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RES Biweekly 3 > Fouty- Vaccines > Flashcards

Fouty- Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

2 contributions that decreased infection rate worldwide

A

clean drinking water
vaccines

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2
Q

taking a part of small pox vesicle and innoculating another person to have milder infection and develop antibodies

A

Variolation

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3
Q

_____ was developed to try to decrease prevalence of small pox

A

Variolation

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4
Q

people were inoculated w/ ______ that produced a mild vesicular disease and recovered quickly and protected against small pox

A

cow pox

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5
Q

in 1800-1900, smallpox vaccine changed from cowpox to ______ virus

A

vaccinia

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6
Q

in 1980, what was eradicated

A

smallpox

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7
Q

SQ injections containing minced dessicated _____-infected rabbit spinal cords to patient bitten by _____-infected dog

A

rabies

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8
Q

in 1891, ____ outbreak in berlin “the strangling angel of children”

A

Diphtheria

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9
Q

Toxin from the bacteria that causes widespread multi organ failure; toxin inhibits protein synthesis

A

toxin from Corynebacterium diphtjeriae

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10
Q

in 1880s, serum from animal given ____–inactivated diphtheria toxin protected an unimmunized animal that was given virulent toxin

A

heat-inactivated

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11
Q

In 1891 Emil von Behring used animal immune serum to treat a child with _____

A

diphtheria

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12
Q

inactivated (dead) virus used to treat this

A

rabies

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13
Q

passive immunization (antibody therapy) used to treat this

A

diphtheria

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14
Q

the individual receives protective (neutralizing) antibodies from other sources

A

passive immunity

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15
Q

natural method of passive immunity

A

maternal antibodies

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16
Q

____ immunity is time dependent

A

passive

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17
Q

4 different types of products for passive immunity to infectious diseases/toxins

A

IVIG
hyperimmunoglobulins
animal-derived immunoglobulins
monoclonal Ab’s

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18
Q

the individual develops their own immune response against a pathogen due to either infection or vaccination

A

active immunity

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19
Q

____ work by inducing cells and molecules to rapidly control pathogens or inactivate toxins

A

vaccines

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20
Q

initiation of vaccine response:

A

antigen/adjuvant stimulates innate immune response; DC’s link innate to adaptive

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21
Q

APC’s that present antigen by MHC-I interact with what cell

A

CD8 T cell

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22
Q

APC’s that present antigen by MHC-II interact with what cell

A

CD4 T cell

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23
Q

CD4 (Th1) cell drives what response

A

adaptive immune response by CD8 T cells

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24
Q

CD4 (Th2) cell drives what response

A

humoral immune response (production of antibodies)

