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Straight Memorization BS Flashcards

1
Q

immunodeficiencies

A

seriously

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2
Q

signaling pathways

A

why????

  1. MAP-kinase
  2. PI3K/Akt/mTOR
  3. IP3
  4. cAMP
  5. JAK/STAT
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3
Q

things post MI

A

this bs

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4
Q

things post stroke

A

ugh

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5
Q

X-linked d/os

A 
Oblivious Females Will Often Give Her Boys Her x-Linked Disorders
Ornithine transcarbamylase def
Fabry dz
Wiskott-Aldrich synd
Ocular albinism
G6PD def
Hunter synd
Bruton agammaglobulinemia
Hemophilia A/B
Lesch-Nyhan synd
Duchenne (and Becker) MD
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6
Q

AutoRec dzs

A 
albinism
ARPKD
CF
glycogen storage dzs
hemochromatosis
Kartagener
mucopolysaccharidoses (except Hunter)
PKU
sickle cell
sphingolipidoses (except Fabry)
thalassemia
Wilson
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7
Q

chromosome 3

A

VHL dz,

renal cell carcinoma

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8
Q

chromosome 4

A

ADPKD (PKD2)
achondroplasia,
Huntington

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9
Q

chromosome 5

A

Cri-du-chat syndrome

FAP

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10
Q

chromosome 6

A

hemochromatoSIX

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11
Q

chromosome 7

A

Williams synd

CF

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12
Q

chromosome 9

A

Friedreich ataxia

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13
Q

chromosome 11

A

Wilms tumor
sickle cell
beta thal

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14
Q

chromosome 13

A

Patau
Wilson
retinoblastoma (RB1)
BRCA2

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15
Q

chromosome 15

A

Prader-Willi
Angelman
Marfan

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16
Q

chromosome 16

A

ADPKD (PKD1)

alpha thal

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17
Q

chromosome 17

A

NF 1

BRCA 1

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18
Q

chromosome 18

A

Edwards

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19
Q

chromosome 21

A

down

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20
Q

chromosome 22

A

NF 2

DiGeorge (CATCH-22)

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21
Q

cGMP

A

guanylyl cyclase –> up cGMP
BNP
ANP
NO

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22
Q

Fabry def

A

alpha-gAlactosidase (–> extra globotriaosylceramide)

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23
Q

Tay-Sachs def

A

beta-hexosamidase A (–> extra GM2: ganglioside)

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24
Q

GaUcher def

A

beta-glUcocerebrosiderase (–> extra glucocerebroside)

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25
Q

Niemann Pick def

A

sphingomyelinase (–> extra sphingmyelin)

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26
Q

KrAbbe def

A

gAlactocerebrosidase (–> galactocerebroside and psychosine)

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27
Q

metachromatic leukodystrophy def

A

arylsulfatase A (–> extra cerebroside sulfate)

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28
Q

CDs

A

shit nugget

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29
Q

coenzyme crap

A

seriously

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30
Q

cAMP signaling

A 
"FLAT ChAMP"
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
CRH
hCG
ADH
MSH
PTH
calcitonin
GHRH
glucagon
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31
Q

cGMP signaling

A 
"BAD GraMPa"
BNP
ANP
EDRF
NO
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32
Q

IP3 signaling

A 
"GOAT HAG"
GnRH
oxytocin
ADH
TRH
histamine
angiotensin II
gastrin
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33
Q

intracellular receptor

A 
"PET CAT on TV"
progesterone
estrogen
testosterone
cortisol
aldosterone
T3/T4
vitamin D
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34
Q

receptor tyrosine kinase

A 
--> MAP kinase
insulin
IGF-1
FGF
PDGF
EGF
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35
Q

nonreceptor tyrosine kinase

A 
--> JAK/STAT pathway
prolactin
immunomodulators (cytokines, ILs, IFN)
GH
G-CSF
EPO
thrombopoietin
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36
Q

surface proteins on all T cells

A

TCR (binds Ag-MHC complex)
CD3 (a/w TCR)
CD28 (bind B7 on APC)
CXCR4/CCR5 (co-receptors for HIV)

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37
Q

helper T cell surface proteins

A

CD4

CD40L

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38
Q

cytoxic T cell surface proteins

A

CD8

CXCR4/CCR5

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39
Q

regulatory T cells surface proteins

A

CD4

CD25

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40
Q

B cell surface proteins

A 
Ig (binds Ag, all have IgM, IgD)
CD19
CD20
CD21 (EBV rec)
CD40
MHC II
B7
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41
Q

macrophage surface proteins

A 
CD14
CD40
CCR5
MHC II
B7 (CD80/86)
Fc and C3b receptors
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42
Q

NK cell surface proteins

A

CD16 (binds Fc)

CD56

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43
Q

hematopoietic stem cell surface proteins

A

CD34

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44
Q

anti-ACh receptor

A

myasthenia gravis

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45
Q

anti-BM

A

goodpasture

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46
Q

anti-cardiolipin, lupus anti-coagulant

A

SLE, antiphospholipid syndrome

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47
Q

anticentromere

A

scleroderma (CREST syndrome)

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48
Q

anti-desmoglein (anti-desmosome)

