Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Fetal lung morphology

A

Dark red-purple, rubbery, sink in water (atelectasis, no air in alveoli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Postnatal lung morphology

A

Pink, spongy, floats in water/formalin (presence of air in alveoli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Avian respiratory anatomy

A

Air sacs - acts as bellows
Lungs - bronchi, parabronchi, atria, air capillaries

UNIDIRECTIONAL flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Respiratory tract routes of exposure

A

Aerogenous (airborne)
Hematogenous (circulating in blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Respiratory defenses

A

Mucus (lines airway, traps particles, propelled to pharynx for elimination)
Antimicrobial proteins
Alveolar macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Response to airway epithelial injury

A

Degeneration (loss of attachment, necrosis, exfoliation)
Repair (preciliated cells, mitosis, cell differentiation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Wry nose

A

Midline deviation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Palatoschisis

A

Midline defect of hard/soft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Brachygnathia

A

Shortened jaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sequela of palatoschisis

A

Aspiration pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Choanal atresia

A

Closing or blocking of nasal passage

No communication of nasal and nasal pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hypoplastic epiglottis

A

Small epiglottis, underdeveloped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Brachycephalic airway syndrome

A
  1. Stenotic nares
  2. Overlong soft palate
  3. Hypoplastic trachea
  4. Everted laryngeal saccules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Rhinitis

A

Inflammation of nasal passage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sinusitis

A

Inflammation of paranasal sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pharyngitis

A

Inflammation of pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Eustachitis

A

Inflammation of auditory tube/guttural pouch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammation of larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Causes of respiratory inflammation

A

Infection
Mechanical irritation
Allergy
Trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Types of URT inflammation

A

Serous
Mucoid
Fibrinous
Purulent/Suppurative
Granulomatous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Exemplary causes of catarrhal rhinitis

A

Oestrus ovis (sheep botfly) myiasis

Inhaled foreign body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Exemplary causes of mucopurulent rhinitis

A

Feline herpesvirus 1
Feline calicivirus
Mycoplasma felis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Exemplary of fibronecrotic rhinitis

A

Bovine herpesvirus 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Exemplary causes of purulent rhinitis

A

Periodontal disease —> feed impaction + tooth root abscess (can extend to sinus/nasal cavity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Exemplary causes of granulomatous rhinitis

A

Rhinosporidium seeberi (protistan parasite)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Guttural pouch empyema

A

Purulent (Suppurative) eustachitis

Cause: Streptococcus equi (subspecies equi or zooepidemicus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Guttural pouch mycosis

A

Fungal plaque of guttural pouch

Invasion of arteries/nerves —> hemorrhage/dysphagia

Hyphae and fibronecrotic exudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Necrotic laryngitis

A

Calf diphtheria

Cause: Fusobacterium necrophorum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Sequelae of URT infection

A

Goblet cell hyperplasia or squamous metaplasia
Lymphoid hyperplasia
Hemorrhage or epistaxis
Ulcers —> granulation tissue proliferation / polyps
Local extension (brain, bone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Atrophic rhinitis of pigs

A

Bacterial toxins inhibit osteoblastic activity + promote osteoclastic resorption —> atrophy + malformation of nasal conchae

Cause: Pasteurella multocida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Nasopharyngeal polyp

A

Inflammatory mass from middle ear or auditory tube

Cause: chronic inflammation

32
Q

Ethmoid hematoma

A

Submucosal hemorrhage + vascular proliferation with inflammation

Idiopathic

33
Q

Equine paranasal sinus cyst

A

Non-neoplastic expansive mass
Distortion of skull
Thin bony wall lined by respiratory epithelium and filled with fluid

34
Q

URT epithelial neoplasms

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Nasal carcinoma/adenocarcinoma

35
Q

URT round cell neoplasms

A

Lymphosarcoma

36
Q

URT mesenchymal neoplasms

A

Bone, cartilage, connective tissue, vascular tumors
(Benign or malignant)

37
Q

Olfactory neuoblastoma

A

Rare neoplasm of nasal/sinus

38
Q

Nasal adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant epithelial neoplasm with glandular differentiation
“Enzootic nasal carcinoma” of sheep (retrovirus-induced)

39
Q

Subepiglottic cyst

A

Non-neoplastic laryngeal tumors

40
Q

Laryngeal rhabdomyoma

A

Benign neoplasm of laryngeal skeletal muscle

41
Q

Laryngeal hemiplegia

A

Unilateral laryngeal paralysis

Injury or idiopathic degeneration of left recurrent laryngeal nerve —> denervation atrophy of left cricoarytenoideus muscle

Incomplete arytenoid abduction —> airway obstruction/abnormal respiratory noise (roaring)

42
Q

Parasitic tracheitis

A

Caused by Oslerus osleri infection
Inflamed lesions in trachea

43
Q

Atelectasis

A

Incomplete expansion of alveoli

Congenital/neonatal: failure of alveoli to expand at birth
Acquired: alveoli collapse due to obstruction/compression

44
Q

Emphysema

A

Gas dissension of interlobular septa

Common post-mortem change in cattle (may not indicate disease)

45
Q

Pulmonary congestion

A

Sequelae of congestive heart failure
Hemosiderin in PAMs (heart failure cells)

