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Pathology > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of gray matter

A

Generation of nerve impulses

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2
Q

Function of white matter

A

Conduction of nerve impulses

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3
Q

Axonal transport systems

A
  1. Synthesis/packaging of NT in rER and Golgi apparatus
  2. NT travelled through length of axon to synapse by kinesin
  3. NT released from vesicle at synapse
  4. Used vesicles returned along microtubule by dynein
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4
Q

Kinesin

A

Microtubules motor protein using energy from ATP hydrolysis to generate mechanical force to bind to/move NT along microtubule

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5
Q

Pathogens using NT transport system to enter / spread within CNS

A

Rabies virus
Listeria monocytogenes

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6
Q

Function of astrocytes

A

Maintain BBB
Regulate nutrients to neurons
Insulate synapses

Respond to industry (astrocytosis/gliosis)

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7
Q

Function of microglia

A

Resident macrophages of CNS (clean up white matter debris)

Respond to injury (microgliosis/gliosis)

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8
Q

Function of oligodendrocytes

A

Produce myelin

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9
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Cells linking ventricular system

Facilitate movement of CSF

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10
Q

Choroid plexus cells

A

Epithelial endothelial border (blood CSF barrier) of ventricular system

Make CSF

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11
Q

Meninges

A

Connective tissue of CNS
Carry blood vessels to cerebral cortex
Encloses/holds CSF in subarachnoid space

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12
Q

Function of CSF

A

Provides cushioning and nutrients

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13
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Protects brain from pathogens/xenobiotics
Regulates diffusion of hormones / cytokines

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14
Q

Blood meninges barrier

A

Functions similar to BBB, but less restrictive
Also promotes immune response in injury/inflammation

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15
Q

Blood CSF barrier

A

Regulated movement of agents from blood to CSF

Choroid plexus epithelial cells with tight junction; fenestrated vessels in choroid stroma

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16
Q

General function of parietal lobe

A

Integration of sensory information

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17
Q

General function of temporal lobe

A

Behavior and hearing

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18
Q

General function of pyriform lobe

A

Olfaction

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19
Q

General function of caudate, claustrum, putamen, pallidum

A

Motor function

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20
Q

General function of septal nuclei

A

Emotion

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21
Q

Upper motor neurons

A

Entirely within CNS
Initiate voluntary movement

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22
Q

Lower motor neutrons

A

Cell bodies in spinal cord/Brainstem grey matter; axons to periphery

Innervate / activate skeletal muscle

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23
Q

Thiamine deficiency in dogs

A

Neuronal necrosis in posterior colliculi neuronal cell bodies

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24
Q

Copper deficiency

A

Oligodendroglia dysfunction in sheep

Diffuse cerebral white matter loss

Swayback, blind, in coordination; more commonly in lambs (congenital); sometimes delayed (kids) - Wallerian degeneration in dorsolateral/Ventromedial spinal cord tracts

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25
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Ventricular dilation

Increase in CSF volume in ventricles

Several causes (i.e., congenital, obstruction, degeneration of parenchyma, lack of resorption, excess formation of CSF)

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26
Q

Histology of Atrophy

A

Loss of neurons and myelin with or without astrocytosis and astrocytosis sclerosis

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27
Q

Encephalomalacia

A

Necrosis of the brain

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28
Q

Polioencephalomalacia

A

Necrosis of the grey matter of the brain

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29
Q

Leukoencephalomalacia

A

Necrosis of white matter of the brain

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30
Q

Myelomalacia

A

Necrosis of the spinal cord

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31
Q

Poliomyelomalacia

A

Necrosis of the grey matter of the spinal cord

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32
Q

Leukomyelomalacia

A

Necrosis of the white matter of the spinal cord

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33
Q

Polioencephalomalacia of ruminants

A

Cortical necrosis (grey matter of brain) due to thiamine deficiency, high S diet, water deprivation

Clinical signs: facial twitching, grinding teeth, opisthotonos, convulsions, coma

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34
Q

Sequelae of brain hemorrhage

A

Elevated intracranial pressure

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35
Q

Gross path of brain edema

A

Swollen/flattened gyri
Widened, less distinct sulci
Brain compressed against calvaria