A

pemphigus vulgaris

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49
Q

anti-dsDNA, anti-smith

A

SLE

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50
Q

anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-65)

A

type I DM

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51
Q

anti-hemidesmosome

A

bullous pemphigoid

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52
Q

anti-histone

A

drug induced lupus

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53
Q

anti-Jo-1, anti-SRP, anti-Mi-2

A

polymyositis, dermatomyositis

anti-Jo-1 = anti-histidyl-tRNA synthetase

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54
Q

antimicrosomal, antithyroglobulin

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

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55
Q

antimitochondrial

A

primary biliary cirrhosis

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56
Q

antinuclear (ANA)

A

SLE, nonspecific

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57
Q

antiparietal cell

A

pernicious anemia

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58
Q

antiphospholipase A2 receptor

A

primary membranous nephropathy

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59
Q

anti-Scl-70 (anti-DNA topoisomerase I)

A

scleroderma (diffuse)

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60
Q

anti-SM

A

autoimmune hepatitis type 1

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61
Q

anti-SSA, anti-SSB (anti-Ro, anti-La)

A

Sjogren syndrome

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62
Q

anti-TSH receptor

A

Graves dz

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63
Q

anti-U1 RNP (ribonucleoprotein)

A

mixed connective tissue dz

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64
Q

voltage-gated calcium channel Abs

A

Lambert-Eaton synddrome

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65
Q

IgA anti-endomysial, IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase

A

celiac dz

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66
Q

MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA

A

microscopic polyangiitis

eosinophilic granulomatosis w/ polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss)

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67
Q

PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA

A

granulomatosis w/ polyangiitis (Wegener)

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68
Q

rheumatoid factor (IgM Ab that targets IgG Fc region), anti-CCP

A

rheumatoid arthritis

69
Q

cytokines secreted by macs

A 
IL-1
IL-6
IL-8
IL-12
TNF-alpha
70
Q

cytokines secreted by TH1 cells

A

IL-2
IL-3
IFN-gamma

71
Q

cytokines secreted by TH2

A 
IL-2
IL-3
IL-4
IL-5
IL-10
72
Q

what do you need phenylalanine for?

A

→ tyrosine (which → thyroxine) → dopa (which → melanin) → dopamine → NE → Epi

73
Q

what do you need tryptophan for?

A

→ niacin (need B6) → NAD+/NADP+

→ serotonin → melatonin

74
Q

what do you need histidine for?

A

→ histamine (need B6)

75
Q

what do you need glycine for?

A

→ porphyrin (need B6) → heme

76
Q

what do you need glutamate for?

A

→ GABA (need B6)

→ glutathione

77
Q

what do you need arginine for?

A

→ creatinine
→ urea
→ nitric oxide

78
Q

cancer genes

79
Q

t(14; 18)

A

follicular lymphoma

80
Q

t(8; 14)

A

Burkitt lymphoma

81
Q

t(9; 22)

82
Q

t(15; 17)

83
Q

what diff ILs do

84
Q

B vitamin names

A 
B1: thiamine
B2: riboflavin
B3: niacin
B5: pantothenic acid
B6: pyridoxine
B7: biotin
B9: folate
B12: cobalamin
85
Q

vitamin deficiencies

A

good christ

86
Q

cofactors

87
Q

vitamin C AKA

A

ascorbic acid

88
Q

vitamin A AKA

89
Q

vitamin K AKA

A

phentomenadione
phenylloquinone
phytonadione

90
Q

vit E AKA

A

tocopherol

tocotrienol

91
Q

thiamine (B1) cofactor duties

A
  1. pyruvate dehydrogenase (pyruvate → acetyl CoA)
  2. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA)
  3. branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase (oxidative decarboxylation? of branched-chain AAs: leucine, isoleucine, valine)
  4. transketolase (HMP shunt: ribulose-5-P → glyceraldehyde-3-P….or goes on to fructose-6-P)
92
Q

1st aortic arch →

A

part of maxillary artery

93
Q

2nd aortic arch →

A

hyoid artery

stapedial artery

94
Q

3rd aortic arch →

A

common carotid

proximal internal carotid

95
Q

4th aortic arch →

A

L: aortic arch
R: proximal right subclavian artery

96
Q

6th aortic arch →

A

proximal pulmonary arteries

L: ductus arteriosus

97
Q

glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency

A

von gierke dz

98
Q

lysosomal alpha-1,4-glucosidase deficiency

99
Q

debranching enzyme (alpha-1,6-glucosidase) deficiency

100
Q

skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase (myophosphorylase) deficiency

A

McArdle dz

101
Q

alpha-galactosidase A deficiency

102
Q

glucocerebrosidase (beta-glucosidase) deficiency

103
Q

sphingomyelinase deficiency

A

Niemann-Pick

104
Q

hexosaminidase A deficiency

105
Q

galactocerebrosidase deficiency

106
Q

arylsulfatase A

A

metachromatic leukodystrophy

107
Q

alpha-L-iduronidase

108
Q

iduronate sulfatase

A

hunter syndrome

109
Q

structures from neural crest

A 
MOTEL PASS
melanocytes
odontoblasts
tracheal cartilage
enterochromaffin cells
laryngeal cartilage
parafollicular cells (thyroid)
adrenal medulla, all ganglia
schwann cells
spiral membrane
110
Q

