Neural tube and crest Flashcards

1
Q

Neurulation

A

Formation of the neural tube

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2
Q

Primary neurulation

A

The process of the neural plate transforming into the neural tube

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3
Q

Secondary neurulation

A

The process that forms the posterior portion of the neural tube by the coalescence of mesenchyme cells into a solid cord

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4
Q

Junctional Neurulation

A

When primary and secondary neurulation meed and primary transitions to secondary

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5
Q

What three ectodermal derivatives are produced by neurulation?

A
  1. Surface ectoderm
  2. Neural crest
  3. Neural tube
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6
Q

Medial Hinge Point

A

Cells at midline anchored to notochord
Forms by SHH

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7
Q

Dorsal Lateral Hinge Point

A

Has apical constriction
Forms when Noggin inhibits BMP

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8
Q

Notochord

A

Transient mesodermal rod that patterns nervous system
Signals SHH to activate MHP and inhibit Noggin

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9
Q

Surface Ectoderm

A

BMP expressed, inhibits DLHP and MHP

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10
Q

E-cadherin

A

Expressed in ectoderm

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11
Q

N-cadherin

A

As neurulation begins, neural tissue is induced and expresses N-cad

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12
Q

Filopodia

A

The tips of the neuro folds extend filopodia across the opening

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13
Q

Environmental impact

A

Current hypothesis is that environmental factors can modify the epigenome, leading to transcriptional variation

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14
Q

Folic Acid

A

Vitamin B9, Key facor in neural tube closure.

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15
Q

Explain why there is great phenotypic variation in the class of human malformations known as neural tube defects

A

NTDs and multifactorial with more than 300 genes that could be effected

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16
Q

Anencephaly

A

Failure to close the anterior of the neural tube forebrain (closure 2)
Skull vault doesn’t close

17
Q

Spina bifida

A

Failure of neural tube closure at closure 5

18
Q

Craniorachischisis

A

Usually miscarriage

19
Q

Neurocristopathies

A

Developmental disorders of neural crest cells.

20
Q

Neural crest cells

A
  • vertebrates
  • arise from dorsal neural tube
  • give rise to multipotent progenitors
  • Transient in early embryo
21
Q

NCC EMT

A

EMT is promoted by differential gene expression

22
Q

NCC specification

A

Medium Wnt and low BMP signaling in the gradient specify cell fate

23
Q

NCC Snail

A

Snail represses Sox2, and N-cad at the top of the cell. Snail also inhibits Cad-6B from being expressed outside of the top of the tube

24
Q

NCC Cad-6b

A

aids wnt and BMP to determine pre migratory NCCs

25
Contact inhibion
Sends NCCs off laterally
26
Neural crest “highways”
Environmental cues that send NCCs to their target tissues
27
Cranial NCCs
Neck and cranial nerves, jaw bone, face cartilage
28
Trunk NCC
Glial cells and melanocytes Ganglia travel ventrally and transmit touch/pain to the spinal chord Melanocytes travel dorsolaterally and create pigment cells
29
Cardiac NCCs
Creates the septum that separates the pulmonary artery and the aorta
30
Vagal/Sacral NCCS
Migrate and populate the gut Enteric nervous system -GDNF is released by developing gut -GDNF + GRFa bind to Ret on NCCs - migration to gut
31
Somite
Mesodermal segments of vertebrate embryos that become the vertebral column
32
Hirschprung’s Disease
the nerves in the large intestine don't form properly
33
How Eph/Ephrin guide NCC migration
NCCs migrate ventrolaterally through the anterior half of the somite -ephrin is present posteriorly -Ephrin ligands in the posterior connect with the Eph receptor in the NCC membrane and cause a repulsive interaction
34