Barrington- Lung Immunity

Question 1

____ and ____ airways together are largest exposed epithelial surface to inorganic and organic compounds, and microbes

Answer 1

upper and lower airways

Question 2

different ways microbes can get into lungs

Answer 2

commensal microbes
microbes in the inhaled air

Question 3

occurs within 12 hours of exposure to antigen

Answer 3

innate immunity

Question 4

occurs within days of being exposed to antigen

Answer 4

adaptive immunity

Question 5

_____ particles bind to dendritic cells and instruct immune response to become tolerant to those molecules
important for the airways (inflammation will impair gas exchange—-don’t want to invoke an immune response against just anything)

Answer 5

inert

Question 6

upper airway immune defense

Answer 6

epithelial layer (cilia and mucus); immune cells

Question 7

lower airway immune defense

Answer 7

surfactant and alveolar macrophages

Question 8

PRRs on innate immune cells recognize _____ on pathogens, and migrate to regional lymph nodes where they can activate cell-mediated response

Answer 8

PAMPs

Question 9

_____ triggers a cascade of events that result in activation of transcription factors (NFkB and IRF) which will go to nucleus and activate expression of different genes (inflammatory)

Answer 9

PRRs recognizing and binding to PAMPs

Question 10

important in chemoattracting neutrophils

Answer 10

IL-8, CXCL8, MCP1

Question 11

intracellular TLRs recognize what

Answer 11

nucleic acids

Question 12

TLR4 recognizes what

Answer 12

LPS on gram - bacteria

Question 13

antibody response directed by B cells is what immunity

Answer 13

humoral immunity

Question 14

microbe has been phagocytosed and recognized by PRRs; presents to helper T cells and activates them
further activate macrophage—making it a better clearing cell of invading microbe
(is what immunity)

Answer 14

cell-mediated immunity

Question 15

: taken up by APCs like dendritic cells and macrophages can present antigen to cytotoxic T cells leading to their activation and need 2 signals
signal 1: antigen peptide MHC and costimulatory signal (signal 2)
once activated CD8 T cell can go to infection site and start killing infected cells (what immunity)

Answer 15

cell-mediated immunity

Question 16

2 major lung defenses

Answer 16

airways and their mucosa
alveolar spaces

Question 17

prevents entry of larger particulates from traveling further in the lung

Answer 17

anatomical barriers

Question 18

a way to get material out of lungs

Answer 18

cough

Question 19

used to transport material from bronchi to trachea

Answer 19

mucociliary transport

Question 20

____ in mucus combat bacteria

Answer 20

anti-microbials

Question 21

can degrade bacterial cell walls

Answer 21

lysozyme

Question 22

chelates iron

Answer 22

lactoferrin

Question 23

produces ROS which can be lethal to bacteria

Answer 23

peroxidase

Question 24

forms a pore in bacteria and kills through osmotic lysis

Answer 24

defensins

Question 25

transcytosed across epithelial cells, neutralizes toxins, viruses, bacteria

Answer 25

secretory IgA

Question 26

major site for IgA production in mucosa of GI and Res. tracts

Answer 26

mucosal lymphoid tissue in lamina propria

Question 27

______receptor binds dimeric IgA and transports it to lumenal surface; where the IgA is released by proteolytic cleavage

Answer 27

Poly-Ig

Question 28

predominate defense mechanism is neutralizing pathogens

Answer 28

IgA

Question 29

____cells have PRRs (TLRs) so can mount an inflammatory response

Answer 29

epithelial

Question 30

chemokine produced that recruit neutrophils to site of infection

Answer 30

CXCL8

Question 31

blood-derived cell of mucosa

Answer 31

Dendritic cells lymphocytes (during an infection) eosinophils, mast cells, basophils

Question 32

immune defense in alveolar space

Answer 32

alveolar macrophages lymphocytes type I and II pneumocytes (surfactant) neutrophils IgG and opsonins

