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Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Fetal lung morphology

A

Dark red-purple, rubbery, sink in water (atelectasis, no air in alveoli)

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2
Q

Postnatal lung morphology

A

Pink, spongy, floats in water/formalin (presence of air in alveoli)

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3
Q

Avian respiratory anatomy

A

Air sacs - acts as bellows
Lungs - bronchi, parabronchi, atria, air capillaries

UNIDIRECTIONAL flow

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4
Q

Respiratory tract routes of exposure

A

Aerogenous (airborne)
Hematogenous (circulating in blood)

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5
Q

Respiratory defenses

A

Mucus (lines airway, traps particles, propelled to pharynx for elimination)
Antimicrobial proteins
Alveolar macrophages

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6
Q

Response to airway epithelial injury

A

Degeneration (loss of attachment, necrosis, exfoliation)
Repair (preciliated cells, mitosis, cell differentiation)

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7
Q

Wry nose

A

Midline deviation

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8
Q

Palatoschisis

A

Midline defect of hard/soft palate

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9
Q

Brachygnathia

A

Shortened jaw

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10
Q

Sequela of palatoschisis

A

Aspiration pneumonia

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11
Q

Choanal atresia

A

Closing or blocking of nasal passage

No communication of nasal and nasal pharynx

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12
Q

Hypoplastic epiglottis

A

Small epiglottis, underdeveloped

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13
Q

Brachycephalic airway syndrome

A
  1. Stenotic nares
  2. Overlong soft palate
  3. Hypoplastic trachea
  4. Everted laryngeal saccules
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14
Q

Rhinitis

A

Inflammation of nasal passage

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15
Q

Sinusitis

A

Inflammation of paranasal sinus

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16
Q

Pharyngitis

A

Inflammation of pharynx

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17
Q

Eustachitis

A

Inflammation of auditory tube/guttural pouch

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18
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammation of larynx

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19
Q

Causes of respiratory inflammation

A

Infection
Mechanical irritation
Allergy
Trauma

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20
Q

Types of URT inflammation

A

Serous
Mucoid
Fibrinous
Purulent/Suppurative
Granulomatous

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21
Q

Exemplary causes of catarrhal rhinitis

A

Oestrus ovis (sheep botfly) myiasis

Inhaled foreign body

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22
Q

Exemplary causes of mucopurulent rhinitis

A

Feline herpesvirus 1
Feline calicivirus
Mycoplasma felis

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23
Q

Exemplary of fibronecrotic rhinitis

A

Bovine herpesvirus 1

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24
Q

Exemplary causes of purulent rhinitis

A

Periodontal disease —> feed impaction + tooth root abscess (can extend to sinus/nasal cavity)

