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Pathology > Eyes > Flashcards

Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

Anophthalmos

A

Developmental defect —> absence of eyes

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2
Q

Buphthalmos

A

Enlargement/distension of fibrous coats of eye

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3
Q

Coloboma

A

Absence or defect of some ocular tissue, usually due to failure of fetal fissure closure

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4
Q

Endopthalmitis

A

Inflammation of ocular cavities and adjacent structures (uvea, retina)

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5
Q

Exophthalmos

A

Abnormal protrusion of eyeball

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6
Q

Glaucoma

A

Disease characterized by increase in intraocular pressure —> pathological changes in eye

A diverse group of pressure dependent neurodegenerative disorders that results in loss of normal function of retinal ganglion cells and axons in optic nerve —> loss of vision

Most consistently recognized feature is elevation in intraocular pressure

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7
Q

Microphthalmos

A

Congenitally small eye(s)

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8
Q

Panopthalmitis

A

Inflammation of structures or tissues of eye (including sclera)

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9
Q

Phthisis bulbi

A

Shrinking, wastage, hypotony of eyeball

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10
Q

Blepharitis

A

Inflammation of eyelids

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11
Q

Chalazion

A

Chronic granulomatous inflammation of eyelid gland (meibomian gland)

Lipogranulomatous inflammation

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12
Q

Dacryoadenitis

A

Inflammation of lacrimal glands

Causes: viral (MCF, FIP, canine distemper, SDAV), immune mediated (—> KCS)

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13
Q

Distichiasis

A

Presence of a double row of eyelashes on eyelid (at least one turned inward)

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14
Q

Ectropion

A

Eversion of edge or margin (i.e. eyelid)

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15
Q

Entropion

A

Inversion of edge or margin (e.g. eyelid)

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16
Q

Hordeolum

A

(Style)

Localized Purulent inflammation of one or more meibomian glands

External - cutaneous surface at edge of lid
Internal - conjunctival surface of lid

Suppurative adenitis

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17
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

Inflammation of conjunctiva

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18
Q

Descemetocele

A

Herniation of Descemet’s membrane (usually outward)

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19
Q

Dermoid / choristoma

A

Congenital lesion on cornea or bulbar conjunctival surface resembling skin

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20
Q

Keratitis

A

Inflammation of cornea

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21
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis

A

Inflammation of cornea and conjunctiva

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22
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

A

Inflammation of cornea + conjunctiva with drying (usually decreased tear production)

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23
Q

Pannus

A

Superficial vascularization of cornea with infiltration of granulation tissue

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24
Q

Aphakia

A

Absence of lens

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25
Q

Cataract

A

Opacity of lens

Causes: congenital or acquired (intraocular disease, trauma, metabolic disease, age)

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26
Q

Lenticonus

A

Conical protrusion of substance of lens

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27
Q

Microphakia

A

Abnormally small lens

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28
Q

Nuclear sclerosis

A

Age related compression of lens fibers —> central lens opacity

Does not affect vision

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29
Q

Chorioretinitis

A

Inflammation of choroid / retina

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30
Q

Choroiditis

A

Inflammation of choroid

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31
Q

Hypopyon

A

Accumulation of neutrophils in anterior chamber

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32
Q

Iritis

A

Inflammation of iris

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33
Q

Iridocyclitis

A

Inflammation of iris and ciliary body

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34
Q

Synechia

A

Adhesion of parts (i.e. iris to other structures)

Anterior: iris to cornea
Posterior: iris to capsule of lens

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35
Q

Uveitis

A

Inflammation of uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, choroid)

Anterior: iris/ciliary body (usually anterior and posterior chambers)
Posterior: choroid (usually retina)
Panuveitis: usually all structures inside sclera (diffuse uveitis)

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36
Q

Papilledema

A

Hydropic swelling (edema) of optic disc

Causes: inc CSF pressure, inflammation, decreased intraocular pressure

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37
Q

Retinitis

A

Inflammation of retina (usually involves choroid)

May occur with neurotrophic viral infections (CSF, Teschen, scrapie, CDV)

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38
Q

Scleral ectasia

A

Bulging of sclera (often related to coloboma)

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39
Q

Staphyloma

A

Partial or full thickness defect in cornea or sclera lined by protruding uveal tissue

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40
Q

Layers of the eye

A

Outer fibrous tunica: cornea, sclera

Middle vascular tunic: iris, ciliary body, choroid

Inner neuro sensory tunic: retina

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41
Q

Developmental origin of ocular tissues

A

Neuroectoderm - photoreceptors, retinal epithelium, optic nerve

Ectoderm - corneal epithelium lacrimal apparatus, epithelial portion, lens

Mesenchyme - endothelium, stroma, iris, ciliary body

42
Q

Cyclopia

A

Single median orbit containing a single globe (failure of division of optic primoridium)