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36
Q

Pathogenesis of CNS lesions

A

Lesion occupies + expands adjacent neuroparenchyma —> inc brain volume —> inc intracranial pressure —> caudal herniations of cerebellum thru foramen magnum —> compression of CV and resp centers in medulla —> coma/death

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37
Q

Factors affecting susceptibility of neuron to damage

A

Level of metabolic activity
Length of axon

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38
Q

Histologic changes seen in grey matter

A

Chromatolysis
Neuronal swelling
Acute neuronal necrosis

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39
Q

Histologic changes in white matter

A

Spheroids
Digestion chambers

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40
Q

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis

A

Accumulation of lipofuscin (oxidation of fatty acids)

Mitochondrial defect?

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41
Q

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

A

Spongiform change in histo (vacuolization)
Prions detectible by immunohistochemical staining

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42
Q

Hepatic encephalopathy

A

Ammonia toxicity

Cytotoxic/intracellular edema
Astrocytosis (Type II - arranged in pairs/small clusters)

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43
Q

Astrocyte response to injury

A

Hypertrophy (swelling of cytoplasm, increase in astrocytic fibers - glial scar)

Hyperplasia (astrocytosis, inc in number)

44
Q

Microglia response to injury

A

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Become activated —> glitter cells (macrophage behavior, foamy or lipid laden macrophages)

45
Q

Gitter cells

A

Foamy, lipid-laden cells in area of necrosis of CNS (from microglia cells)

46
Q

Neuronophagia

A

Accumulation of mononuclear cells, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and neutrophils or astrocytes around a neuronal cell body

47
Q

Post necrotic healing of CNS

A

Neovascularization
Astrogliosis
Fibrillary astroglial scar

48
Q

Primary demyelination

A

Leukodystrophies (genetic enzyme defects)

Rare!

49
Q

Secondary demylination

A

Infectious (Canine distemper)
Nutritional (copper deficiency)
Toxin (bromethalin)
Trauma/compression

50
Q

Clinical signs of demyelination

A

Limb ataxia
Paresis
Paralysis
Tremors
Seizure

51
Q

Lysol-fast blue

A

Stain for myelin

52
Q

Demylination

A

Loss of myelin caused by damage to oligodendrocytes (CNS) of Schwann cells (PNS)

53
Q

Neural tube defects

A

Spectrum of congenital malformations due to abnormal development and/or closure of neural tube during development

  • can also affect vertebrae, skull, skin, musculature
54
Q

Agyria (lissencephaly)

A

Lack of the normal number and thickness of cerebral hemispheric gyri

Thickened cortex with reduction in underlaying white mater

*Normal in rodents, lagomorphs, birds

Seizures, cognitive dysfunction in some dogs

55
Q

Caudal occipital malformation (COMS)

A

Small breed dogs (Cavalier King Charles)

Congenital malformation of caudal occipital region of skull —> overcrowding of caudal fossa —> compression of Brainstem/cerebellum at foramen magnum —> syringomyelia

56
Q

Syringomyelia

A

Accumulation of fluid within the spinal cord

57
Q

Cerebellar hypoplasia

A

Segmental absence of neurons
Occurs during fetal development (born abnormal)

58
Q

Causes of cerebellar hypoplasia

A

Genetic
Viral (feline panleukopenia virus, BVDV, border disease virus, classical swine fever)

59
Q

Cerebellar abiotrophy

A

Selective loss of neurons occurring early in life (animal born neuron) (accelerated degeneration)

Segmental absence of neurons

60
Q

Causes of vascular obstruction / ischemic infarction in brain

A

Local disease —> vascular thrombosis
Embolization of external process
Atherosclerosis (not as common in animals as ppl)
Feline ischemic encephalopathy/myelopathy
Fibrocartilaginous embolism

61
Q

Feline ischemic myelopathy and encephalopathy

A

Cause of ischemic infarction in cats

Hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, chronic renal failure

Ventral spinal artery most commonly affected

62
Q

Fibrocartilaginous embolism

A

Unknown pathogenesis - IVD gains access to vasculature??

