Reproductive Flashcards
Scrotum disorders
Trauma
Frostbite
Scrotal dermatitis
Cutaneous neoplasms
Vaginal tunic disorders
Hydrocele
Periorchitis
Neoplasia
Hydrocele
Serous fluid between layers of vaginal tunic
Periorchitis
Extension of peritonitis into vaginal tunic
Neoplasia of the vaginal tunic
Mesothelioma
Peritoneal carcinomatosis
Testis/epididymis disorder : decreased size
Disorder of sexual development (cryptorchidism, testicular hypoplasia)
Testicular atrophy
Testis/epididymis disorders : increased size
Testicular hypertrophy (usually compensatory)
Inflammation (orchitis, epididymitis)
Neoplasia
Torsion
Cryptorchisim
Disorder of sexual development characterized by incomplete testicular descent
Often heritable
Potential Sequelae of cryptorchidism
Testicular atrophy (degeneration)
Testicular torsion
Testicular neoplasia (Sertoli cell tumor, Seminoma)
Testicular hypoplasia
Testis does not reach full size at puberty (epididymus usually also small)
Testicular atrophy
Testis decreases in size after puberty (degeneration)
Epididymus usually normal size
Recovery possible if germ cells remain
Spermatic granulomas
Seminiferous tubule disruption /duct rupture —> free spermatozoa in interstitium —> recognized as foreign —> granulomatous inflammation
Epididymitis
Usually infectious cause (mostly ascending, often unilateral)
Possible Sequelae: testicular atrophy (degeneration), adhesions between vaginal tunics
Orchitis
Inflammation of testis (less common than epididymitis, often present together)
Usually hematogenous route (by infectious agent)
Testicular neoplasia
Germ cell tumors: seminoma, teratoma
Sex cord-stromal tumors: interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor, Sertoli cell tumor
Mixed tumors
Seminoma
Most common testicular neoplasm in stallion, second most common in dog
Gross: white, soft, bulging
Interstitial cell tumor (males)
Most common testicular neoplasm in bull, dog, cat
May produce hormones
Gross: yellow, soft, +/- hemorrhage
Sertoli cell tumor
3rd most common testicular neoplasm in dog, rare in others
May produce hormones
Gross: white, firm, lobulated
Varicocele
Dilation/tortuosity of veins of pampiniform plexus +/- thrombosis
Spermatic cord torsion
Twisting of spermatic cord, usually in retained testes
Causes venous infarct of testes
Funiculitis
Inflammation of spermatic cord
Caused by contamination of castration wound
“Scirrhous cord”
Canine prostate disorders : decreased size
Prostatic atrophy
Canine prostate disorders : increased size
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Prostatic/paraprostatic cysts + pseudocysts
Prostatitis (hematogenous or ascending infection)
Neoplasia (prostatic epithelial or urothelial carcinoma)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Develops spontaneously with age, not in castrated dogs
Gross: symmetrically enlarged prostate
Hormone related: estrogen + testosterone working in concert
Possible Sequelae of benign prostatic hyperplasia
Obstipation (usually rather than urethral obstruction)
NOT a preneoplastic leasion
Phimosis
Inability to extrude penis
Paraphimosis
Inability to retract penis into prepuce
Priapism
Persistent erection
Persistent penile frenulum
Disorder of sexual development
Band of tissue between ventral raphe of penis and prepuce (normally separates at puberty)
Ventral curvature of penis may prevent intromission
Phallitis
Inflammation of penis
Balanitis
Inflammation of glans of penis
Posthitis
Inflammation of prepuce
Balanoposthitis
Inflammation of penis and prepuce
Ovine posthitis
Pizzle rot
Caused by: Corynebacterium renale (urease-producing bacterium)
Pathogenesis: high protein diet —> high urea concentration in urine —> bacteria convert urea to NH3 —> ulceration near preputial orifice
Potential Sequelae of Pizzle rot
Scarring and phimosis
Obstruction —> fatal urine retention
Equine penile habronemiasis
Caused by aberrant migration of Habronema muscle larvae (deposited by infected flies on penis/prepuce)
Gross: ulcerated exophytic mass
Penile/preputial neoplasias
Transmissible venereal tumor (dog)
Squamous cell carcinoma (dog, horse, bull)
Papilloma, fibropapilloma (dog, horse, bull)
Sarcoidosis (horse)
Penile/preputial neoplasias of dogs
Transmissible venereal tumor
Squamous cell carcinoma
Papilloma, fibropapilloma
Penile/preputial neoplasia of horses
