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Pathology > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Scrotum disorders

A

Trauma
Frostbite
Scrotal dermatitis
Cutaneous neoplasms

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2
Q

Vaginal tunic disorders

A

Hydrocele
Periorchitis
Neoplasia

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3
Q

Hydrocele

A

Serous fluid between layers of vaginal tunic

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4
Q

Periorchitis

A

Extension of peritonitis into vaginal tunic

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5
Q

Neoplasia of the vaginal tunic

A

Mesothelioma
Peritoneal carcinomatosis

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6
Q

Testis/epididymis disorder : decreased size

A

Disorder of sexual development (cryptorchidism, testicular hypoplasia)

Testicular atrophy

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7
Q

Testis/epididymis disorders : increased size

A

Testicular hypertrophy (usually compensatory)
Inflammation (orchitis, epididymitis)
Neoplasia
Torsion

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8
Q

Cryptorchisim

A

Disorder of sexual development characterized by incomplete testicular descent

Often heritable

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9
Q

Potential Sequelae of cryptorchidism

A

Testicular atrophy (degeneration)
Testicular torsion
Testicular neoplasia (Sertoli cell tumor, Seminoma)

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10
Q

Testicular hypoplasia

A

Testis does not reach full size at puberty (epididymus usually also small)

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11
Q

Testicular atrophy

A

Testis decreases in size after puberty (degeneration)

Epididymus usually normal size
Recovery possible if germ cells remain

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12
Q

Spermatic granulomas

A

Seminiferous tubule disruption /duct rupture —> free spermatozoa in interstitium —> recognized as foreign —> granulomatous inflammation

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13
Q

Epididymitis

A

Usually infectious cause (mostly ascending, often unilateral)

Possible Sequelae: testicular atrophy (degeneration), adhesions between vaginal tunics

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14
Q

Orchitis

A

Inflammation of testis (less common than epididymitis, often present together)

Usually hematogenous route (by infectious agent)

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15
Q

Testicular neoplasia

A

Germ cell tumors: seminoma, teratoma

Sex cord-stromal tumors: interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor, Sertoli cell tumor

Mixed tumors

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16
Q

Seminoma

A

Most common testicular neoplasm in stallion, second most common in dog

Gross: white, soft, bulging

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17
Q

Interstitial cell tumor (males)

A

Most common testicular neoplasm in bull, dog, cat

May produce hormones

Gross: yellow, soft, +/- hemorrhage

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18
Q

Sertoli cell tumor

A

3rd most common testicular neoplasm in dog, rare in others
May produce hormones

Gross: white, firm, lobulated

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19
Q

Varicocele

A

Dilation/tortuosity of veins of pampiniform plexus +/- thrombosis

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20
Q

Spermatic cord torsion

A

Twisting of spermatic cord, usually in retained testes

Causes venous infarct of testes

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21
Q

Funiculitis

A

Inflammation of spermatic cord

Caused by contamination of castration wound

“Scirrhous cord”

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22
Q

Canine prostate disorders : decreased size

A

Prostatic atrophy

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23
Q

Canine prostate disorders : increased size

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Prostatic/paraprostatic cysts + pseudocysts
Prostatitis (hematogenous or ascending infection)
Neoplasia (prostatic epithelial or urothelial carcinoma)

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24
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Develops spontaneously with age, not in castrated dogs

Gross: symmetrically enlarged prostate

Hormone related: estrogen + testosterone working in concert

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25
Q

Possible Sequelae of benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Obstipation (usually rather than urethral obstruction)

NOT a preneoplastic leasion

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26
Q

Phimosis

A

Inability to extrude penis

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27
Q

Paraphimosis

A

Inability to retract penis into prepuce

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28
Q

Priapism

A

Persistent erection

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29
Q

Persistent penile frenulum

A

Disorder of sexual development

Band of tissue between ventral raphe of penis and prepuce (normally separates at puberty)