Acute onset of clinical signs

Dogs/pigs with history of excessive exercise

63
Q

Hansen type I herniation

A

IVDD with extrusion of nucleus purposes material into spinal canal —> spinal cord compression

Acute onset, small breed (dachshund); complete loss of voluntary movement of hind legs (paraplegia)

Factors: dehydration, degeneration, cartilage metaplasia of nuc pulp

64
Q

Hansen type II herniation

A

IVDD: Protrusion of annulus fibrosis into spinal canal —> spinal cord compression

Older, large breed dogs

Slow and progressive; paraparesis —> paraplegia (waxing and waning)

65
Q

Storage diseases

A

Congenital: Lysosomal storage disease; Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis; Lafora disease

Acquired: ingestion of plant with alkaloid enzyme inhibitors

66
Q

Cervical stenotic myelopathy (Wobbler’s syndrome) : osseous form

A

compression of dorsal or dorsolateral spinal cord

1-3 yo large/giant breed dogs

Loss of proprioception, gait deficiency, ataxia

Clinical signs more pronounced in hind limbs

67
Q

Cervical stenotic myelopathy (Wobbler’s) : disc-associated form

A

Hansen type II protrusion

Middle-aged large-breed dogs

Ventral spinal cord compression

68
Q

Degenerative myelopathy

A

Common in old dogs (German Shepard, corgis)

Late onset, progressive

Weakness/ataxia due to spinal cord lesions

Spheroids/demyelination in funiculi

69
Q

Neuroaxonal dystrophy

A

Axonal swelling, atrophy, degeneration = spheroids

Waxing and waning ataxia

Dogs/horses

70
Q

Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain

71
Q

Polioencephalitis

A

Inflammation of grey matter of brain

72
Q

Leukoencephalitis

A

Inflammation of white matter of brain

73
Q

Myelitis

A

Inflammation of spinal cord

74
Q

Portals of entry to nervous system

A

Hematogenous
Local extension (often severe otitis, severe nasal infection)
Direct penetration
Retrograde axonal flow (rabies, Listeria, herpesvirus, tetanospasmin)

75
Q

Histological signs of viral infection in nervous system

A

Inflammation - local, disseminated perivascular cuffs
Neuronal degeneration / death
Inclusion bodies
Gliosis

76
Q

Rabies histology

A

Perivascular cuffing
Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neurons

Direct fluorescent antibody test - gold standard

77
Q

Canine distemper virus histology

A

Intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies in astrocytes, neurons, choroid plexus epithelium

White matter: leukoencephalitis with demyelination

Grey matter: neuronal necrosis with gliosis + perivascular cuffing of lymphocytes/macs

IHC to confirm

78
Q

Arboviruses

A

Equine encephalitis alpha viruses (EEE, WEE, VEE)

West Nile Virus

All produce similar lesion in brain/spinal cord —> immunohistochemistry to distinguish

79
Q

Histology of arboviruses (agents of encephalitis)

A

Perivascular cuffing by lymphocytes and plasma cells

Neurophagia (glial nodules)

80
Q

Caprine Arthritis and Ecephalitis virus

A

Lentivirus (retrovirus) - Nervous system disease in kids; lymphoproliferative synovitis/arthritis, pneumonia, mastitis in adult goats

81
Q

Histopath of caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus

A

Caprine leukoencephalomyelitis

Perivascular cuffing by lymphocytes/Macs with malacia in white matter (subependymal cerebrum, Brainstem, beneath pia in spinal cord)

82
Q

Pathological findings of feline infectious peritonitis

A

Hydrocephalus
Granulomatous meningitis
Choroid plexitis, ependymitis, vasculitis

83
Q

Equine herpesviral myeloencephalopathy

A

Caused by Equine herpesvirus-1 and 4 (DNA viruses)

Clinical signs: ataxia, paresis, paralysis

Vasculitis with thrombosis, edema, hemorrhage —> secondary ischemia —> axonal spheroids

84
Q

Manifestation of bacterial infection of nervous system

A

Inflammation - focal, mutlifocal, dissemination

Usually Suppurative, sometimes granulomatous

Regional destruction of neuroparenchyma

May or may not see organisms

85
Q

Bacterial meningitis

A

Hematogenous spread, local extension, direct penetration

Inflammation of leptomeninges ; inflammation of dura mater (pachymeningitis)