43
Q

Synophthalmos

A

Incomplete separation or early fusion in eye development - some duplication or pairing (more common than full cyclopia)

44
Q

Cystic eye and retinal nonattachment

A

Result of persistence of optic vesicles cavity

45
Q

Choroidal hypoplasia

A

Induction failure by defective retinal pigment epithelium

(Part of collie eye anomaly)

46
Q

Collie eye anomaly

A

Choroidal hypoplasia + colobomas + retinal separation

47
Q

Iris hypoplasia

A

Rare defect
Most often found in horses

48
Q

Persistent pupillary membrane

A

Incomplete atrophy of mesenchyme during development - may block vision / lead to corneal or lens opacity
Cats!

49
Q

Anterior segment dysgenesis

A

Anomalies of cornea, lens, anterior uvea

50
Q

Goniodysgenesis

A

Maldevelopment of filtration angle
A primary cause of glaucoma

51
Q

Persistent hyaloid artery

A

Developmental anomaly —> focal cataracts

52
Q

Trichiasis

A

Abnormally directed cilia that contact cornea

53
Q

Causes of corneal irritation

A

Entropion
Ectopic cilia
Trichiasis
Distichiasis
(Large or small palpebral opening)

54
Q

Retinal dysplasia

A

Abnormal retinal differentiation characterized by retinal folds, rosettes, jumbling of retinal layers, loss of cells, glial proliferation

Most common in dogs and cattle - developmental failure, necrosis or dysplasia of developing retina by viruses (BVDV, blue tongue, CHV1, panleukopenia, FeLV)

55
Q

Optic nerve hypoplasia

A

Most common anomaly of optic nerve

Inherited in mini poodles, material hypovitimainosis A in cattle, utero panleukopenia (kitten) or BVD (calves)

56
Q

Prolapse of gland of the 3rd eyelid

A

Cherry eye, excision may contribute to KCS

57
Q

Malignant catarrhal fever

A

Systemic disease in cattle (ruminants?) —> conjunctivitis/corneal edema

Viruses: gammaherpesviridiae, ovine herpesvirus-2 (most common in NA)

58
Q

Chemosis

A

Edema and swelling of conjunctiva

59
Q

Infectious causes of conjunctivitis in cats

A

Upper respiratory often associated with conjunctivitis

Herpesviruses, Mycoplasma felis/gatae, Chlamydia psittaci, calicivirus

60
Q

Conjunctivitis in horses

A

Chronic —> lymphoid hyperplasia —> lymphoid follicles common in horses

Causes: Thelazia spp, Habronema spp, Onchocera

61
Q

Causes of corneal injury

A

Chemical - caustics, medication, etc
Physical - temperature, penetration
Microbial - bacteria, virus, fungi
Immunologic - type III hypersensitivity
Glaucoma
Lysosomal storage disorders

62
Q

Corneal reaction to injury

A

Edema
Erosion
Ulcer
Neovascularization
Fibrosis
Epithelial sliding/proliferation
Epithelial metaplasia/pigmentation
Keratitis

63
Q

Corneal deposits

A

Pigment or lipid (congenital or acquired)

64
Q

Corneal dystrophy

A

Endothelial or stroma distrophy

Breed-specific conditions

65
Q

Feline corneal sequestrum

A

Orange brown discoloration of central cornea
Persian / Himalayan cats
necrosis of stroma cells —> sloughing —> healing by granulation tissue

66
Q

Spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects

A

Boxer ulcer
Recurrent shallow central corneal erosion / ulcers, epithelial cells unable to anchor

67
Q

Mycotic keratitis

A

Destructive, Suppurative, deep stroma inflammation due to fungal infection; most commonly Aspergillus in horses

68
Q

Infectious bovine Keratoconjunctivitis

A

Bovine pinkeye - Moraxella bovis

69
Q

Classifications of uveitis

A

Serous - protein rich fluid “aqueous flare”
Suppurative - usually bacterial
Granulomatous - fungal, algae, helminthes, mycobacteria, lens rupture, VKH
Lymphoplasmacytic - most common in cats

70
Q

Feline lymphoplasmacytic uveitis

A

Unknown etiology
Possibly toxoplasma or bartonella

71
Q

Lens induced uveitis

A

Phacolytic - lymphocytic uveitis associated with cataracts

Phacoclasic - 10-14 days after lens rupture

72
Q

Canine adenovirus 1

A

Immune-mediated uveitis and corneal edema in dogs (convalescent phase or post vaccine - MLV)

