monoarticular) from bacteria, fungus, virus

A

septic arthritis

29
Q

disorders characterized by
1. lack of sereum markers
2. HLA B-27 protein
3. inflammation of synovial joints

A

spondyloarthropathy

all involve inflammatory back pain, arthritis of SI joints, and intervertebral joints

AS, reactive & psoriatic arthritis & arthritis associated w IBD

30
Q

crystallization of urid acid forming tophi, monosodium urate crystals

A

gout

31
Q

calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate

A

pseudogout

32
Q

main cause of headaches

A

decrease levels of neurochemicals like dopamine and serotonin

33
Q

what is the jump sign associated w

A

myofascial pain syndrome

34
Q

build up of fat and connective tissues from necrosis that make the mm appear larger

A

pseudohypertrophy

seen in muscular dystrophy

35
Q

characteristics of muscular dystrophy

A

inherited or genetic
mms are the targeted tissue
symptoms are related to mm wasting
progressive

36
Q

a genetic defect in the dystrophin gene on x chromosome

A

muscular dystrophy

rare genetic disease characterized by the atrophy of skeletal mm’s

37
Q

most common muscular dystrophy in children

A

myotonic dystrophy

prolonged mm contractions

38
Q

Males only - severe
Onset 3-5 y0, W/C by 12, death by 25

A

Duchennes dystrophy

39
Q

Second most common dystrophy
Onset 5-10 yo
Males only
Shoulder and hip mm’s affected first
Less severe, normal lifespan

A

Becker’s

40
Q

dystrophin affects?

A

hippocampus w learning and memory functions, short term memory problems

41
Q

union of bone, but unacceptable deformity leading to altered biomechanics

A

malunion

42
Q

bone does not heal even after the repair process has given up - large gap, bone destruction, poor bone health

A

non-union

43
Q

bone does not heal within expected time frame

A

delayed union

44
Q

Congenital anomaly (birth defect) from a neural tube defect, the neural tube eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord in a developing embryo
Lack of B9 / folic acid

A

spina bifida

45
Q

3 types of spina bifida

A

1.Spina bifida occulta - hidden, mildest, most common, one or more SPs fail to unite leaving an open gap posteriorly

  1. Myelomeningocele - most severe, SP’s fail to form at multiple locations
  2. Meningocele - meninges herniate
46
Q

Tremors, chorea, athetosis, dystonia, myoclonus, tics

A

movement abnormalities that all have basal ganglia damage

47
Q

skin rash w symmetric proximal mm weakness that can be painful, feels like DOMS P

A

dermatomyositis

48
Q

can cause paralysis of the digit and thumb extensor mm’s

A

Posterior interosseous nerve syndrome

49
Q

compression of superficial branch of radial nerve, sensory only nerve, burning/tingling at dorsolateral aspect of hand, wrist and fingers

A

Cheiralgia paresthetica

50
Q

Motor disorder caused by brain damage in the fetus or during birth/early childhood

Abnormal mm tone, reflexes, motor development/coordination

A

cerebral palsy

51
Q

Neurotransmitters modulate

A

reward, risk taking, impulsivity, mood, attention, arousal behaviors

52
Q

weakness in shoulder, “winged scapula” affects serratus anterior

A

long thoracic nerve entrapment

53
Q

virus causing destruction of motor nerves that is highly contagious - causes paralysis, weakness and difficulty breathing

A

poliomyelitis

virus enters fecal-oral route - infects motor neurons in the anterior horn

54
Q

inflammation of brain w swelling and necrosis

A

encephalitis

55
Q

inflammation of fluid surrounding meninges - can affect brain/spinal cord

caused by viruses - pus formation can lead to encephalitis

A

meningitis

swelling and compression on brain tissue and often brain damage

56
Q

related to imbalances in brain chemicals of the trigeminovascular system triggering release of neuropeptides and serotonin which help regulate pain via trigeminal N

A

migraine / vascular headache

blood vessel become dilated and inflamed resulting in a headache

Patho 2 (6 decks)

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