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25
_____ are the key for most vaccines or infection
antibodies
26
_____ antigen exposure gives you higher titer volume and specific antibodies
booster antigen exposure
27
____ are critical to the induction of high affinity antibodies and immune memory
T cells
28
Neutralizing viral replication by blocking cell adhesion and entry Binding to enzymatic active sites or preventing diffusion of toxins Promoting opsonization/phagocytosis of bacteria Activating complement
how antibodies prevent/reduce infection
29
3 main classics for vaccines
killed live attenuated toxoid
30
vaccine that caused smallpox to be eradicated
live attenuated vaccine
31
nasal spray for influenza A is what kind of vaccine
live-attenuated
32
small pox MMR MCG Varicella
live attenuated vaccines
33
how is the virus in killed viral vaccines inactivated
formaldehyde
34
Rabies Polio Influenza A Hep A
killed vaccine
35
how toxoid vaccines are made
purify toxin inactivate it with formalin toxoid
36
Diphtheria Tetanus
toxoid vaccines
37
2 types of vaccines for S. pneumoniae
Polysaccharide polysaccharide-protein conjugate
38
more effective against invasive disease in children
polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine
39
Bacterial DNA and plasmid DNA ---- recombinant DNA w/ ______antigen producing gene
Hep B
40
Hep B Anthrax
recombinant protein vaccines
41
HPV Rotavirus
virus-like particle vaccine
42
all 6 vaccine platforms are used in the first _____ months of life
9
43
people can have reactions to _____ and _____ of vaccines
ingredients and byproducts
44
disease caused by intracellular organisms are _____ to target with vaccines
difficult
45
examples of intracellular organisms that are difficult to target with vaccines
Malaria M. tuberculosis HIV
46
newer vaccines used to combat COVID
nucleic (DNA and RNA) vaccines
47
almost all current vaccines (before COVID) were _____ or _____ based
protein or polysaccharide based
48
______ vaccines are based on nucleic acids, not polypeptides or polysaccharides
DNA/RNA
49
_____ do not generate an adaptive immune response (they generate an innate immune response)
nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)
50
_____ generated from nucleic acids are what induce adaptive immune response
polypeptides
51
protein vaccines made from
polypeptides
52
mRNA vaccines made from
mRNA (translation), polypeptide
53
DNA vaccines made from
DNA (transcription), mRNA (translation), polypeptide
54
_____ vaccines are based on recombinant DNA technology
nucleic acid vaccines
55
____ vaccines induce both B and T cell response
nucleic acid
56
____vaccines require transcription before translation, wheres mRNA vaccines do not
DNA
57
a lot of safety concerns when dealing with ______ vaccines
live attenuated
58
in 1990, the first mRNA tested in animals, but what was the problem
difficulty introducing mRNA into cells
59
in 2005, what was replaced with Uridine that helped get mRNA into cells
pseudouridine
60
problem in the 1990's with exogenous RNA: innate immune response was activated and ______ the RNA
destroying
61
______ was the lipid used to get mRNA into cells that didn't activate innate immune response
Lipofectin
62
significantly less innate immune activation when RNA was extracted from _____ cells
mammalian
63
Some Types Of RNA (In Vitro/Mito/Bacterial) Activate Dendritic Cells, Whereas Most Mammalian _____ Does Not
RNA
64
RNA ______ had no TNFa release
in vitro
65
Modifying RNA Nucleosides Decreased Activation Of Innate Immunity By RNA Transcribed _______
in vitro
66
purifying in vitro transcribed RNA using _____ decreased activation of innate immune system and improved protein translation in 2011
HPLC
67
ability to generate profound immunity and antibody production by purified _____
HPLC (purified lipofectin)
68
what improved mRNA entry into cells in 2013
development of lipid nanoparticle delivery (LNP)
69
using pseudouridine coupled with ____ yields the highest protein expression
LNP
70
_____ identified as a functional receptor for SARS COVID
ACE2
71
______ identified as key receptor for SARS entry into cells in 2011
TMPRSS2 (serine protease)
72
SARS/MERS spike protein in the _____ configuration is more immunogenic than when it is in the _____ configuration
pre-fusion; post-fusion
73
adding extra _____ to the hinge region of the spike protein stabilized the pre-fusion configuration
prolines
74
the SARS-CoV-2 sequence was published by chinese scientists on ______
january 10th 2020
75
the DNA template for the Moderna vaccine was generated within ____ hours of SARS-CoV-2 sequence being published
72 hours
76
Phe to ____ made mRNA translate much more easily
Leu
77
mRNA vaccine was synthesized using modified _____
uridine (pseudouridine)
78
COVID vaccine incorporated 2 ______ to stabilize the translated spike protein in the pre-fusion state
prolines
79
DNA template was synthesized and mRNA transcribed using pseudouridine and ____ and ____
purified HPLC and LNP
80
Moderna vaccine manufactured ____ days after SARS-CoV-2 sequence was published
25
81
moderna vaccine shipped to clinic ___ days after SARS-CoV-2 sequence was published
42
82
what 3 things lock mRNA in pre-fusion conformation
LNP, pseudouridine, proline
83
_____ decreases infection and sequalae in non-controlled settings in 2021
vaccine
84
____ and ____ developed the COVID-19 vaccine
Weisman and Kariko

RES Biweekly 3 (11 decks)

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