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RES Biweekly 3 > Stevens- Exercise > Flashcards

Stevens- Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

how do exercise physiologists estimate “gas exchange”

A

measure VO2 and production of CO2 through facemask with 2 way valve

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2
Q

____ ml of O2 consumed per kg per minute

A

3.5

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3
Q

1 MET=

A

3.5 ml of O2 consumer per kg per min

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4
Q

maximum volume of oxygen that the body can consume during intense, whole-body exercise, while breathing air at sea level

A

VO2 max

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5
Q

largest VO2 max recorded

A

97.5 (cyclist) male

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6
Q

best recorded VO2 max for a woman runner

A

78.6

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7
Q

average female VO2 max age 20-29

A

35-43 ml/kg/min

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8
Q

average male VO2 max age 20-29

A

44-51 ml/kg/min

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9
Q

For patients with cardiac disease, a low _______ is the single most powerful predictor of mortality, regardless of the underlying cardiac
diagnosis

A

VO2 max

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10
Q

VO2 max </= 15 ml/kg/min

A

cardiomyopathy

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11
Q

PAH w/ incredibly low _____ have high risk of death

A

VO2 max

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12
Q

PAH VO2 > 10.4 ml/kg/min ____ “risk” of death

A

low

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13
Q

PAH VO2 < 10.4 ml/kg/min ______ “risk” of death

A

high

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14
Q

If you can run 4 or 5 laps in 12 minutes, then your VO2 max is on border of _____

A

30

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15
Q

if you can run 8-9 laps in 12 minutes, VO2 max is around

A

62-67

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16
Q

in the clinic, used to see cardiorespiratory fitness in ill patients

A

6 minute walk test

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17
Q

_____ meters on 6 min walk test for VO2 max of 30

A

1000m

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18
Q

normal subject can walk around ____m in 6 min

A

600m +

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19
Q

for PAH patients, how many meters in 6 min walk means they are too well to qualify for clinical trials

A

> 450 m

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20
Q

for PAH patient, how many meters in 6 min means they are too ill to qualify for clinical trials

A

<150 m

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21
Q

for PAH patient, mortality improves if they can walk > _____ m in 6 minutes

A

380 m

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22
Q

______ tends to be higher if you are running on flat surfaces and increasing speed than it is if you are increasing incline instead

A

VO2 max

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23
Q

Fick equation (VO2 max)

A

VO2= CO (CaO2-CvO2)

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24
Q

under normal conditions, what is the CO

A

5L per min

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25
Q

CO=

A

HR X SV

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26
Q

we have about ____ mL of oxygen per dL of blood in the arteries

A

20

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27
Q

what is the normal CvO2? (how much blood is returned to the heart in the veins)

A

14.2 mL O2/dL blood

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28
Q

VO2= 5,000 mL/min (20-14.2)

A

VO2 under resting conditions

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29
Q

O2/Hb curve shifts where during exercise

A

to the R

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30
Q

CO range that is achieved during exercise

A

b/t 20-40 L/min

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31
Q

CvO2 during exercise

A

8.1

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32
Q

what plays a role in VO2 max during exercise

A

size of person and athletic ability

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33
Q

increase in work = increase in what

A

CO and VO2

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34
Q

does heart size matter in determining CO

A

yes

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35
Q

heart size to body weight ratio in humans

A

0.6%

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36
Q

animal that has the highest heart weight to body weight ratio

A

endurance animal (dog, husky)

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37
Q

who has the highest heart size to body weight ratio

A

elite endurance athletes

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38
Q

heart weight to body weight ratio in horses

A

0.9-1.1%

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39
Q

max CO for horses

A

400L/min

40
Q

max heart rate =

A

220-age

41
Q

HR reserve should be within ____ bpm of the predicted HR in health individuals

A

20 bpm

42
Q

HR reserve=

A

predicted HR-measured HR

43
Q

___ is a critical determinant of VO2 max

A

CO

44
Q

what determines SV (stroke volume)

A

preload, contractility, afterlooad

45
Q

increase work, increase VO2, and then eventually what

A

it plateaus (VO2 max)

46
Q

extremely difficult to get an effort that is consistent with ____

A

VO2 max

47
Q
A

determines VO2 max

48
Q

In normal subjects, the efficiency of _____ is not typically a limiting factor for VO2 max

A

gas exchange

49
Q

who will have gas exchange as a limiting factor for VO2 max

A

patients with lung disease

50
Q

Exercising muscle utilizes ____ to run aerobic metabolism to generate ATP necessary for muscle contraction

A

oxygen

51
Q

what is produced as a byproduct of aerobic metabolism in the muscles that is excreted by exhalation

