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Developmental Bio > Stem cells > Flashcards

Stem cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Stem Cell

A

Cells that have the ability to self renew and to give rise to cells that can differentiate.

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2
Q

Totipotent

A

Least determined, capable of giving rise to any cell type

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3
Q

Pluripotent

A

Capable of giving rise to many cells types

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4
Q

Multipotent

A

Make more than one cell type in a closely related family

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5
Q

Unipotent

A

Produce one differentiated cell type

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6
Q

Progenitor cells

A

Can differentiate into multiple cell types, but can only renew a limited number of times. Transient

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7
Q

Stem cell

A

Can divide indefinitely and generate specified cells

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8
Q

ES cells

A

Embryonic Stem Cells
Pluripotent
ICM derived

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9
Q

Adult Stem Cells

A

Multipotent cells Found in adult tissues, thought to be involved in maintaining tissue homeostasis of providing cells for naturally regenerative organs (skin, blood, hair…)

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10
Q

Induced Pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)

A

Adult cells that have been converted to cells with the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells

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11
Q

Stem cell niche hypothesis

A

A special microenvironment regulates stem cell self-renewal and survival and the differentiation of the progeny that leave the niche.

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12
Q

Stem cell niche hypothesis
Signaling factors

A

Keep cells alive and in multipotent state

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13
Q

Stem cell niche hypothesis
Adherence factors

A

Keep cells in the microenvironment

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14
Q

Stem cell niche hypothesis
Asymmetric Division

A

Positions daughter cells with respect to niche

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15
Q

Fly ovarian stem cell niche
Adherence factor

A

E-cadherin keeps 1 daughter cell in niche

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16
Q

Fly ovarian stem cell niche
ECM

A

Acts as a localized signal
Extracellular matrix molecules keep BMPs close to the source

17
Q

Fly ovarian stem cell niche
Cap cells

A

Cap cells secrete Bone Morphogenic Proteins (BMPs) that bind to receptors on the surface of GSCs.
BMP signal is sent to GSC nucleus
Bam is repressed - differentiation is prevented

18
Q

Fly ovarian stem cell niche
GSCs

A

Germline stem cells are in a niche at the tip of each ovariole, where they are in direct contact with cap cells.

19
Q

Fly ovarian stem cell niche
Mitotic spindle

A

The cell divides perpendicular to the stem cells so that one cell receives signals to retain identity while the other is displaced.

20
Q

Fly ovarian stem cell niche
BAM LOF mutation

A

With no bam, there is no renewal and there is a bag of marbles mutation.

21
Q

Small intestinal epithelium
Crypt base

A

Crypts contain intestinal stem cells that produce new cells to replace the old cells in villi.
Crypt base contains ISCs called CBCCs

22
Q

Small intestinal epithelium
Transition amplifying zone

A

Expands pool of cells created by ISCs to ensure a sufficient supply of differentiated cells

23
Q

Small intestinal epithelium
Intestinal lumen - paneth cells

A

Paneth cells secrete EGF and Wnt 3a to regulate CBCC symmetrical division.

24
Q

Small intestinal epithelium
Stroma signaling

A

The stroma has a gradient Wnt 2b and R-spondin which is necessary for the survival and. proliferation of CBCCs

25
Q

CBCCs

A

crypt base columnar cells
Characterized by Lgr5

26
Q

Paneth cell

A

Secrete Wnt 3a and R-spondin which stimulates the proliferation of CBCCs

27
Q

Wnt/ BMP gradient

A

WNT - strong at the base of the crypt, maintains stem cell populations (Wnt 2b, respondin, noggin)
BMP - Highest in villi region, important for differentiation.

28
Q

Cre system

A

Cre: bacteriophage that has a recombinase which recognizes lox sites
Lox: Unique 34 bp DNA sequence that gets removed by Cre

29
Q

Tests of Stemness

A
  1. iPSCs can differentiate in vitro
  2. Teratoma Asso in vivo
  3. Mouse embryo cimera
30
Q

Induced pluripotency

A

IPSCs
Differentiated cells can revert to a more plastic state
Using viral vectors to revert potency

31
Q

First demonstration of potency reversal

A

Takahashi/Yamanaka
1. compiled a list of pluripotency factors
- factors that promote pluripotency : Oct4, Sox2, Nanog
2. Made skin cells with an Fbx15p:b-georeporter and infected cells with pools of the factors.

32
Q

Fbx15 : B-georeporter

A

Fbx15: on in embryo and ES, off in differentiated cells
B-geo: blue reporter

33
Q

Reporter fusion approach

A

Finding blue cells after infecting cells with pools of viruses expressing pluripotency factors

34
Q

Organoid

A

3D tissue structures generated from iPSCs, which self-organize in vitro and exhibit some of the key features of eh represented organ

35
Q
A

Developmental Bio (9 decks)

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