Esophagus / Forestomach

Question 1

Esophageal epithilium

Answer 1

Stratified squamous

Question 2

Forestomach epithelium

Answer 2

Stratified squamous

Question 3

Dysphagia

Answer 3

Abnormal swallowing

Occurs: (1) orally (2) pharyngeal (3) crico-esophageal (4) esophageal

Question 4

Esophageal dysphagia causes

Answer 4

Acquired: physical obstruction (impaction/foreign body), neuromuscular disease, endocrine disease

Congenital

Question 5

Sequelae of Esophageal Obstruction

Answer 5

• Physical perforation or pressure necrosis
• Ulcer
• Cellulitis
• Aspiration pneumonia

Question 6

Erosive/ulcerative esophagitis causes

Answer 6

Chemical: gastric acid, caustic substances
Infective: primary infectious viral esophagitis (BVD)

Question 7

Lesions of bloat

Answer 7

Rumen distention —> abdominal distention
Head/neck congestion and edema
Pulmonary atelectasis
Intraluminal slimy foam/free gas
Esophageal bloat line (see on necropsy)

Question 8

Bovine “Hardware” Disease

Answer 8

Reticuloperitonitis (rumen / diaphragm)
Reticulopleuritis
Reticulopericarditis (shag carpet heart)

Ingestion of metallic foreign bodies —> transmural perforation of reticulum —> septic peritonitis / pleuritis and pericarditis

Question 9

Reticuloperitonitis

Answer 9

Fibrinous / Suppurative inflammation with mixed bacteria in abdominal cavity

Question 10

Reticulopericarditis

Answer 10

Fibrinosuppurative pericarditis
Mats of fibrin/neutrophils forming “shag carpet” heart
Clinical: Cranial abdominal/thoracic pain, jugular vein distention, head/neck edema, washing machine murmur

Question 11

Rumen acidosis syndrome cause

Answer 11

too much concentrate feed/grain overload, reduced saliva production

Question 12

Rumen acidosis pathogenesis

Answer 12

Rapid production of CHO —> excess VFA —> shift micro flora (^ lactobacillus, streptococcus bovis, acid producers) —> decreased rumen pH

Secondary: change in osmotic pressure —> fluid into rumen, fluid bloat, metabolic acidosis, hypovolemic shock

Question 13

Lesions of rumen acidosis

Answer 13

Dehydration (sunken eyes, reduced skin turgid)
Abundant grain / fluid / acidic smell of rumen
Mucosal lesions (Blunting of papillae, erosions, ulcers)

Question 14

Sequelae of Rumen acidosis

Answer 14

Laminitis
Opportunistic infection (persistent deep rumen ulcers, liver abscess, embolic pneumonia, vegetative valvular endocarditis)

Bacterial emboli —> liver abscesses
Fungal emboli —> vasculitis, infarcts (liver?)

Question 15

Primary infectious rumenitis

Answer 15

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVD), bovine pesitvirus

Question 16

Rumen Tympany

Answer 16

Bloat