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Biochemistry > Mitosis/Meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis/Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

Meiosis vs mitosis

A

In mitosis we stay diploid and in meiosis we go from diploid to haploid. There is a different way that the chromosomes rearrange

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2
Q

Locus (plural: loci)

A

Each gene occupies a specific place, or locus, on the chromosome

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3
Q

Condensation can be condensed during mitosis

A

True

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4
Q

Centromere

A

Where two sister chromatids hook together (middle of X)

Top half: p arm
Bottom: q arm

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5
Q

Telomere

A

The two ends of a chromosome consist of repeated nucleotide sequences called telomeres, which are essential for chromosome stability

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6
Q

22/23 pairs of chromosomes are called _______

A

Autosomes

Autosomes have similar appearance and similar DNA sequences, and are paired in diploid cells of both sexes

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7
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

The 23rd pair of chromosomes and is different in the male and female

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8
Q

A typical human cell has how many pairs of chromosomes?

A

23

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9
Q

The male X and Y chromosomes behave as a pair during meiotic cell division

A

True

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10
Q

X=chromosome, made up of 2 chromatids

A

True

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11
Q

Further from centromere you get bigger numbers

A

True

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12
Q

Homologous chromosomes are usually not identical

A

True

Changes are called mutations

Enduring mutations that are inherited are called alleles (different eye color, hair, bird songs etc)

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13
Q

Our gametes are only cells that are ______

A

haploid

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14
Q

Interphase

A

Time for acquisition of nutrients, growth, chromosome duplication

During cell division, one copy of every chromosome and half of the cytoplasm and organelles are divided out into the 2 daughter cells

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15
Q

Mitotic cell division

A

Consists of the division of one parental cell into two daughter cells; it consists of two processes: mitosis and cytokinesis

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16
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of the nucleus

During mitosis (nuclear division), the nucleus of the cell and the chromosome divide

Each daughter nucleus receives one copy of each of the replicated chromosomes of the parent cell

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17
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasmic division

Cytoplasm is divided roughly equally between the two daughter cells, and one daughter nucleus enters each of the daughter cells

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18
Q

Mitotic cell division

A

Takes place in all eukaryotic organisms

Mechanism of asexual reproduction

Followed by differentiation of the daughter cells allows a fertilized egg to grow into an adult with perhaps trillions of specialized cells

Allows organisms to maintain, repair, and even regenerate body parts

Mechanism whereby stem cells reproduce

19
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense, spindle microtubules form, nuclear envelope breaks down, and chromosomes are captured by spindle microtubules

20
Q

Centrioles

A

Region from which the spindle microtubules originate contains a pair of microtubule-containing structures called centrioles

21
Q

Kinetochore

A

Protein-containing structure located at the centromere

Wraps around centromere

22
Q

Microtubules

A

The spindle microtubules radiate from the poles, both toward the nucleus, forming a basket around it and outward toward the plasma membrane

23
Q

Cell cycle has checkpoints

A

True

Slows it down to make sure enzymes can go double check that everything is correct

24
Q

Cohesin complex

A

Begin to wrap around DNA

Keeps chromatids attached

Facilitates spindle attachment

Facilitates recombination

25
Q

Gametogenesis

A

From 46 to 23 chromosomes

Meiosis only occurs for making sperm and eggs

26
Q

Meiotic cell division

A

The key to sexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells

A diploid cell with paired chromosomes produces haploid daughter cells with unpaired chromosomes

27
Q

Prophase 1

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange DNA

28
Q

One round of DNA replication produces how many chromatids in each duplicated chromosome?

A

2

29
Q

Prophase I

A

Can last days or weeks

For women it can be occurring during the month

30
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Paired homologous chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell

31
Q

X chromosome is always the default

A

True

32
Q

We get 4 equal sperm and only 1 ovum in females, the other 3 are called polar bodies

A

True

33
Q

Genomic Imprinting

A

Imprinted genes=methylation=down regulated

34
Q

Chance for mitotic errors

A

If meiosis doesn’t occur until after or during ovulation, then you get improper segregation after fertilization and so you’ll get too many chromosomes in egg

35
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Most common way we get developmental errors in meiosis

When we get an abnormal chromosome number

  • Trisomy 21/Down syndrom: most common single cause of mental retardation
  • 90% of trisomy 21 individuals, the additional chromosome is maternal in origin
  • 70% occur during M1 and 30% in M2
36
Q

Prader Willi syndrome and Angelman syndrome

A

Two different conditions occur with the exact same deletion on chromosome 15. If the paternal chromosome is deleted, the child develops Prader Willi syndrome. If the maternal chromosome is deleted, the child develops Angelman syndrome

37
Q

Prader Willi syndrome

A

When paternal chromosome is deleted on chromosome 15

38
Q

Angelman syndrome

A

When maternal chromosome is deleted on chromosome 15

39
Q

More chromosomal errors

A

Errors on chromosomes 13, 18, 21 cause major developmental defects. Events can occur during non-disjunction

You can either have entire copies of chromosomes go to one cell so that when you have division you have an additional chromosome and 2 gametes and a loss of chromosomes and other gametes, or you can have that happen in meiosis 2 and you get two viable eggs and then that same problem

40
Q

Homologous recombination problems

A

During homologous recombination there is a good chance for errors because you are having a double strand break and so pieces might get not put back correctly. So if mom doesn’t express that gene and dad has a deletion, then we have problems.

41
Q

Trisomy 21, 18, 13

A

Non-disjunction during meiosis. , so you get an extra 21 chromosome

Down syndrom=Drinking age=trisomy 21
Edward syndrome = Election age = trisomy 18
Patau syndrome = Puberty age = trisomy 13

42
Q

Lyonization

A

used to create Barr bodies. Females don’t use both X chromosomes in every cell. Creates mosaic pattern. Different regions of body can be using the copy you got from mom and copy from dad

43
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Homologs fail to separate properly

-Nondisjunction errors are very common during egg development and increase with advancing maternal age

44
Q

Trisomy 21/Down syndrome is an example of what type of error?

A

Aneuploid: cells with abnormal chromosome number
– Trisomy 21/Down syndrome: most common single cause of mental
retardation.
– 90% of trisomy 21 individuals, the additional chromosome is maternal in
origin
• 70% occur during MI and 30% in MII

Biochemistry (41 decks)

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