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Fouty- Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

2 contributions that decreased infection rate worldwide

A

clean drinking water
vaccines

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2
Q

taking a part of small pox vesicle and innoculating another person to have milder infection and develop antibodies

A

Variolation

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3
Q

_____ was developed to try to decrease prevalence of small pox

A

Variolation

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4
Q

people were inoculated w/ ______ that produced a mild vesicular disease and recovered quickly and protected against small pox

A

cow pox

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5
Q

in 1800-1900, smallpox vaccine changed from cowpox to ______ virus

A

vaccinia

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6
Q

in 1980, what was eradicated

A

smallpox

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7
Q

SQ injections containing minced dessicated _____-infected rabbit spinal cords to patient bitten by _____-infected dog

A

rabies

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8
Q

in 1891, ____ outbreak in berlin “the strangling angel of children”

A

Diphtheria

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9
Q

Toxin from the bacteria that causes widespread multi organ failure; toxin inhibits protein synthesis

A

toxin from Corynebacterium diphtjeriae

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10
Q

in 1880s, serum from animal given ____–inactivated diphtheria toxin protected an unimmunized animal that was given virulent toxin

A

heat-inactivated

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11
Q

In 1891 Emil von Behring used animal immune serum to treat a child with _____

A

diphtheria

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12
Q

inactivated (dead) virus used to treat this

A

rabies

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13
Q

passive immunization (antibody therapy) used to treat this

A

diphtheria

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14
Q

the individual receives protective (neutralizing) antibodies from other sources

A

passive immunity

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15
Q

natural method of passive immunity

A

maternal antibodies

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16
Q

____ immunity is time dependent

A

passive

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17
Q

4 different types of products for passive immunity to infectious diseases/toxins

A

IVIG
hyperimmunoglobulins
animal-derived immunoglobulins
monoclonal Ab’s

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18
Q

the individual develops their own immune response against a pathogen due to either infection or vaccination

A

active immunity

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19
Q

____ work by inducing cells and molecules to rapidly control pathogens or inactivate toxins

A

vaccines

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20
Q

initiation of vaccine response:

A

antigen/adjuvant stimulates innate immune response; DC’s link innate to adaptive

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21
Q

APC’s that present antigen by MHC-I interact with what cell

A

CD8 T cell

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22
Q

APC’s that present antigen by MHC-II interact with what cell

A

CD4 T cell

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23
Q

CD4 (Th1) cell drives what response

A

adaptive immune response by CD8 T cells

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24
Q

CD4 (Th2) cell drives what response

A

humoral immune response (production of antibodies)