Squamous cell carcinoma
Papilloma, fibropapilloma
Sarcoid
Penile/preputial neoplasia of bulls
Squamous cell carcinoma
Papilloma, fibropapilloma
Canine transmissible venereal tumor
Both males a females affected
Single or multiple nodules on external genitalia
Histo: large round cells, lightly staining, peripheral vacuoles
May spontaneously regress
Equine penile squamous cell carcinoma
Associated with Equine papillomavirus-2
Bovine penile fibropapilloma
Caused by bovine papillomavirus-1
Similar appearance to equine sarcoid
Equine sarcoid
Neoplasm associated with bovine papillomavirus-1/2 in horses
Disorders of sexual development in females
Alteration of anticipated genital appearance or phenotype
Failed or altered development of gonads/internal tubular genitalia
Cystic remnants
Freemartinism
Anastomosis of placental vessels between M/F twins —> hematopoietic chimeras
AMH/testosterone from male fetus induces male-like structures in female
Ovarian disorders
Intraovarian cysts (follicular cysts or remnants of embryonal structures)
Extraovarian cysts (usually remnants of embryonal structures)
Ovarian neoplasia
Germ cell: dysgerminoma (analogous to seminoma), teratoma
Sex cord-stromal: granulosa cell tumor (analogous to Sertoli cell tumor), thecoma, luteoma
Epithelial: adenoma, adenocarcinoma
Teratoma
Tumor from totipotent primordial germ cells
Derivatives of at least 2 of 3 embryonic germ layers
Granulosa cell tumor
Most common ovarian neoplasm in LA
Most produce hormones (AMH, estrogens, androgens, and/or inhibin)
Firm, tan, multiloculated; atrophy of contralateral ovary
Hydrosalpinx
Fluid-filled uterine tube
Obstruction prevents normal fluid from exiting (congenital or acquired)
Salpingitis
Inflammation of uterine tube
Typically due to ascending bacterial infection
Pyosalpinx
Accumulation of pus in uterine tube (Suppurative inflammation + obstructed outflow)
Hydrometra
Accumulation of serous fluid in uterine lumen
Mucometra
Accumulation of mucus in uterine lumen
Non-inflammatory uterine disorders
Torsion
Rupture
Prolapse
Uterine artery rupture
Endometrial hyperplasia
Important in sheep, dogs, cats
Rare in horses
Two types: pseudoplacentatational / segmental (resembles placental implantation sites), generalized
Not preneoplastic but may predispose to infection
Portals of entry to female reproductive tract
Ascending infection (most common in mares)
Hematogenous infection
Descending from ovary
Direct penetration
Transaxonal infection
Uterine inflammation route of entry
Ascending infection when cervix is open
Hematogenous when cervix is closed
Endometritis
Inflammation of endometrium
Metritis
Inflammation of all layers of uterine wall (more severe than endometritis)
Pyometra
Infection with accumulation of pus in uterine lumen (sequela to endometritis or metritis)
Sequelae of uterine inflammation
Septicemia
Endotoxemia
Uterine rupture/septic peritonitis
+/- death
Sequelae of retained fetal membranes in large animals
Contaminant bacteria —> uterine inflammation
____ is often found in conjunction with canine pyometra
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
Canine pyometra typically occurs…
A few weeks after estrus
(Requires normal influence of CL)
Pathogenesis of canine pyometra
Prolonged progesterone elevation in luteal phase —> increased endometrial sensitivity to irritation —> cystic endometrial hyperplasia —> accumulation of endometrial secretions providing environment for bacterial proliferation —> Suppurative inflammation
Uterine neoplasisas
Lymphosarcoma
Leiomyoma
Uterine (endometrial) carcinoma
Neoplasm associated with BLV
Lymphosarcoma in cows
Leiomyoma
benign smooth muscle tumor
Often multiple
Uterus, cervix, vagina
Metastatic uterine neoplasia
Uterine (endometrial) carcinoma
Can metastasize to regional lymph nodes/lungs; carcinomatosis
Disorders of vagina/vulva
Vulvar swelling - normal during estrus, occurs with hyperestrogenism
Vaginal polyps - common in older intact bitches, often solidity; need Histo to distinguish from leiomyoma; BENIGN (excision usually curative)
Vaginal/vulvar neoplasia
Squamous cell carcinoma (most common - cow, ewe, mare); UV light exposure; can metastasize
Vaginal leiomyoma (common in dogs, use histo to distinguish from polyp)
Canine transmissible venereal tumor
Vaginitis/vulvitis
Inflammation; often due to Dystocia or trauma with secondary infection