46
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

Fluid and PAMs in alveoli

Fluid oozes from lungs

47
Q

EIPH

A

Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage

48
Q

Uremic mineralization

A

Secondary to renal failure

Lungs fail to collapse due to mineral in alveolar septa

May have gritty plaques on costal pleura

49
Q

Primary lung neoplasms

A

Most commonly epithelial (adenoma/carcinoma)

50
Q

Metastatic neoplasms of the lungs

A

Carcinomas
Sarcomas
Malignant melanomas

51
Q

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma

A

Retrovirus-induced neoplasm in sheep (sometimes goats)

52
Q

Pathology of Pneumonia

A

Pulmonary inflammation

Exudates impairing gas exchange

Leukocyte-derived enzymes/oxygen radicals injure lung tissues

Repair process may impair lung function (i.e., decreased compliance, thickened blood-gas barrier)

53
Q

Airway disease pattern

A

Lesions of the airways; epithelial necrosis/inflammation

Symptoms: coughing, airway obstruction, impaired lung defense

54
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Permanent bronchial dilation due to chronic injury/inflammation

55
Q

Bronchiolitis obliterans

A

Fibrovascular polyp covered by respiratory epithelium that occludes bronchiolar lumen

56
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A

Exudative lesion originating at bronchiolar-alveolar junction (infection of airspace)

Aerogenous entry

Usually opportunistic bacteria

Gross: cranioventral consolidation
Histo: neutrophils and macrophages in brochiolar lumens/alveoli

57
Q

Pathogens causing bronchopneumonia

A

Pasteurellaceae (Mannheimia, Pasteurella, Actinobacillus, Histophilus, Bibersteinia)

58
Q

Mycoplasma bovis

A

Causative agent of bronchopneumonia with abscesses

Primary lungs; also middle ears, joints, mammary glands

59
Q

Rhodococcus equi

A

Bronchopneumonia with abscess/pyogranuloma

Primary lung; also lymph nodes, cecum, bones/joints, eyes

60
Q

Aspiration pneumonia

A

Subtype of bronchopneumonia due to aspiration of foreign material

Lesion distribution depends on position at time of aspiration (gravitational influences)

Causes: sedation, anesthesia, moribund state, stomach tube accidents, palatoschisis, etc

61
Q

Interstitial pneumonia

A

Damage to/inflammation of alveolar/interlobular septa (infection/injury of interstitium)

Multifocal or diffuse, Often hematogenous

Gross: lungs fail to fully collapse, rib impresssions; multifocal to diffuse discoloration; firm or rubbery texture; sink

Histo: edema, macrophages + neutrophils in alveoli, interstitial fibrosis (chronic)

62
Q

Equine multi nodular pulmonary fibrosis

A

Interstitial pneumonia associated with equine herpes virus 5

63
Q

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

Extreme interstitial pneumonia characterized by simultaneous capillary + type I pneumocystis injury

“Cytokine storm”

64
Q

Pneumotoxicosis

A

Toxic lung injury caused by:
- inhalation of gases/fumes directly toxic to epithelial/endothelial cells
- ingestion or inhalation of toxins metabolized to reactive intermediates (by club cells or type II pneumocytes)
- hypersensitivity rxn
- inhaled persistent material
- xenobiotic-induced carcinogenicity

65
Q

Acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema

A

“Fog fever”
L-tryptophan in forage -> 3-MI in rumen —> absorption into blood + carried to lungs —> metabolized by club cells to toxic compound —> necrosis of type I pneumocytes

66
Q

Other compounds that give toxic metabolites

A

4-ipomeanol (moldy sweet potatoes - contaminated with a fungus)
Perilla mint
Rapeseed
Kale

67
Q

Bronchointerstitial pneumonia

A

Injury of pneumocytes and airway epithelium at bronchoalveolar junction (need Histo!)

VIRAL etiology

Often lobular

68
Q

Embolic pneumonia

A

Hematogenous delivery of bacteria, protozoa, fungi

Multi focal distribution

Gross: hemorrhage, necrosis, suppuration, thrombosis

69
Q

Incidental lung findings

A

Melanosis
Heterotropic bone
Subpleural macrophage foci
Inhaled environmental particulates

70
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air or gas in pleural cavities

71
Q

Chylothorax

A

Non-inflammatory pleural effusion
Ruptured thoracic duct

72
Q

Hemothorax

A

Non-inflammatory pleural effusion
Trauma, neoplasia, anticoagulants, ruptured aorta

73
Q

Hydrothorax

A

Non-inflammatory pleural effusion
Heart failure, hypoproteinemia

74
Q

Pleuritis

A

Inflammation of the pleura
Often extension of pneumonia

75
Q

Pleuropneumonia

A

Bronchopneumonia + pleuritis

76
Q

Lung impact of feline infectious peritonitis virus

A

Pyogranulomatous phlebitis and pleuritis

77
Q

Neoplasms of the pleura

A

Mesothelioma (mesothelioma of pleura, pericardium, peritoneum)

Metastatic neoplasms (transpleural dissemination of carcinoma/sarcoma, pleuroperitoneal migration of carcinoma through diaphragm)

Pathology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions