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Biochemistry > Stem cells > Flashcards

Stem cells Flashcards

1
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A
  • From blastocyst
  • Can proliferate indefinitely
  • Unrestricted developmental potential
  • Can become any cell of organism (even into germ cells)
  • If injected into an embryo at a later stage or into an adult, they don’t get the right sequence of cues that is needed for differentiation
  • Often become tumors when injected in
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2
Q

Can embryonic stem cells be put back into the embryo?

A

Yes

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3
Q

Teratomas

A

Come from embryonic stem cells

Tumors can have teeth, other body parts (b/c ES cells aren’t able to generate body plan)

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4
Q

Transformation

A

Normal cell starts to divide inappropriately—into cancer

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5
Q

Embryonic stem cells come from where?

A

Inner cell mass of blastocyst

Can’t be put back into unfertilized egg to become organism

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6
Q

ES cells

A

Can be derived from human embryos

Can be coaxed to differentiate into different cell types

Can be injected into adult organs to replace damaged parts

Been used successfully in brain

*we don’t want to inject a completely undifferentiated ES cell

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7
Q

Different Cell Types from ES cells

A

We try and culture them outside the blastocyst, get into lineage that is safer and inject directly to site of damage

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8
Q

How to get cultured embryonic stem cells to become neurons?

A

Use retinoic acid (steroid hormone)

Can trick cells into turning on certain TF’s

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9
Q

Cell types in nervous tissue are usually derived using what?

A

Use fibroblast growth factor

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10
Q

Easiest way to induce embryonic stem cells to turn into different tissues?

A

Chemicals

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11
Q

How are ES cells derived?

A

Grow on culture or leave it alone and becomes organism

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12
Q

Human ES cell growth

A

Fibroblasts help create happy medium for cells

Plate blastocysts and then bring in the blastocyst cells

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13
Q

Isolation of Embryonic Stem cells

A

When we differentiate the cells in culture they will be heterogeneous and we want to identify homogenous populations

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14
Q

Nerve and muscle cells are found in a complex mixture when growing them. Why?

A

Because retinoic acid stimulates both

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15
Q

Application of ES cells

A

Can solve rejection problems

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16
Q

Founder cells are ______

A

Multipotent

Derived to make a certain type of tissue (heart founder cell, liver founder cell etc)

They divide, giving rise to daughter cell which will remain a stem cell and to a transient amplifying cell

Liver damage→founder cell will be used

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17
Q

Mature stem cell

A

Pro: Probably came from your own cells

Con: Get to level of senescene pretty quickly

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18
Q

Early stem cell

A

Immortal, continue to grow

Potential for rejection

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19
Q

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

Nucleus taken from somatic cell of patient and injected into oocyte of a donor replacing the oocyte nucleus

First step in closing

Solve immune rejection b/c you’d use your own genome

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20
Q

Challenges for Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation Therapy

A
  • Production of required cell type in sufficient numbers and pure form
  • What cell to transplant
  • Delivery and proper integration
  • tissue/immune rejection
  • Embryonic- or fetal-derived grafts may be immunogenic
  • Some transplantation sites may be immunologically privileged
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21
Q

Adult stem cell problems

A

Immune rejection

22
Q

Outside manipulation of adult stem cells can reprogram them

A

True

23
Q

Strategies of regenerative medicine

A

Induced
Reprogramming
Somatic cell transfer

24
Q

Adult stem cells that we can take out of body and manipulate and put back in

A

Bone marrow
Skeletal muscle
Heart muscle
Skin

25
Q

Bone marrow stem call can become

A

Every blood cell that we need

Can also become other tissue

26
Q

Adipose derived stem cells

A

People have successfully made them into different kinds of cells

27
Q

Basal layer of many tissues (gut, epithelial) is where you have dividing stem cells, adult derived

A

True

Basal stem cells

28
Q

Basal layer

A

Has stem cells. They divide to maintain the basal layer and also supply cells that move to other layers, undergo change in gene expression and differentiate

29
Q

Stem cells provide an indefinite supply of fresh differentiated cells

A

True

30
Q

Cells that cross the basal lamina can become what?

