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KIN 311 > Stats > Flashcards

Stats Flashcards

1
Q

Why are stats important?

A
  • some forms of statistics have predictive utility
  • future risk
  • focused on application
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2
Q

SD:

A

a measure of variability within the cohort being assessed

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3
Q

2 x SD will capture ____% of the _____ (_____ ) of data.

A
  • ~95%

- range (distribution)

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4
Q

Standard error (of the mean):

A
  • determining whether the mean is applicable for the entire population
  • accuracy of the mean (generalizability to similar cohorts or population)
  • how much do we trust this number?
  • if you use the entire population, would you get a similar number?
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5
Q

Standard error is dependent on…

A
  • the SD

- the sample size

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6
Q

OR & RR used to represent the effect of an _____ on a particular outcome.

A

intervention

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7
Q

Odds ratios (OR):

A

what are the odds of something happening given a particular exposure or intervention compared to control?

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8
Q

OR =

A

odds of an outcome in the exposed group / odds of an outcome in the control group

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9
Q

(Relative) risk ratio:

A

identifies the probability of an outcome given an exposure or intervention (more intuitive)

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10
Q

RR =

A

probability of an outcome in the exposed group compared to the control group

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11
Q

OR and RR attempt to describe…

A

the same effect

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12
Q

OR and RR express the influence of an ____ or _____ in separate ways (but they are _____).

A
  • exposure
  • treatment
  • related
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13
Q

OR and RR _____ the occurrence of an ____ (due to ____) in reference to a ____ group.

A
  • normalize
  • outcome
  • exposure
  • control
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14
Q

OR and RR are commonly used in ____.

A

medicine

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15
Q

Validity:

A
  • accuracy
  • correctness
  • does a test, instrument, questionnaire, etc. measure what it is supposed to measure?
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16
Q

Reliability:

A
  • precision

- repeatability

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17
Q

Types of validity:

A
  • logical (face) validity
  • content validity
  • criterion validity
  • construct validity
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18
Q

Logical or face validity can be claimed when…

A

the measure appears to obviously assess the target variable or performance

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19
Q

Give an example of logical (face) validity:

A
  • balance test of standing on one foot

- it obviously is measuring balance

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20
Q

Logical (face validity):

A
  • weakest form of validity
  • may be difficult to quantify
  • no statistical verification
  • established by expert opinion or judges
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21
Q

Content validity is similar to _____ validity and usually applies to ____ ____ or _____ that attempt to measure the desired ____ or a defined _____ of ____.

A
  • logical
  • written tests or questionnaires
  • parameter
  • domain of content
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22
Q

In content validity, often a table of ____ and/or ____ are developed to act as a _____.

A
  • specifications
  • diagrams
  • blueprint
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23
Q

Content validity is established through ____ ____ or _____ _____.

A
  • published literature

- curriculum content

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24
Q

In content validity, often no _____ ____ is usually required.

A

statistical verification

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25
Q

Give an example of content validity:

A

visual rating scale for body composition

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26
Q

Criterion validity:

A

the extent to which the results of a standard test can be compared to or used to predict a practical outcome

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27
Q

Criterion validity can be claimed when…

A
  • a test measure provides an outcome similar to a criterion (standard) or previously validated test measure
  • when the measure taken successfully predicts the criterion measure or gold standard
  • when the measures permit inferences to be made about an underlying trait
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28
Q

Give an example of criterion validity:

A
  • is a 2000m simulated rowing race on a rowing machine a valid measure of an actual on-water 2000m rowing race?
  • predicting body fat from skinfolds
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29
Q

With construct validity, the variable of interest is…

A

multi-factorial/multi-dimensional

30
Q

Construct validity requires more _____ statistical procedures such as…

A
  • complex
  • factor analysis
  • multiple regression
  • ANOVA/multivariate ANOVA
31
Q

Reliability refers to the _____ or _____ of a measurement.