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25
Q

_____ are the key for most vaccines or infection

A

antibodies

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26
Q

_____ antigen exposure gives you higher titer volume and specific antibodies

A

booster antigen exposure

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27
Q

____ are critical to the induction of high affinity antibodies and immune memory

A

T cells

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28
Q

Neutralizing viral replication by blocking cell adhesion and entry

Binding to enzymatic active sites or preventing diffusion of toxins

Promoting opsonization/phagocytosis of bacteria

Activating complement

A

how antibodies prevent/reduce infection

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29
Q

3 main classics for vaccines

A

killed
live attenuated
toxoid

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30
Q

vaccine that caused smallpox to be eradicated

A

live attenuated vaccine

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31
Q

nasal spray for influenza A is what kind of vaccine

A

live-attenuated

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32
Q

small pox
MMR
MCG
Varicella

A

live attenuated vaccines

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33
Q

how is the virus in killed viral vaccines inactivated

A

formaldehyde

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34
Q

Rabies
Polio
Influenza A
Hep A

A

killed vaccine

35
Q

how toxoid vaccines are made

A

purify toxin
inactivate it with formalin
toxoid

36
Q

Diphtheria
Tetanus

A

toxoid vaccines

37
Q

2 types of vaccines for S. pneumoniae

A

Polysaccharide
polysaccharide-protein conjugate

38
Q

more effective against invasive disease in children

A

polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine

39
Q

Bacterial DNA and plasmid DNA —- recombinant DNA w/ ______antigen producing gene

40
Q

Hep B
Anthrax

A

recombinant protein vaccines

41
Q

HPV
Rotavirus

A

virus-like particle vaccine

42
Q

all 6 vaccine platforms are used in the first _____ months of life

43
Q

people can have reactions to _____ and _____ of vaccines

A

ingredients and byproducts

44
Q

disease caused by intracellular organisms are _____ to target with vaccines

45
Q

examples of intracellular organisms that are difficult to target with vaccines

A

Malaria
M. tuberculosis
HIV

46
Q

newer vaccines used to combat COVID

A

nucleic (DNA and RNA) vaccines

47
Q

almost all current vaccines (before COVID) were _____ or _____ based

A

protein or polysaccharide based

48
Q

______ vaccines are based on nucleic acids, not polypeptides or polysaccharides

49
Q

_____ do not generate an adaptive immune response (they generate an innate immune response)

A

nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)

50
Q

_____ generated from nucleic acids are what induce adaptive immune response

A

polypeptides

51
Q

protein vaccines made from

A

polypeptides

52
Q

mRNA vaccines made from

A

mRNA (translation), polypeptide

53
Q

DNA vaccines made from

A

DNA (transcription), mRNA (translation), polypeptide

54
Q

_____ vaccines are based on recombinant DNA technology

A

nucleic acid vaccines

55
Q

____ vaccines induce both B and T cell response

A

nucleic acid

56
Q

____vaccines require transcription before translation, wheres mRNA vaccines do not

57
Q

a lot of safety concerns when dealing with ______ vaccines

A

live attenuated

58
Q

in 1990, the first mRNA tested in animals, but what was the problem

A

difficulty introducing mRNA into cells

59
Q

in 2005, what was replaced with Uridine that helped get mRNA into cells

A

pseudouridine

60
Q

problem in the 1990’s with exogenous RNA: innate immune response was activated and ______ the RNA

A

destroying

61
Q

______ was the lipid used to get mRNA into cells that didn’t activate innate immune response

A

Lipofectin

62
Q

significantly less innate immune activation when RNA was extracted from _____ cells

63
Q

Some Types Of RNA (In Vitro/Mito/Bacterial) Activate Dendritic Cells, Whereas Most Mammalian _____ Does Not

64
Q

RNA ______ had no TNFa release

65
Q

Modifying RNA Nucleosides Decreased Activation Of Innate Immunity By RNA Transcribed _______

66
Q

purifying in vitro transcribed RNA using _____ decreased activation of innate immune system and improved protein translation in 2011

67
Q

ability to generate profound immunity and antibody production by purified _____

A

HPLC (purified lipofectin)

68
Q

what improved mRNA entry into cells in 2013

A

development of lipid nanoparticle delivery (LNP)

69
Q

using pseudouridine coupled with ____ yields the highest protein expression

70
Q

_____ identified as a functional receptor for SARS COVID

71
Q

______ identified as key receptor for SARS entry into cells in 2011

A

TMPRSS2 (serine protease)

72
Q

SARS/MERS spike protein in the _____ configuration is more immunogenic than when it is in the _____ configuration

A

pre-fusion; post-fusion

73
Q

adding extra _____ to the hinge region of the spike protein stabilized the pre-fusion configuration

74
Q

the SARS-CoV-2 sequence was published by chinese scientists on ______

A

january 10th 2020

75
Q

the DNA template for the Moderna vaccine was generated within ____ hours of SARS-CoV-2 sequence being published

76
Q

Phe to ____ made mRNA translate much more easily

77
Q

mRNA vaccine was synthesized using modified _____

A

uridine (pseudouridine)

78
Q

COVID vaccine incorporated 2 ______ to stabilize the translated spike protein in the pre-fusion state

79
Q

DNA template was synthesized and mRNA transcribed using pseudouridine and ____ and ____

A

purified HPLC and LNP

80
Q

Moderna vaccine manufactured ____ days after SARS-CoV-2 sequence was published

81
Q

moderna vaccine shipped to clinic ___ days after SARS-CoV-2 sequence was published

82
Q

what 3 things lock mRNA in pre-fusion conformation

A

LNP, pseudouridine, proline

83
Q

_____ decreases infection and sequalae in non-controlled settings in 2021

84
Q

____ and ____ developed the COVID-19 vaccine

A

Weisman and Kariko

RES Biweekly 3 (11 decks)

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