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Developmental Bio > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Phylotypic Stage

A

A period in development in a animal when it most closely resembles other species in its phylum

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2
Q

Egg v. Ovum v. Oocyte

A

Ovum - mature egg
Oocyte - developing egg cell

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3
Q

Jelly Layer

A

Extracellular matrix that surrounds sea urchin eggs. Contains polysaccharides that are species specific.

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4
Q

Vitelline Envelope

A

Extracellular matrix that forms a fibrous mat around the egg outside the cell membrane. During fertilization the VE undergoes a series of changes that result in the fertilization envelope.

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5
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Oriented movement of cell/organism in response to external chemical signals

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6
Q

Acrosome/Acrosomal vesicle

A

Caplike organelle that is inside the sperm head. Contains proteolytic enzymes that can digest the extracellular coats surrounding the egg, allowing the sperm to gain access to the egg cell membrane for fusion

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7
Q

Acrosome Reaction

A

Egg polysaccharides in jelly bind to sperm receptors. Ca++ channels open, Na+ influx / H+ epplux, Phospholipase enzyme releases secondary messenger.

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8
Q

Role of Sulfated Polysaccharides

A

Trigger acrosome reaction, species specific

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9
Q

Exocytosis

A

A form of active transport where the cell transports molecules out of the cell

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10
Q

G-actin pool

A

polymerization of actin forms fertilization cone

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11
Q

Polyspermy

A

Multiple sperm trying to fertilize

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12
Q

Fast Block to Polyspermy

A

Electrical
Fast (1-3 sec)
Transient (60 sec)
1. Prior to sperm binding, Ca++ channels in egg membrane are closed
2. When Bindin proteins on sperm match to the egg receptors, the sodium channels open
3. An influx of sodium ions enters the egg
3. Acrosomal reaction begins and sodium channels close - depolarization of egg cell

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13
Q

Slow Block to Polyspermy

A

Slow (30-60 sec)
Permanent
Cortical Granule Reaction
1. Sperm release soluble factors, which triggers the tyrosine kinase
2. TK -> PLC
3. PIP2 goes through channel which creates IP3
4. IP3 opens Ca channel from the ER
5. CA now in cell causes exocytosis of cortical granules
6. Exocytosis causes release of CGSP and other proteins, creating fertilization envelope

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14
Q

Blastula

A

Cells in blastomere form a hollow sphere around central cavity.

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15
Q

Cell Movements
-Ingression
-Convergent Extension
-Invagination

A
  • Migration of individual cells from the surface layer into the interior of the embryo
  • Mechanism for elongation
  • The indenting of a region of cells
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16
Q

Gastrulation

A

Movement and rearrangement of blastomeres to form the three germ layers that will comprise the embryo - ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

17
Q

RNA in situ hybridation

A

A technique used to visualize the location of specific messenger RNA transcripts within a sea urchin egg or early embryo at the time of fertilization.

18
Q

Blastomere Recombination Experiment

A

Researchers isolate individual blastomeres from an embryo at the early cleavage stages. Cell fate and cell interaction

19
Q

Filopodia

A

Long thin processes containing microfilaments

20
Q

Canonical WNT Signaling Pathway

A
21
Q

Cell signaling mechanisms
-paracrine
-autocrine
-juxtacrine

A
  • A secreted protein that signals between cells of long distances
  • The same cells that secrete paracrine factors also respond to them
    -Signaling between cells that are in direct contact with one another
22
Q

Double Negative Gate

A

Uses two repressor to control gene expression in a specific pattern

23
Q

Animal pole

A

The pole of the egg or embryo where the concentration of yolk is low

24
Q

Vegetal pole

A

The pole of the egg or embryo where the concentration of yolk is high

25
Q

MBT / MZT

A
26
Q

EMT

A
27
Q

Phospholipase C

A

Soluble factors that activate tyrosine kinase and IP3 pathway - results in CA++ release and activation of the egg

28
Q

PIP2

A
29
Q

IP3

A

A second messenger generated by Phospholipase C that releases extracellular CA++ stores. Important in the initiation of both cortical granule release and sea urchin development

30
Q

Holoblastic Cleavage

A

Complete Cleavage

31
Q

Isolecithal

A

Sparse, evenly distributed yolk
-Radial (sea urchin)
-Spiral
-Bilateral
-Rotational (mammals)

32
Q

Mesolecithal

A

Moderate vegetal yolk diposition
Amphibians

33
Q

Meroblasic Cleavage

A

Incomplete cleavage

34
Q

Teloecithal (meroblastic)

A

Dense yolk throughout most of cell (fish reptiles)

35
Q

Centrolecithal (meroblasitc)

A

Yolk in center of egg
- insects

Developmental Bio (9 decks)

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