Stevens- Exercise

Question 1

how do exercise physiologists estimate “gas exchange”

Answer 1

measure VO2 and production of CO2 through facemask with 2 way valve

Question 2

____ ml of O2 consumed per kg per minute

Answer 2

3.5

Question 3

1 MET=

Answer 3

3.5 ml of O2 consumer per kg per min

Question 4

maximum volume of oxygen that the body can consume during intense, whole-body exercise, while breathing air at sea level

Answer 4

VO2 max

Question 5

largest VO2 max recorded

Answer 5

97.5 (cyclist) male

Question 6

best recorded VO2 max for a woman runner

Answer 6

78.6

Question 7

average female VO2 max age 20-29

Answer 7

35-43 ml/kg/min

Question 8

average male VO2 max age 20-29

Answer 8

44-51 ml/kg/min

Question 9

For patients with cardiac disease, a low _______ is the single most powerful predictor of mortality, regardless of the underlying cardiac
diagnosis

Answer 9

VO2 max

Question 10

VO2 max </= 15 ml/kg/min

Answer 10

cardiomyopathy

Question 11

PAH w/ incredibly low _____ have high risk of death

Answer 11

VO2 max

Question 12

PAH VO2 > 10.4 ml/kg/min ____ “risk” of death

Answer 12

low

Question 13

PAH VO2 < 10.4 ml/kg/min ______ “risk” of death

Answer 13

high

Question 14

If you can run 4 or 5 laps in 12 minutes, then your VO2 max is on border of _____

Answer 14

30

Question 15

if you can run 8-9 laps in 12 minutes, VO2 max is around

Answer 15

62-67

Question 16

in the clinic, used to see cardiorespiratory fitness in ill patients

Answer 16

6 minute walk test

Question 17

_____ meters on 6 min walk test for VO2 max of 30

Answer 17

1000m

Question 18

normal subject can walk around ____m in 6 min

Answer 18

600m +

Question 19

for PAH patients, how many meters in 6 min walk means they are too well to qualify for clinical trials

Answer 19

> 450 m

Question 20

for PAH patient, how many meters in 6 min means they are too ill to qualify for clinical trials

Answer 20

<150 m

Question 21

for PAH patient, mortality improves if they can walk > _____ m in 6 minutes

Answer 21

380 m

Question 22

______ tends to be higher if you are running on flat surfaces and increasing speed than it is if you are increasing incline instead

Answer 22

VO2 max

Question 23

Fick equation (VO2 max)

Answer 23

VO2= CO (CaO2-CvO2)

Question 24

under normal conditions, what is the CO

Answer 24

5L per min

Question 25

CO=

Answer 25

HR X SV

Question 26

we have about ____ mL of oxygen per dL of blood in the arteries

Answer 26

20

Question 27

what is the normal CvO2? (how much blood is returned to the heart in the veins)

Answer 27

14.2 mL O2/dL blood

Question 28

VO2= 5,000 mL/min (20-14.2)

Answer 28

VO2 under resting conditions

Question 29

O2/Hb curve shifts where during exercise

Answer 29

to the R

Question 30

CO range that is achieved during exercise

Answer 30

b/t 20-40 L/min

Question 31

CvO2 during exercise

Answer 31

8.1

Question 32

what plays a role in VO2 max during exercise

Answer 32

size of person and athletic ability

Question 33

increase in work = increase in what

Answer 33

CO and VO2

Question 34

does heart size matter in determining CO

Answer 34

yes

Question 35

heart size to body weight ratio in humans

Answer 35

0.6%

Question 36

animal that has the highest heart weight to body weight ratio

Answer 36

endurance animal (dog, husky)

Question 37

who has the highest heart size to body weight ratio

Answer 37

elite endurance athletes

Question 38

heart weight to body weight ratio in horses

Answer 38

0.9-1.1%

Question 39

max CO for horses

Answer 39

400L/min

Question 40

max heart rate =

Answer 40

220-age

Question 41

HR reserve should be within ____ bpm of the predicted HR in health individuals

Answer 41

20 bpm

Question 42

HR reserve=

Answer 42

predicted HR-measured HR

Question 43

___ is a critical determinant of VO2 max

Answer 43

CO

Question 44

what determines SV (stroke volume)

Answer 44

preload, contractility, afterlooad

Question 45

increase work, increase VO2, and then eventually what

Answer 45

it plateaus (VO2 max)

Question 46

extremely difficult to get an effort that is consistent with ____

Answer 46

VO2 max

Question 47

Answer 47

determines VO2 max

Question 48

In normal subjects, the efficiency of _____ is not typically a limiting factor for VO2 max

Answer 48

gas exchange

Question 49

who will have gas exchange as a limiting factor for VO2 max

Answer 49

patients with lung disease

Question 50

Exercising muscle utilizes ____ to run aerobic metabolism to generate ATP necessary for muscle contraction

Answer 50

oxygen

Question 51

what is produced as a byproduct of aerobic metabolism in the muscles that is excreted by exhalation

Answer 51

CO2

Question 52

which muscle type uses O2 very efficiently (high endurance)