Equine coital exanthema
Vesicles/erosions of external genitalia in mares/stallions
Equine herpesvirus-3
Venereal spread
Bovine infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
Caused by bovine herpesvirus-1
Transmitted by coitus, artificial insemination +/- nose to vulva contact
Characterized by hyperemia/edema —> petechial hemorrhages + erosions/ulcers
Supernumerary teats
Incidental finding (extra teats on mammary glands)
Mammary gland disorders
Galactostasis
Galactorrhea
Agalactia
Galactostasis
Milk retention - failure of milk letdown
Galactorrhea
Inappropriate lactation / precocious lactation
Agalactia
Failure of milk production
Portals of entry of infection to mammary gland
Ascending
Systemic infection + localization
Direct penetration
Mastitis
Inflammation of mammary gland
Usually begins as galactophoritis
Contagious
Galactophoritis
Inflammation of mammary/lactiferous ducts
Causes of mammary gland enlargement
Cystic dilation of mammary ducts
Mammary gland hyperplasia
Neoplasia
Canine mammary neoplasia
Highest incidence among domestic species
Most benign, often multiple
Increased susceptibility with age/hormonal exposure
Can progress from hyperplasia —> dysplasia —> neoplasia
Feline mammary neoplasia
3rd most common neoplasm in cats (1=LSA, 2=SCC)
Most malignant, rapid growth (often proceed quickly to death); usually single + near nipple
Can progress from hyperplasia —> adenoma —> carcinoma
Metastasize to lymph nodes/lungs, other mammary glands
Large animal mammary neoplasia
Relatively uncommon
Seldom metastasize
Incidental placental findings
Amniotic plaques
Hippo mane
Yolk sac remnant
Adventitial placentation
Mineralization
Amorphous globosus
Amniotic plaques
Small raised plaques of squamous epithelium on amnion (incidental, all species)
Hippomane
Rubbery aggregate of allantoic precipitates in allantoic cavity (esp. seen in horses)
Yolk sac remnant
Cystic structure on allantoic portion of umbilical cord near chorioanllantois (often mineralized) - esp in horses
Amorphous globosus
Anomalous second fetus (acardiac monster), rare (usually bovine)
Adventitial placentation
Formation of additional placentomes (esp in cows); some normal, excess suggests inadequacy of existing placentome surface area
Embryonic death
Pregancy failure <35-45d in LA, <20d in dogs/cats
Outcomes: return to estrus, or delayed return to estrus
Fetal death
Abortion - expulsion of fetus before would be independently viable
Stillbirth - delivery within period of expected viability
Fetal loss with Autolysis
Decay of fetus before expulsion
(Destruction of cells/tissues by their own enzymes)
Fetal mummification
Retained fetus dehydrates
Firm dry mass with leathery skin
Infections + non-infectious causes
Cervix must be CLOSED
Fetal maceration
Retained fetus liquefies
Requires bacteria in uterus
Endometritis/pyometra also present
Fetal bones resist maceration
Fetal meconium staining
Indicator of fetal hypoxia
Causes of pregnancy failure
Diagnostic rate <50%
Non-infections: difficult to dianose
Infectious: majority of known causes ease to diagnose
Non-infectious causes of abortion in horses
Umbilical cord torsion
Premature placental separation
Placental insufficiency
Umbilical cord torsion
Cord usually longer than normal, excessively twisted
Cord Edematous + hemorrhagic
Premature placental separation
“Red bag” delivery
Separation occurs around time of parturition —> fetal hypoxia
Exposed chorion is bright red, cervical star intact
Placental insufficiency
Endometrial fibrosis due to previous endometritis
Twinning - chorionic villi do not develop over contact are between two placentas
Veratrum californicum
Ingestion by ewe ~14 d of gestation —> prolonged gestation and fetal anomalies
Teratogenic steroid alkaloids inhibit neural tube development
Infectious causes of abortion
Viral
Bacterial
Protozoal
Fungal
Zoonotic causes of pregnancy failure
Brucella spp
Chlamydia abortus
Coxiella burnetti
(Bacterial causes of abortion)
Lesions associate with Campylobacter spp
Multifocal targetoid (bullseye-like) lesions on fetal liver
Unique neonatal features
Pale pink-tan skeletal muscle
Predominantly brown fat along the back
Thymus takes up most of cranial mediastinum
Thin renal cortex (still developing kidney)
Soft/mushy brain
Incomplete ossification of bone
Sometimes eyes/ears still closed