Ventral curvature of penis may prevent intromission

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30
Q

Phallitis

A

Inflammation of penis

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31
Q

Balanitis

A

Inflammation of glans of penis

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32
Q

Posthitis

A

Inflammation of prepuce

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33
Q

Balanoposthitis

A

Inflammation of penis and prepuce

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34
Q

Ovine posthitis

A

Pizzle rot
Caused by: Corynebacterium renale (urease-producing bacterium)

Pathogenesis: high protein diet —> high urea concentration in urine —> bacteria convert urea to NH3 —> ulceration near preputial orifice

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35
Q

Potential Sequelae of Pizzle rot

A

Scarring and phimosis
Obstruction —> fatal urine retention

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36
Q

Equine penile habronemiasis

A

Caused by aberrant migration of Habronema muscle larvae (deposited by infected flies on penis/prepuce)

Gross: ulcerated exophytic mass

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37
Q

Penile/preputial neoplasias

A

Transmissible venereal tumor (dog)

Squamous cell carcinoma (dog, horse, bull)
Papilloma, fibropapilloma (dog, horse, bull)

Sarcoidosis (horse)

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38
Q

Penile/preputial neoplasias of dogs

A

Transmissible venereal tumor
Squamous cell carcinoma
Papilloma, fibropapilloma

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39
Q

Penile/preputial neoplasia of horses

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Papilloma, fibropapilloma
Sarcoid

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40
Q

Penile/preputial neoplasia of bulls

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Papilloma, fibropapilloma

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41
Q

Canine transmissible venereal tumor

A

Both males a females affected

Single or multiple nodules on external genitalia

Histo: large round cells, lightly staining, peripheral vacuoles

May spontaneously regress

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42
Q

Equine penile squamous cell carcinoma

A

Associated with Equine papillomavirus-2

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43
Q

Bovine penile fibropapilloma

A

Caused by bovine papillomavirus-1

Similar appearance to equine sarcoid

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44
Q

Equine sarcoid

A

Neoplasm associated with bovine papillomavirus-1/2 in horses

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45
Q

Disorders of sexual development in females

A

Alteration of anticipated genital appearance or phenotype

Failed or altered development of gonads/internal tubular genitalia

Cystic remnants

46
Q

Freemartinism

A

Anastomosis of placental vessels between M/F twins —> hematopoietic chimeras

AMH/testosterone from male fetus induces male-like structures in female

47
Q

Ovarian disorders

A

Intraovarian cysts (follicular cysts or remnants of embryonal structures)

Extraovarian cysts (usually remnants of embryonal structures)

48
Q

Ovarian neoplasia

A

Germ cell: dysgerminoma (analogous to seminoma), teratoma

Sex cord-stromal: granulosa cell tumor (analogous to Sertoli cell tumor), thecoma, luteoma

Epithelial: adenoma, adenocarcinoma

49
Q

Teratoma

A

Tumor from totipotent primordial germ cells

Derivatives of at least 2 of 3 embryonic germ layers

50
Q

Granulosa cell tumor

A

Most common ovarian neoplasm in LA

Most produce hormones (AMH, estrogens, androgens, and/or inhibin)

Firm, tan, multiloculated; atrophy of contralateral ovary

51
Q

Hydrosalpinx

A

Fluid-filled uterine tube

Obstruction prevents normal fluid from exiting (congenital or acquired)

52
Q

Salpingitis

A

Inflammation of uterine tube

Typically due to ascending bacterial infection

53
Q

Pyosalpinx

A

Accumulation of pus in uterine tube (Suppurative inflammation + obstructed outflow)

54
Q

Hydrometra

A

Accumulation of serous fluid in uterine lumen

55
Q

Mucometra

A

Accumulation of mucus in uterine lumen

56
Q

Non-inflammatory uterine disorders

A

Torsion
Rupture
Prolapse
Uterine artery rupture

57
Q

Endometrial hyperplasia

A

Important in sheep, dogs, cats
Rare in horses

Two types: pseudoplacentatational / segmental (resembles placental implantation sites), generalized