Answer 52

type I (slow oxidative)

Question 53

this muscle type can have high VO2 maxes, but to a lesser extent (antelopes and gazelles can run fast for a long period of time)

Answer 53

type IIa (fast oxidative)

Question 54

this muscle type tends to be in outstanding sprinters, but not able to sustain aerobic activity for a long and high level (alligators-- very fast but tire quickly)

Answer 54

type IIb (fast glycolytic)

Question 55

In _____ time period, our muscles have access to sources of ATP that are sufficient to meet early metabolic demands

Answer 55

oxygen deficit

Question 56

in steady state exercise, _____ from glycolysis is moved into mitochondria for oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 56

pyruvate

Question 57

____ can also be brought into mitochondria and utilized for ATP generation

Answer 57

palmitate (fat)

Question 58

At the _____ of exercise, our ATP requirements drop (despite this fact, we continue to have an increase in oxygen consumption that extends for a long period of time)

Answer 58

end

Question 59

benefit of exercise: our metabolic activity remains elevated for an extended period of time after exercise is completed (what is this known as)

Answer 59

excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption

Question 60

Answer 60

role of EPOC (excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption)

Question 61

_____ will extend for a very significant amount of time (think after HIIT workout)

Answer 61

EPOC

Question 62

in non-steady state exercise, pyruvate is converted to ______ in a process of fermentation (NAD+ produced)

Answer 62

lactate

Question 63

pyruvate into _____ + ______ through lactate dehydrogenase

Answer 63

lactate and proton (H+)

Question 64

_____ acid is only generated when pH drops below 4

Answer 64

lactic acid

Question 65

consequence of fermentation

Answer 65

accumulation of lactate and proton outside of cell

Question 66

at what percent of VO2 max does lactate accumulate in the blood

Answer 66

almost b/t 75-80%

Question 67

____ decreases blood pH

Answer 67

lactate

Question 68

how do lactate and proton give rise to "non-metabolic" CO2

Answer 68

through HCO3-

Question 69

b/t __ and ___ percent of VO2 max, where is there a non-linear increase in VO2 max

Answer 69

b/t 75-80% (just like with lactate)

Question 70

minute ventilation increases at ____% of VO2 max

Answer 70

75-80% (same as lactate increase and VCO2)

Question 71

point at which we can exercise at a pretty comfortable level and sustain effort for some period of time (but past it we can't sustain for long)

Answer 71

75-80% of VO2 max

Question 72

exercise decreases venous ____

Answer 72

PO2

Question 73

exercise increases arterial PO2 and decreases arterial

Answer 73

PCO2 (being blown out)

Question 74

exercise increases venous ____

Answer 74

PCO2

Question 75

exercise causes significant increase in _______ O2 difference

Answer 75

Arterial-venous O2 difference

Question 76

healthy individuals do not _____ with exercise

Answer 76

desaturate

Question 77

only when there is something wrong with the _____ that you can see a desaturation with intense exercise

Answer 77

lungs

Question 78

most commonly if someone desaturates with exercise they have ____ disease

Answer 78

lung disease (obstructive, pulmonary vascular disease, interstitial lung disease)

Question 79

exercise increases ___ and ___ in the blood that will lower pH

Answer 79

CO2 and lactate (in the veins)

Question 80

We know that with intense exercise, there is increase in anaerobic metabolism due to fermentation that leads to production of lactate and proton; We know that that proton is consumed by bicarbonate to generate CO2; We know that with increasing oxygen consumption, there is a non linear increase of VCO2 at ventilatory threshold ------that is sufficient to blow down CO2, but not sufficient to ______ blood pH

Answer 80

normalize

Question 81

____ is sensitive to changes in PO2

Answer 81

carotid body

Question 82

Mechanism that underlies the nonlinear increase in minute ventilation that parallels the nonlinear increase in blood lactate accumulation

Answer 82

carotid body sensing low blood pH (despite high arterial PO2)

Question 83

resting VE

Answer 83

5-6l/min

Question 84

tidal volume at resting VE

Answer 84

500 mL

Question 85

breathing frequency (RR) at resting VE

Answer 85

12-18 bpm

Question 86

tidal volume during exercise

Answer 86

3,000 mL

Question 87

respiratory rate during exercise

Answer 87

40-50 bpm

Question 88

A-a O2 difference < ____mmHg at max (exercise VE)

Answer 88

< 20 mmHg

Question 89

Consume bicarbonate at the AT (ventilatory threshold/lactate threshold) ______ should drop progressively “Metabolic acidosis”

Answer 89

PaCO2 (blowing it out due to low pH and high CO2 in veins)

Question 90

Answer 90

B

Question 91

Answer 91

A

Question 92

normal lung VE

Answer 92

<.8

Question 93

obstructive lung disease VE

Answer 93

>0.8

Question 94

normal and cardiac limitation cause _____ in dead space

Answer 94

decrease

Question 95

pulmonary vascular limitation and interstitial lung disease cause _____ in dead space

Answer 95

increase