A

CO2

52
Q

which muscle type uses O2 very efficiently (high endurance)

A

type I (slow oxidative)

53
Q

this muscle type can have high VO2 maxes, but to a lesser extent (antelopes and gazelles can run fast for a long period of time)

A

type IIa (fast oxidative)

54
Q

this muscle type tends to be in outstanding sprinters, but not able to sustain aerobic activity for a long and high level (alligators– very fast but tire quickly)

A

type IIb (fast glycolytic)

55
Q

In _____ time period, our muscles have access to sources of ATP that are sufficient to meet early metabolic demands

A

oxygen deficit

56
Q

in steady state exercise, _____ from glycolysis is moved into mitochondria for oxidative phosphorylation

A

pyruvate

57
Q

____ can also be brought into mitochondria and utilized for ATP generation

A

palmitate (fat)

58
Q

At the _____ of exercise, our ATP requirements drop (despite this fact, we continue to have an increase in oxygen consumption that extends for a long period of time)

A

end

59
Q

benefit of exercise: our metabolic activity remains elevated for an extended period of time after exercise is completed (what is this known as)

A

excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption

60
Q
A

role of EPOC (excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption)

61
Q

_____ will extend for a very significant amount of time (think after HIIT workout)

A

EPOC

62
Q

in non-steady state exercise, pyruvate is converted to ______ in a process of fermentation (NAD+ produced)

A

lactate

63
Q

pyruvate into _____ + ______ through lactate dehydrogenase

A

lactate and proton (H+)

64
Q

_____ acid is only generated when pH drops below 4

A

lactic acid

65
Q

consequence of fermentation

A

accumulation of lactate and proton outside of cell

66
Q

at what percent of VO2 max does lactate accumulate in the blood

A

almost b/t 75-80%

67
Q

____ decreases blood pH

A

lactate

68
Q

how do lactate and proton give rise to “non-metabolic” CO2

A

through HCO3-

69
Q

b/t __ and ___ percent of VO2 max, where is there a non-linear increase in VO2 max

A

b/t 75-80% (just like with lactate)

70
Q

minute ventilation increases at ____% of VO2 max

A

75-80% (same as lactate increase and VCO2)

71
Q

point at which we can exercise at a pretty comfortable level and sustain effort for some period of time (but past it we can’t sustain for long)

A

75-80% of VO2 max

72
Q

exercise decreases venous ____

A

PO2

73
Q

exercise increases arterial PO2 and decreases arterial

A

PCO2 (being blown out)

74
Q

exercise increases venous ____

A

PCO2

75
Q

exercise causes significant increase in _______ O2 difference

A

Arterial-venous O2 difference

76
Q

healthy individuals do not _____ with exercise

A

desaturate

77
Q

only when there is something wrong with the _____ that you can see a desaturation with intense exercise

A

lungs

78
Q

most commonly if someone desaturates with exercise they have ____ disease

A

lung disease (obstructive, pulmonary vascular disease, interstitial lung disease)

79
Q

exercise increases ___ and ___ in the blood that will lower pH

A

CO2 and lactate (in the veins)

80
Q

We know that with intense exercise, there is increase in anaerobic metabolism due to fermentation that leads to production of lactate and proton; We know that that proton is consumed by bicarbonate to generate CO2; We know that with increasing oxygen consumption, there is a non linear increase of VCO2 at ventilatory threshold
——that is sufficient to blow down CO2, but not sufficient to ______ blood pH

A

normalize

81
Q

____ is sensitive to changes in PO2

A

carotid body

82
Q

Mechanism that underlies the nonlinear increase in minute ventilation that parallels the nonlinear increase in blood lactate accumulation

A

carotid body sensing low blood pH (despite high arterial PO2)

83
Q

resting VE

A

5-6l/min

84
Q

tidal volume at resting VE

A

500 mL

85
Q

breathing frequency (RR) at resting VE

A

12-18 bpm

86
Q

tidal volume during exercise

A

3,000 mL

87
Q

respiratory rate during exercise

A

40-50 bpm

88
Q

A-a O2 difference < ____mmHg at max (exercise VE)

A

< 20 mmHg

89
Q

Consume bicarbonate at the AT (ventilatory threshold/lactate threshold)
______ should drop progressively
“Metabolic acidosis”

A

PaCO2 (blowing it out due to low pH and high CO2 in veins)

90
Q
A

B

91
Q
A

A

92
Q

normal lung VE

A

<.8

93
Q

obstructive lung disease VE

A

> 0.8

94
Q

normal and cardiac limitation cause _____ in dead space

A

decrease

95
Q

pulmonary vascular limitation and interstitial lung disease cause _____ in dead space

A

increase

RES Biweekly 3 (11 decks)

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