Not preneoplastic but may predispose to infection

58
Q

Portals of entry to female reproductive tract

A

Ascending infection (most common in mares)
Hematogenous infection
Descending from ovary
Direct penetration
Transaxonal infection

59
Q

Uterine inflammation route of entry

A

Ascending infection when cervix is open

Hematogenous when cervix is closed

60
Q

Endometritis

A

Inflammation of endometrium

61
Q

Metritis

A

Inflammation of all layers of uterine wall (more severe than endometritis)

62
Q

Pyometra

A

Infection with accumulation of pus in uterine lumen (sequela to endometritis or metritis)

63
Q

Sequelae of uterine inflammation

A

Septicemia
Endotoxemia
Uterine rupture/septic peritonitis
+/- death

64
Q

Sequelae of retained fetal membranes in large animals

A

Contaminant bacteria —> uterine inflammation

65
Q

____ is often found in conjunction with canine pyometra

A

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia

66
Q

Canine pyometra typically occurs…

A

A few weeks after estrus

(Requires normal influence of CL)

67
Q

Pathogenesis of canine pyometra

A

Prolonged progesterone elevation in luteal phase —> increased endometrial sensitivity to irritation —> cystic endometrial hyperplasia —> accumulation of endometrial secretions providing environment for bacterial proliferation —> Suppurative inflammation

68
Q

Uterine neoplasisas

A

Lymphosarcoma
Leiomyoma
Uterine (endometrial) carcinoma

69
Q

Neoplasm associated with BLV

A

Lymphosarcoma in cows

70
Q

Leiomyoma

A

benign smooth muscle tumor
Often multiple

Uterus, cervix, vagina

71
Q

Metastatic uterine neoplasia

A

Uterine (endometrial) carcinoma

Can metastasize to regional lymph nodes/lungs; carcinomatosis

72
Q

Disorders of vagina/vulva

A

Vulvar swelling - normal during estrus, occurs with hyperestrogenism

Vaginal polyps - common in older intact bitches, often solidity; need Histo to distinguish from leiomyoma; BENIGN (excision usually curative)

73
Q

Vaginal/vulvar neoplasia

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (most common - cow, ewe, mare); UV light exposure; can metastasize

Vaginal leiomyoma (common in dogs, use histo to distinguish from polyp)

Canine transmissible venereal tumor

74
Q

Vaginitis/vulvitis

A

Inflammation; often due to Dystocia or trauma with secondary infection

75
Q

Equine coital exanthema

A

Vesicles/erosions of external genitalia in mares/stallions

Equine herpesvirus-3

Venereal spread

76
Q

Bovine infectious pustular vulvovaginitis

A

Caused by bovine herpesvirus-1

Transmitted by coitus, artificial insemination +/- nose to vulva contact

Characterized by hyperemia/edema —> petechial hemorrhages + erosions/ulcers

77
Q

Supernumerary teats

A

Incidental finding (extra teats on mammary glands)

78
Q

Mammary gland disorders

A

Galactostasis
Galactorrhea
Agalactia

79
Q

Galactostasis

A

Milk retention - failure of milk letdown

80
Q

Galactorrhea

A

Inappropriate lactation / precocious lactation

81
Q

Agalactia

A

Failure of milk production

82
Q

Portals of entry of infection to mammary gland

A

Ascending
Systemic infection + localization
Direct penetration

83
Q

Mastitis

A

Inflammation of mammary gland

Usually begins as galactophoritis

Contagious

84
Q

Galactophoritis

A

Inflammation of mammary/lactiferous ducts

85
Q

Causes of mammary gland enlargement

A

Cystic dilation of mammary ducts

Mammary gland hyperplasia

Neoplasia

86
Q

Canine mammary neoplasia

A

Highest incidence among domestic species

Most benign, often multiple

Increased susceptibility with age/hormonal exposure

Can progress from hyperplasia —> dysplasia —> neoplasia

87
Q

Feline mammary neoplasia

A

3rd most common neoplasm in cats (1=LSA, 2=SCC)