A
  • consistency

- repeatability

32
Q

5 factors influencing validity/reliability:

A
  • biological variability
  • technical variability
  • testing variability
  • environmental variability
  • unknown factors
33
Q

Biological variability:

A
  • the inherent physiological and psychological fluctuations of the individual
  • circadian rhythms, mood etc.
34
Q

Technical variability:

A

precision and accuracy of the instruments

35
Q

Testing variability:

A

instructions and manner of administering the test

36
Q

Environmental variability:

A
  • temperature

- humidity

37
Q

Inter-rater reliability:

A

comparison of same measure between 2 (or more) testers

38
Q

Intra-rater reliability:

A

comparison of 2 (or more) measures made by the same tester (tests the measure-er)

39
Q

Test-retest reliability:

A
  • repeated testing on 2 or more occasions

- used to test the reliability of the technique (repeatability)

40
Q

6 keys to repeatability:

A
  • same experimental tools
  • same observer
  • same measuring instrument, used under the same conditions
  • same location
  • repetition over a short period of time
  • same objectives
41
Q

Intra class correlation needs _____ measures for x and y (______ data).

A
  • same
  • interchangeable
  • ex. HR 1 and HR 2
42
Q

ICC is…

A
  • intra class correlation

- the repeatability of a measure

43
Q

How to interpret ICC:

A
  • less than 0.40 = poor
  • 0.40 - 0.59 = fair
  • 0.60 - 0.74 = good
  • 0.75 - 1.00 = excellent
44
Q

3 ways to assess validity/reliability:

A
  • correlation
  • regression
  • bland-altman
45
Q

2 factors to consider for correlation:

A
  • there should be physiological basis fundamentally linking the variables of interest
  • correlation does not mean causation
46
Q

Why can HR be used to correlate oxygen consumption?

A
  • fick equation

- HR is in it, fundamentally related

47
Q

_____ and ______ are often presented at the same time.

A
  • correlation

- regression

48
Q

VO2 max =

A

CO x a-v O2 diff.

49
Q

CO =

A

HR x SV

50
Q

Although a correlation describes the ____ of the relationship between 2 variables, it does not necessarily describe _____ of the relationship.

A
  • strength

- pattern

51
Q

Regression describes…

A

the numerical relationship between 2 variables

52
Q

The simplest regression can be…

A

the linear line of best fit

53
Q

Multiple linear regression:

A

multiple factors may also be known to be co-related, influencing the relationship of interest

54
Q

Example of multiple linear regression:

A

Ebbeling submaximal treadmill test

55
Q

How can you assess how well 1 metric compares to the “gold standard”?

A

bland-altman

56
Q

Example of bland-altman test:

A

comparing PA questionnaire and accelerometer

57
Q

X axis of bland-altman:

A

average of the 2 values

58
Q

Y axis of bland-altman:

A

difference of the 2 values

59
Q

Average difference of the bland-altman tells you …

A

if it on average overestimates or underestimates gold standard

60
Q

Why do you need a large range when using bland-altman?

A

so that it is applicable to sedentary and active individuals

61
Q

SD is how ____ the range is…

A
  • big
  • how tight our relationship is around offset
  • want to minimize the 2 SDs
62
Q

In the bland-altman, regression line (aka …) is not a _____ but you can get _____ relationship.

A
  • line of best fit
  • correlation (no r value)
  • y = mx + b
63
Q

A mean offset of - 2.4 in the bland-altman means…

A

in order to estimate our gold standard, we have to add 2.4

64
Q

In bland-altman, a big range of SD is ______.

A

unacceptable

65
Q

Line of best fit in bland-altman:

A

across the entire range of individuals we are working with, sometimes we are underestimating our gold standard, while other times we are overestimating our gold standard

66
Q

Ideal line of best fit for bland-altman:

A
  • you would have no difference
  • you have same difference across entire range
  • you have line of best fit that is flat
  • your SD is narrow
67
Q

Where do our guidelines come from?

A

meta-analysis

68
Q

What is the condition for being used in a meta-analysis?

A

all need to be measuring the same thing

69
Q

Meta-analysis:

A
  • strict, defined process for conducting analysis
  • pool data to provide a larger sample size
  • the basis for many clinical practice guidelines
70
Q

In meta-analysis, 0 means…

A

inconclusive

71
Q

Meta-analysis is a highly regarding technique for interpreting _____/ ____ in data.

A
  • variability

- controversy

72
Q

Meta-analysis is used to determine ____ of outcomes across studies.

A

validity

KIN 311 (19 decks)

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