Question 33

not seen in the lungs usually unless there is an infection

Answer 33

neutrophils and lymphocytes

Question 34

immunoglobin predominant in the lungs in general

Answer 34

IgA

Question 35

immunoglobin most abundant in alveoli

Answer 35

IgG

Question 36

C3b produced by _________ and lead to complement activation (microbe that has activated complement, get C3b on that microbe and that allows C3b to be recognized by receptors on macrophages and that will induce phagocytosis of microbe)

Answer 36

tissue macrophages

Question 37

produced by the liver but can find it in lung in case of infection (a good opsonin)

Answer 37

CRP

Question 38

key soluble PRRs in alveolar spaces

Answer 38

surfactants

Question 39

less _____, macrophages less able to provide defenses against foreign threat

Answer 39

surfactant

Question 40

surfactant in steady state

Answer 40

inhibits inflammatory response

Question 41

surfactant interacting with PAMP and CD91

Answer 41

stimulates inflammatory response

Question 42

____ leads to activation of alveolar macrophage (either directly or with CD91 interaction)

Answer 42

PAMPs

Question 43

____ activation produces pro-inflammatory cytokines and recruits neutrophils to site of infection

Answer 43

NF-kB

Question 44

when activated, can ingest a large number of microbes destroy them with oxygen independent mechanisms produce ROS and proteases that lead to tissue damage

Answer 44

neutrophils

Question 45

professional phagocytes

Answer 45

neutrophils

Question 46

release chromatin rich material, it is sticky and will bind microbes and prevent them from disseminating and facilitate phagocytosis

Answer 46

neutrophils releasing NETs

Question 47

adaptive immune response in the lung is initiated in _______

Answer 47

draining lymph nodes

Question 48

cells enter through ________ and inside there are B cell zones and T cell ones B cell zones have germinal centers (where B cells undergo class switch recombination) differentiate into plasma cells (start making antibodies)

Answer 48

afferent lymphatics into lymph node

Question 49

CD4 cells can differentiate into what

Answer 49

Th1, Th2, Th17

Question 50

kill virally infected cells

Answer 50

CD8 (cytotoxic) T cells

Question 51

depends on this cytokine for clonal expansion of T cells

Answer 51

IL-2

Question 52

produces IFNgamma (can also lead to macrophage activation) CD40 ligand and bind to CD40 on macrophages and activate them really good phagocytes

Answer 52

Th1

Question 53

more important in driving antibody responses interact with B cells produce cytokines that will instruct B cell to differentiate and class switch into IgG or IgA

Answer 53

Th2 and Th17

Question 54

T cell receptor peptide and MHC interaction as well as costimulatory molecule

Answer 54

2 signals for T cell activation

Question 55

needs 2 signals to become activated, but once activated, just needs 1 signal to kill

Answer 55

CD8 T cells

Question 56

similar structure as lymph node w/out afferent lymph found at bifurcations in bronchus

Answer 56

bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)

Question 57

microbes and antigens can pass through (endocytosis or phagocytosis) into the associated lymphoid tissue

Answer 57

through M cells

Question 58

large # of microbes PRRs stimulated and innate immune system activated and steers response towards pro-inflammation; leads to clearance of microbes and tissue damage

Answer 58

infection

Question 59

seasonal infection that can lead to pneumonia

Answer 59

viral influenza

Question 60

1. virus-induced damage to pulmonary epithelium 2. influenza neuraminidase and upregulation of platelet-activating factor receptor expression 3. cytokines (e.g. interferons)

Answer 60

increase susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection after influenza virus

Question 61

engagement of alveolar macrophages -production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and recruitment of neutrophils to site of infection get rid of microbe

Answer 61

normal lung exposed to pneumonia

Question 62

some of the innate immune cells and alveolar macrophages are not able to recognize some of the bacteria during an active viral infection, turn on adaptive immunity and get IFNgamma produced IFN gamma can lead to down regulation of PRRs on alveolar macrophage

Answer 62

patient with pre-existing viral infection exposed to pneumonia