Most malignant, rapid growth (often proceed quickly to death); usually single + near nipple

Can progress from hyperplasia —> adenoma —> carcinoma

Metastasize to lymph nodes/lungs, other mammary glands

88
Q

Large animal mammary neoplasia

A

Relatively uncommon
Seldom metastasize

89
Q

Incidental placental findings

A

Amniotic plaques
Hippo mane
Yolk sac remnant
Adventitial placentation
Mineralization
Amorphous globosus

90
Q

Amniotic plaques

A

Small raised plaques of squamous epithelium on amnion (incidental, all species)

91
Q

Hippomane

A

Rubbery aggregate of allantoic precipitates in allantoic cavity (esp. seen in horses)

92
Q

Yolk sac remnant

A

Cystic structure on allantoic portion of umbilical cord near chorioanllantois (often mineralized) - esp in horses

93
Q

Amorphous globosus

A

Anomalous second fetus (acardiac monster), rare (usually bovine)

94
Q

Adventitial placentation

A

Formation of additional placentomes (esp in cows); some normal, excess suggests inadequacy of existing placentome surface area

95
Q

Embryonic death

A

Pregancy failure <35-45d in LA, <20d in dogs/cats

Outcomes: return to estrus, or delayed return to estrus

96
Q

Fetal death

A

Abortion - expulsion of fetus before would be independently viable

Stillbirth - delivery within period of expected viability

97
Q

Fetal loss with Autolysis

A

Decay of fetus before expulsion
(Destruction of cells/tissues by their own enzymes)

98
Q

Fetal mummification

A

Retained fetus dehydrates

Firm dry mass with leathery skin

Infections + non-infectious causes

Cervix must be CLOSED

99
Q

Fetal maceration

A

Retained fetus liquefies

Requires bacteria in uterus

Endometritis/pyometra also present

Fetal bones resist maceration

100
Q

Fetal meconium staining

A

Indicator of fetal hypoxia

101
Q

Causes of pregnancy failure

A

Diagnostic rate <50%

Non-infections: difficult to dianose

Infectious: majority of known causes ease to diagnose

102
Q

Non-infectious causes of abortion in horses

A

Umbilical cord torsion
Premature placental separation
Placental insufficiency

103
Q

Umbilical cord torsion

A

Cord usually longer than normal, excessively twisted

Cord Edematous + hemorrhagic

104
Q

Premature placental separation

A

“Red bag” delivery

Separation occurs around time of parturition —> fetal hypoxia

Exposed chorion is bright red, cervical star intact

105
Q

Placental insufficiency

A

Endometrial fibrosis due to previous endometritis

Twinning - chorionic villi do not develop over contact are between two placentas

106
Q

Veratrum californicum

A

Ingestion by ewe ~14 d of gestation —> prolonged gestation and fetal anomalies

Teratogenic steroid alkaloids inhibit neural tube development

107
Q

Infectious causes of abortion

A

Viral
Bacterial
Protozoal
Fungal

108
Q

Zoonotic causes of pregnancy failure

A

Brucella spp
Chlamydia abortus
Coxiella burnetti
(Bacterial causes of abortion)

109
Q

Lesions associate with Campylobacter spp

A

Multifocal targetoid (bullseye-like) lesions on fetal liver

110
Q

Unique neonatal features

A

Pale pink-tan skeletal muscle
Predominantly brown fat along the back
Thymus takes up most of cranial mediastinum
Thin renal cortex (still developing kidney)
Soft/mushy brain
Incomplete ossification of bone
Sometimes eyes/ears still closed

Pathology (21 decks)

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