86
Q

Brain abscess

A

Center of pus encircled by neutrophils / fibrous capsule

Large > small animals

Hematogenous, local extension, direct penetration

87
Q

Listeria

A

From contaminated silage

Break in oral mucosa —> local invasion —> trigeminal nerves —> retrograde travel to Brainstem —> Suppurative encephalitis with microabscesses

88
Q

Infectious thrombotic meningoencephalitis (ITME)

A

Histophilus somni (affects cattle)

Hematogenous spread from RT —> apoptosis of endothelium (from bacterial virulence factor) —> vasculitis —> thrombosis —> hemorrage

Gross: multifocal random hemorrhages

89
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans (C. gatii)

A

Yeast infection
Dogs, cats, (horses)
Suppurative to granulomatous meningoencephalitis with large areas of necrosis that contain numerous yeast

90
Q

Protozoal infection in the CNS

A

Necrosis (obvious or subtle)
Multifocal granulomatous, (eosinophilic), necrotizing encephalitis
Widespread destruction, organism (usually) rare

91
Q

Equine Protozoal myeloencephalitis

A

Sarcocystis neurona

Spinal cord most frequently affected

Serology / clinical signs to diagnose

92
Q

Meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin

A

Cause unknown

Difficult to diagnose ante mortem

Categories:
- Granulomatous meningoencephalitis
- Necrotizing meningoencephalitis
-Necrotizing encephalitis

93
Q

Granulomatous meningoencephalitis

A

White matter midbrain, Brainstem, spinal cord; disseminated or focal

Multifocal perivascular macrophages with lymphocytes and plasma cells

94
Q

Necrotizing meningoencephalitis

A

Leukopoliomalacia and leukopolioencephalomyelitis of cerebral hemispheres

95
Q

Necrotizing encephalitis

A

Leukomalacia and leukoencephalitis of cerebral hemispheres and Brainstem with perivascular lymphoplasmacytic cuffing and gemistocytic astrocytes

96
Q

Salt toxicity

A

Indirect toxicity in pigs following excessive salt ingestion / water deprivation (brain edema upon re-introduction of water)

Laminar necrosis of cortical neurons/cortical malacia
Abundant eosinophils in meninges / around blood vessels

97
Q

Bromethalin toxicity

A

Non-anticoagulant rotenticide, Uncouple oxidative phosphorylation in mintocondria

Cerebral edema, intramyelinic edema, myelin splitting, Axonal swelling (white matter vacuolation)

98
Q

Lead poisoning

A

Pb interferes with glutamate/GABA release —> disrupts Ca homeostasis —> neuronal necrosis

99
Q

Histopath of lead poisoning

A

Cytotoxic cerebral edema
Gliosis and astrocytic swelling
Ischemic neuronal necrosis in cerebral cortex
Bilateral symmetrical demyelination/axonal degeneration

100
Q

Yellow star thistle toxicity

A

Bilaterally symmetrical malacia in substantia nigra / globes pallidus in horses

Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia

101
Q

Meningioma

A

Tumor of meninges

Most common intracranial neoplasm in cats/dogs (rare in horses/ruminants)

Compressive growth pattern; more rostral

Most benign

102
Q

Subtypes of Grade I meningioma

A

Transitional
Meningothelial
Psammamatous
Fibrous

103
Q

Glioma

A

Oligodendroglioma, Astrocytoma, High grade glioma (glioblastoma multiforme)

Brachycephalic dogs predisposed; also in cat, cattle, horses

Infiltrative histologically; grossly well demarcated

104
Q

Intraventricular tumors

A

Choroid plexus tumors (papilloma or carcinoma) - Golden retriever

Ependymoma - uncommon tumors

105
Q

Metastatic neoplasia in dogs

A

Hemangiosarcoma, carcinoma, malignant melanoma

106
Q

Metastatic neoplasia in cats

A

Mammary adenocarcinoma, lymphoma

Pathology (21 decks)

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