B1 deficiency →

A

wet beriberi
dry beriberi
Wernicke-Korsakoff

111
Q

B2 deficiency →

A

angular cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis

normocytic anemia

112
Q

B3 deficiency →

113
Q

B6 deficiency →

A

cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis

114
Q

B9 deficiency →

A

megaloblastic anemia

neural tube defects

115
Q

B12 deficiency →

A

megaloblastic anemia

neurologic defects

116
Q

CD 31

A

endothelial cell marker

hepatic angiosarcoma

117
Q

what does IL-1 do

A

aka osteoclast activating factor
fever, inflammation
activates endo to express adhesion molecules
induce chemokine secretion (to recruit WBCs)
(from macs)

118
Q

what does IL-2 do

A

stim growth of NKs,helper T, cytotox T, regulatory T

from T cells

119
Q

what does IL-3 do

A

support growth/differentiation of bone marrow stem cells
like GM-CSF
(from T cells)

120
Q

what does IL-4 do

A

induce T → Th2
promote B cell growth
enhance class switching (→ E, G)
(from Th2)

121
Q

what does IL-5 do?

A

stim grow/diff eosinophils
promote B cell growth
enhance class switching (→ A)
(from Th2)

122
Q

what does IL-6 do?

A

fever
stim production of acute phase proteins
(from macs)

123
Q

what does IL-8 do?

A

chemotaxis of neutrophils

from macs

124
Q

what does IL-10 do?

A

attenuate inflammation
inhibit macs/dendritic cells
decrease MHC II and Th1 cytokines
(from Th2 and regulatory T)

125
Q

what does IL-12 do?

A

activate NK
induce T → Th1
makes NK/T secrete IFN-gamma
(from macs)

126
Q

what does TNF-alpha do?

A 
WBC recruitment
vascular leak
activate endothelium
mediate septic shock
cause cachexia in malignancy
127
Q

what does IFN-gamma do?

A 
response to IL-12 (macs)
stim macs to kill phagocytosed pathogens
stim NK to kill virus-infected cells
increase MHC/Ag presenting in all
inhibits diff of Th2
128
Q

alveolar gas equation

A

PA O2 = 150 - Pa CO2 / 0.8

150 changes if you give them more O2 (up) or altitude (down)

129
Q

dendritic cell surface proteins

A

CD80/CD86 (B7 protein)

CD40

130
Q

what CD are Fas receptor?

131
Q

complement pathways (and what starts them)

A

classic: IgG/M binds Ag and then C1
alternate: activated by molecules on microbes or just activate itself
lectin: mannose binding lectin binds to mannose on microbe surface

132
Q

complement proteins in MAC

A 
C5b
C6
C7
C8
C9
133
Q

opsonization complement proteins

A

C3b (and IgG)

134
Q

anaphylaxis complement

A

C3a and C5a

135
Q

mast cell/basophil complement

136
Q

neutrophil chemotaxis complement

137
Q

def of C2 esterase inhibitor

A

hereditary angioedema

more brady?

138
Q

def of C3

A

recurrent pyogenic infections and RTIs
-strep pneumo
- H flu
susceptible to type III HSR

139
Q

def of DAF (CD55)

A

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

140
Q

neutrophil chemotactic agents

A

IL-8
C5a
LTB4

141
Q

what activates LCAT

142
Q

what mediates chylomicron secretion

143
Q

what mediates VLDL secretion

144
Q

essential AA

A 
PVT TIM HaLL
Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Leucine
Lysine
145
Q

basic AAs

A

lysine
arginine
histidine

146
Q

acidic AAs

A

aspartate

glutamate

147
Q

maple syrup urine dz defect

A

branch chain alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (no isoleucine, leucine, methionine)

148
Q

Hartnup dz

A

decreased tryptophan → pellagra

149
Q

ALK

A

lung adenocarcinoma

150
Q

BCR-ABL

151
Q

c-MYC

152
Q

RET

A

MEN 2A/2B,

medullary thyroid cancer

153
Q

JAK2

A

chronic myeloproliferative d/os

154
Q

MYCL1

A

lung tumor

155
Q

MYCN

A

neuroblastoma

156
Q

BCL-2

A

follicular lymphoma

diffuse large B cell lymphoma

157
Q

BRAF

A

melanoma

non-hodgkin

158
Q

c-KIT

A

GI stromal tumor

159
Q

KRAS

A

colon
lung
pancreatic

160
Q

RAS

A

cholangiocarcinoma

pancreatic adenocarcinoma

161
Q

APC

A

colorectal

162
Q

CDKN2A

A

melanoma

pancreatic

163
Q

DCC

164
Q

DPC4/SMAD4

A

pancreatic

165
Q

PTEN

A

breast
prostate
endometrial

166
Q

Rb

A

retinoblastoma
osteosarcoma
cervical

167
Q

TSC1/2

A

tuberous sclerosis

168
Q

MSH2/MLH1

A

lynch syndrome

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