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25
Exemplary causes of granulomatous rhinitis
Rhinosporidium seeberi (protistan parasite)
26
Guttural pouch empyema
Purulent (Suppurative) eustachitis Cause: Streptococcus equi (subspecies equi or zooepidemicus)
27
Guttural pouch mycosis
Fungal plaque of guttural pouch Invasion of arteries/nerves —> hemorrhage/dysphagia Hyphae and fibronecrotic exudate
28
Necrotic laryngitis
Calf diphtheria Cause: Fusobacterium necrophorum
29
Sequelae of URT infection
Goblet cell hyperplasia or squamous metaplasia Lymphoid hyperplasia Hemorrhage or epistaxis Ulcers —> granulation tissue proliferation / polyps Local extension (brain, bone)
30
Atrophic rhinitis of pigs
Bacterial toxins inhibit osteoblastic activity + promote osteoclastic resorption —> atrophy + malformation of nasal conchae Cause: Pasteurella multocida
31
Nasopharyngeal polyp
Inflammatory mass from middle ear or auditory tube Cause: chronic inflammation
32
Ethmoid hematoma
Submucosal hemorrhage + vascular proliferation with inflammation Idiopathic
33
Equine paranasal sinus cyst
Non-neoplastic expansive mass Distortion of skull Thin bony wall lined by respiratory epithelium and filled with fluid
34
URT epithelial neoplasms
Squamous cell carcinoma Nasal carcinoma/adenocarcinoma
35
URT round cell neoplasms
Lymphosarcoma
36
URT mesenchymal neoplasms
Bone, cartilage, connective tissue, vascular tumors (Benign or malignant)
37
Olfactory neuoblastoma
Rare neoplasm of nasal/sinus
38
Nasal adenocarcinoma
Malignant epithelial neoplasm with glandular differentiation “Enzootic nasal carcinoma” of sheep (retrovirus-induced)
39
Subepiglottic cyst
Non-neoplastic laryngeal tumors
40
Laryngeal rhabdomyoma
Benign neoplasm of laryngeal skeletal muscle
41
Laryngeal hemiplegia
Unilateral laryngeal paralysis Injury or idiopathic degeneration of left recurrent laryngeal nerve —> denervation atrophy of left cricoarytenoideus muscle Incomplete arytenoid abduction —> airway obstruction/abnormal respiratory noise (roaring)
42
Parasitic tracheitis
Caused by Oslerus osleri infection Inflamed lesions in trachea
43
Atelectasis
Incomplete expansion of alveoli Congenital/neonatal: failure of alveoli to expand at birth Acquired: alveoli collapse due to obstruction/compression
44
Emphysema
Gas dissension of interlobular septa Common post-mortem change in cattle (may not indicate disease)
45
Pulmonary congestion
Sequelae of congestive heart failure Hemosiderin in PAMs (heart failure cells)
46
Pulmonary edema
Fluid and PAMs in alveoli Fluid oozes from lungs
47
EIPH
Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage
48
Uremic mineralization
Secondary to renal failure Lungs fail to collapse due to mineral in alveolar septa May have gritty plaques on costal pleura
49
Primary lung neoplasms
Most commonly epithelial (adenoma/carcinoma)
50
Metastatic neoplasms of the lungs
Carcinomas Sarcomas Malignant melanomas
51
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma
Retrovirus-induced neoplasm in sheep (sometimes goats)
52
Pathology of Pneumonia
Pulmonary inflammation Exudates impairing gas exchange Leukocyte-derived enzymes/oxygen radicals injure lung tissues Repair process may impair lung function (i.e., decreased compliance, thickened blood-gas barrier)
53
Airway disease pattern
Lesions of the airways; epithelial necrosis/inflammation Symptoms: coughing, airway obstruction, impaired lung defense
54
Bronchiectasis
Permanent bronchial dilation due to chronic injury/inflammation
55
Bronchiolitis obliterans
Fibrovascular polyp covered by respiratory epithelium that occludes bronchiolar lumen
56
Bronchopneumonia
Exudative lesion originating at bronchiolar-alveolar junction (infection of airspace) Aerogenous entry Usually opportunistic bacteria Gross: cranioventral consolidation Histo: neutrophils and macrophages in brochiolar lumens/alveoli
57
Pathogens causing bronchopneumonia
Pasteurellaceae (Mannheimia, Pasteurella, Actinobacillus, Histophilus, Bibersteinia)
58
Mycoplasma bovis
Causative agent of bronchopneumonia with abscesses Primary lungs; also middle ears, joints, mammary glands
59
Rhodococcus equi
Bronchopneumonia with abscess/pyogranuloma Primary lung; also lymph nodes, cecum, bones/joints, eyes
60
Aspiration pneumonia
Subtype of bronchopneumonia due to aspiration of foreign material Lesion distribution depends on position at time of aspiration (gravitational influences) Causes: sedation, anesthesia, moribund state, stomach tube accidents, palatoschisis, etc
61
Interstitial pneumonia
Damage to/inflammation of alveolar/interlobular septa (infection/injury of interstitium) Multifocal or diffuse, Often hematogenous Gross: lungs fail to fully collapse, rib impresssions; multifocal to diffuse discoloration; firm or rubbery texture; sink Histo: edema, macrophages + neutrophils in alveoli, interstitial fibrosis (chronic)
62
Equine multi nodular pulmonary fibrosis
Interstitial pneumonia associated with equine herpes virus 5
63
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Extreme interstitial pneumonia characterized by simultaneous capillary + type I pneumocystis injury “Cytokine storm”
64
Pneumotoxicosis
Toxic lung injury caused by: - inhalation of gases/fumes directly toxic to epithelial/endothelial cells - ingestion or inhalation of toxins metabolized to reactive intermediates (by club cells or type II pneumocytes) - hypersensitivity rxn - inhaled persistent material - xenobiotic-induced carcinogenicity
65
Acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema
“Fog fever” L-tryptophan in forage -> 3-MI in rumen —> absorption into blood + carried to lungs —> metabolized by club cells to toxic compound —> necrosis of type I pneumocytes
66
Other compounds that give toxic metabolites
4-ipomeanol (moldy sweet potatoes - contaminated with a fungus) Perilla mint Rapeseed Kale
67
Bronchointerstitial pneumonia
Injury of pneumocytes and airway epithelium at bronchoalveolar junction (need Histo!) VIRAL etiology Often lobular
68
Embolic pneumonia
Hematogenous delivery of bacteria, protozoa, fungi Multi focal distribution Gross: hemorrhage, necrosis, suppuration, thrombosis
69
Incidental lung findings
Melanosis Heterotropic bone Subpleural macrophage foci Inhaled environmental particulates
70
Pneumothorax
Air or gas in pleural cavities
71
Chylothorax
Non-inflammatory pleural effusion Ruptured thoracic duct
72
Hemothorax
Non-inflammatory pleural effusion Trauma, neoplasia, anticoagulants, ruptured aorta
73
Hydrothorax
Non-inflammatory pleural effusion Heart failure, hypoproteinemia
74
Pleuritis
Inflammation of the pleura Often extension of pneumonia
75
Pleuropneumonia
Bronchopneumonia + pleuritis
76
Lung impact of feline infectious peritonitis virus
Pyogranulomatous phlebitis and pleuritis
77
Neoplasms of the pleura
Mesothelioma (mesothelioma of pleura, pericardium, peritoneum) Metastatic neoplasms (transpleural dissemination of carcinoma/sarcoma, pleuroperitoneal migration of carcinoma through diaphragm)

Pathology (21 decks)

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