A

Metastatic tumors

31
Q

Olfactory Neurons

A

Lining of nose is epithelium

Adult stem cells give rise to these cells

32
Q

Olfactory receptors

A
  • Free surfaces of cilia have odorant receptor proteins
  • A type of G-protein coupled receptor
  • Each neuron expresses only one of these genes
33
Q

What you smell is biscuits and gravy

A

That has one receiving signal and one axon

34
Q

Example of Adult Stem Cell Therapy

A

Bone marrow transplants

35
Q

Fibroblasts (skin sample)

A

Induced pluripotent stem cells-they go back to embryonic stem cell state so that they can become every tissue

36
Q

Our bone marrow contains many different stem cells

A

True

Mesenchymal cells (can get to brain and fix brain damage)-they can become neuronal-like cells

Some adult stem cells can become multiple lineages (from adipose too)

37
Q

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
(SCNT)

How to avoid ethical dilemma

A

We take unfertilized egg and remove nuclei from somatic cell (skin cell for example), it’s your genome, put it into egg and start developmental process, then use blastocyst cells to put into dish, turns into pancreatic beta cells into pancreas and you won’t have rejection problems

Reprograming without having to go through embryo step

38
Q

Other uses for SCNT

A

We can analyze potential toxins to our body by using cells that are made from our body

We can take a diploid genome, put it into an egg and get life. Big finding b/c it opened up its genes that were in heterochromatin and now it’s an embryonic stem cell

39
Q

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)

A

Inject pluripotent genes into adult stem cells

Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by defined, limited sets of transcription factors

Taking cell that has gone through many divisions and trying to get it back to the embryo

40
Q

Problems with all these dividing cells

A

Genetic drift and cell growth

41
Q

3 different protocols used for ES cell differentiation

A

As embryoid bodies

Differentiated on stromal cells

On extracellular matrix proteins

42
Q

Regeneration of olfactory receptor cells is one of the only

few instances of adult neurogenesis in the CNS.

A

True

43
Q

Adipose and bone marrow have shown the ability to differentiate in vitro and in vivo into to chondroycytes,
myoblasts, osteoblasts, pancreatic betacells and neuronal-like cells

A

True

44
Q

Adult stem cells (bone marrow) can regenerate neuronal cells in the brain

A

True

45
Q

Reprograming

A

Inject proteins from pluripotent cell into adult stem cell

46
Q

Somatic cell + Embryonic stem cell=

A

Cellular fusion–> pluripotent hybrid cell–> blood cells or neural cells

47
Q

Stem cell- key phrase

A

Self-renew

48
Q

Undifferentiated, differentiated etc

Stem cells (pluripotent)
Adult stem cells (multipotent)
Quiescent stem cells

A

Stem cells (pluripotent): undifferentiated

Adult stem cells (multipotent): slightly differentiated

Quiescent stem cells: fully differentiated

49
Q

Immortal strand hypothesis

A

ALL of original daughter strand chromosomes go into the daughter cell, they all line up on one side during mitosis (thanks to signaling at kinetochores)

50
Q

Embryonic stem cells: types

found in embryo

A

Totipotent (from zygote–>whole organism)

Pluripotent: inner cell mass, blood cells, cardiac muscles, neural cells etc, can be grown indefinitely, main one used in research

51
Q

Adult stem cells

found in many organs

A

Multipotent

Specializing potential is limited to one or more cell lines

e.g. Mesenchymal stem cell –> Bone or cartilage or connective tissue etc

Tough to grow

52
Q

iPS cells

A

Take normal cell (e.g. skin cell), give it genetic instructions in dish, they can reverse and be able to be any cell and become pluripotent

Skin cell–>iPS cell–> Blood cell

Good for tissue regeneration, genetic matches for tissues,

Biochemistry (41 decks)

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