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Pathology > Stomach / Abomasum > Flashcards

Stomach / Abomasum Flashcards

1
Q

Glandular Regions of Stomach

A

Cardia
Fundus/body
Pylorus

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2
Q

Cardia region

A

Region of stomach at cranial end
Secretes mucin
Surface foveolar cells

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3
Q

Fundus/body

A

Mid region of glandular stomach
Secretes pepsinogen, HCl and mucin
Parietal and chief cells

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4
Q

Pylorus

A

Caudal region of glandular stomach
Secretes mucin and gastric
G cells

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5
Q

Margo Plicata

A

Margin between glandular / non glandular epithelium in horse stomach
Common site of ulceration

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6
Q

Components of Mucosal barrier

A

Mucous “gel” secretions - lubricates and protects from self-digestion
Bicarbonate ions - buffers HCl
Replacement cells - cells cycle every 3-5 d
Blood flow - provides O2 and nutrients (energy) for cell growth

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7
Q

Prostaglandin

A

Regulates:
- bicarb / mucus secretions
- cell turnover
- micro vascular blood flow (also cell turnover)

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8
Q

Erosion

A

Superficial mucosal defect limited to mucosa/lamina propria

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9
Q

Ulcer

A

Deep mucosal defect that extends through the epithelium into the submucosa/wall
Bleeds more than erosions

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10
Q

Acute gastric ulcer

A

Red to brown mucosal depression
Active bleeding +/- fibrin layer
“Coffee ground” digested blood common

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11
Q

Chronic gastric ulcer

A

Raised tan “indurated” crater-like
(Tan base from re-epithelialization)
Possible active hemorrhage

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12
Q

Sequelae of gastric ulcers

A

Bleeding —> anemia —> internal exsanguination

Transmural perforation —> septic peritonitis

Healing/fibrous scar —> dysmotility/obstruction —> impaction

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13
Q

General cause of gastric ulcers

A

Increased parietal/chief cell secretion
Decreased mucosal barrier

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14
Q

Clinical signs of gastric ulcers

A

Anorexia

Dog/cat: vomiting, abdominal pain, anemia, melena
Cattle: decreased milk, palpable discomfort, melena
Horses: poor performance, bruxism (teeth grinding)
Swine: peracute death

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15
Q

Factors leading to gastric ulcer

A

Vascular compromise (drugs, stress, displacements)
Dietary disturbance
Trauma/toxins
Neoplasms
Infectious/inflammatory diseases

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16
Q

Pharmacologic cause of ulcers

A

NSAIDS (COX 1 and 2) inhibitors
Steroids

17
Q

Pathogenesis of NSAID ulcers

A

Cox 1/2 enzyme inhibition —> decrease prostaglandin synthesis —> increase acid by parietal cells, decrease bicarbo/mucus, decrease mucosal circulation, decrease replacement cells

18
Q

Pathogenesis of stress ulcers

A

Epi/norepinephrine release —> vasoconstriction / decrease gastric wall perfusion —> focal ischemia —> focal coagulation necrosis —> erosion —> ulcer

19
Q

Pathogenesis of displacement / dilatation ulcers

A

Gastric dial action —> volvulus —> passive congestion —> ischemia —> infarct —> ulcer

20
Q

Secondary complications of gastric dilation / displacement

A

Cardiovascular collapse (compression of vena cava)
Pulmonary atelectasis
Septic peritonitis (if perforating ulcer)

21
Q

Examples of gastric displacements / dialations

A

LDA/RDA (bovine abomasal displacements)
Canine GDV syndrome (—> CV collapse)
Equine acute gastric dilation (—> rupture)

22
Q

Dietary disturbances leading to gastric ulcers

A

Canine: dietary indiscretion
Bovine: transition from milk to fiber diet, post-parturient diet
Swine: small feed particle size

23
Q

Ulcer by direct trauma

A

Exogenous: obstruction, foreign body, exogenous chemicals / caustic substances

Endogenous: bile reflux, uremic toxins, caustic digestive fluids

24
Q

Endogenous gastric neoplasms

A

Canine: adenocarcinoma
Equine: squamous cell carcinoma

25
Q

Exogenous gastric neoplasticism infiltrates

A

Bovine (BLV), some dog/cat: lymphosarcoma
Mast cell tumors

26
Q

Gastric adenocarcinoma

A

Occurs in older dogs
Glandular portion of stomach
Ulcerative (may look like chronic ulcer), desmoplasia, carcinomatosis
Poor prognosis

27
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Older horses
Squamous portion of stomach
Verrucous, ulcerative, desmoplasia, carcinomatosis
Poor prognosis

28
Q

Lymphosarcoma

A

More often in intestines that stomach except in bovine
Abomasum in bovine common site (bovine leukemia virus associated)
In cats +/- feline leukemia virus

29
Q

Mast cell tumors

A

Originate at skin/viscera —> pyloric/anterior duodenal ulcers
Excess circulating histamine

30
Q

Bacterial (hemorrhagic) gastritis

A

Clostridium perfringens (G+ anaerobe) —> emphysema
Exotoxins —> epithelial, microvascular damage; erosions/ulcers, hemorrhage

*C. Septicum in sheep

31
Q

Hemorrhagic bacterial abomasitis

A

Gastritis in bovine by C. Perfringens

32
Q

Canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

A

Gastritis in dogs by C. Perfringens

33
Q

Eosinophilic gastritis

A

Immune mediated gastritis
Hypersensitivity reaction
Vomiting +/- diarrhea

34
Q

Eosinophilic, lymphoplasmacytic inflammation

A

Hyperplasia of mucosa, erosions
Loss (atrophy) of gastric glands
Fibrosis

35
Q

Uncommon causes of gastric ulcers

A

Chronic liver disease
Gastrin-producing tumors

Pathology (21 decks)

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