Type III hypersensitivity

73
Q

Equine recurrent uveitis

A

Hypersensitivity to exogenous agent (often cited as leptospira and dead onchocerca)

74
Q

Canine uveodermatologic syndrome

A

Akitas
Autoimmune disease targeting melanin —> bilateral granulomatous uveitis

75
Q

Sequelae of uveitis

A

Corneal opacities
Anterior/posterior synechia
Glaucoma
Retinal degeneration/seperation
Cataracts
Pre-iridium fibrovascular membranes —> intraocular hemorrhage
Phthisis bulbi

76
Q

Degenerative lesions of uvea

A

Iris atrophy
Iridociliary cysts (labs, golden retrievers) - common

77
Q

Diabetic cataract

A

90% of spontaneously diabetic dogs develop cataracts

78
Q

Positional changes of lens

A

Ectopic lens
Subluxation/luxation
Configuration (congenital)

79
Q

Retinal separation

A

Separation between photoreceptors and pigmented epithelium
Remains attached at ora ciliaris and optic disc

80
Q

Causes of retinal degeneration

A

Inherited
Senile changes
Nutritional deficiencies
Toxic retinopathies
Misc (diabetes, hypertensive retinopathy, storage disease)
Idiopathic

81
Q

Optic neuritis

A

Inflammation of optic nerve

Causes: spread of meningitis, meningoencephalitis; spread of endothalmitis, virus (FIP, canine distemper, GME), chronic (gliosis, astrocytosis, Axonal degeneration)

82
Q

Nodular granulomatous scleritis

A

Nodular proliferative inflammation in sclera of dog

Acts like locally infiltrative neoplasm

83
Q

Orbital cellulitis

A

Extension of inflammation from adjacent non-ocular tissues + foreign bodies

84
Q

Retrobulbar abscess

A

Tooth root abscess —> orbit

85
Q

Orbital myositis

A

Syndrome in dogs with autoantibodies to type 2M muscle fibers

86
Q

Prevalence of glaucoma

A

Dogs&raquo_space;cats>horses>ruminants

87
Q

Primary glaucoma

A

Goniodysgenesis
Primary open angel glaucoma

no other primary ocular disease

88
Q

Secondary glaucoma

A

Secondary to:
Uveitis
Synechiae
Pre-iridium fibrovascular membrane
Lens luxation
Intraocular neoplasia
Intraocular hemorrhage

89
Q

Sequelae of glaucoma

A

Buphthalmia
Scleral thinning
Corneal edema
Corneal striae (breaks in Descemet’s membrane)
Exposure keratitis
Lens luxation or subluxation
Cataract (malnutrition?)
Atrophy of iris/ciliary body
Retinal atrophy, separation
Optic disc cupping

90
Q

Eyelid / conjunctival neoplasms

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Meibomian gland neoplasms
Melanocytoma
Hemangioma / hemangiosarcoma

91
Q

Intraocular neosplasms

A

Melanocytoma / malignant melanoma
Iridociliary adenoma / carcinoma
Feline post-traumatic sarcomas
Lymphoma
Metastatic neoplasia

92
Q

Orbital neoplasms

A

Optic nerve meningioma
Sarcomas
Carcinomas

93
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Bovine > equine > feline > canine

Pathogenesis: UV light —> plaque —> papilloma —> carcinoma in situ —> carcinoma (invasive, may metastasize)

94
Q

Meibomian gland neoplasms

A

Adenoma / epithelioma very common (70% lid tumors) in dogs
Carcinoma - rare

95
Q

Melanocytoma of eyelid/conjunctiva

A

Common in dogs

96
Q

Intraocular Malignant melanoma/Melanocytoma

A

Canine: 90% benign

Feline: diffuse iris melanoma > solitary masses, may obstruct filtration angle —> glaucoma; greater rise of metastatic

97
Q

Iridocilliary adenoma / carcinoma

A

Most common primary intraocular tumor after melanomas

98
Q

Feline post-traumatic sarcomas

A

Arise from metaplasia of lens epithelium follow injury with long latency period (months to years)

Aggressive locally infiltrative behavior - can extend along optic nerve to brain

Forms: fibrosarcoma, osteo/chondrosarcoma, B-cell lymphoma

99
Q

Solitary intraocular lymphoma vs metastatic lymphoma to eye

A

Solitary better prognosis than metastatic

100
Q

Metastatic intraocular neoplasias

A

Lymphoma
Histiocytic sarcoma
Pulmonary, mammary carcinoma

Pathology (21 decks)

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