Physical Activity Flashcards
Physical activity:
bodily movement generated by skeletal muscles resulting in energy expenditure (heat production)
EE divisions:
- non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
- voluntary PA
Metabolic energy (heat) =
kcal = energy required to heat 1 kg of water 1 degree C
1 kcal =
200-250 mL O2
Metabolic cart measures…
oxygen uptake (use) and carbon dioxide production
What type of calorimetry is metabolic cart?
indirect
Metabolic chamber measures…
- oxygen uptake (use) and carbon dioxide production
OR - heat production
What type of calorimetry is metabolic chamber?
- can be direct
- If they measure heat production, it is direct
- If they measure how much oxygen is used overtime, it is indirect
Doubly labelled water technique measures…
Accurately measures oxygen uptake (use) and carbon dioxide production
What type of calorimetry is doubly labelled water technique?
- indirect
- Long term measure estimate of O2 and CO2
2 ways to classify EE:
- METs
- FIT
MET:
- metabolic equivalent of task
- amount of oxygen consumed at rest
METs normalizes…
the metabolic demand of a given activity/across activities
1 MET =
~ 3.5 mL O2/kg/min
FIT stands for:
- frequency
- intensity
- time
FIT is used to calculate/tally….
TEE over time
PA is a complex construct, with ____ hours and many different ____ ____.
- 24 hours
- movement behaviours
Sitting:
a position in which one’s weight is supported by one’s buttocks rather than one’s feet, and in which one’s back is upright
Passive sitting:
< or equal to 1.5 METs
Active sitting:
> 1.5 METs
Lying:
being in a horizontal position on a supporting surface
Passive lying:
< or equal to 1.5 METs
Active lying:
> 1.5 METs
Standing:
a position in which one has or is maintaining an upright position while supported by one’s feet
Passive standing:
< or equal to 2.0 METs
Active standing:
> 2.0 METs
Sedentary behaviour:
any waking behaviour characterized by an EE < or equal to 1.5 METs while in a sitting, reclining, or lying posture
What is not considered sedentary behaviour?
- standing
- sleeping
Physical inactivity:
an insufficient PA level to meet present PA recommendations
Movement behaviours are not _____ _____. There are many categories such as…
- mutually exclusive
- sedentary and inactive
- sedentary and active
- inactive, not sedentary
- active, not sedentary
Reasons to measure PA levels:
- direct relationship with disease endpoints
- indirect relationship with disease through the effects of activity on diet or body weight
- ability to study PA patterns, determinants, and barriers in different groups
- more relevant for a wider segment of the population
- to evaluate PA interventions
Recent recommendations have shifted from…
- higher intensity to moderate intensity
- Moderate intensity lifestyle PA can contribute to health similar to structured exercise
Sedentary activity METs:
0-1.5 METs
Light PA METs:
1.5-3 METs
Moderate PA METs:
3-6 METs
Vigorous PA METs:
6-8 METs
PA assessments should include both _____ and _____.
- weekdays
- weekends
Use _____ and _____ assessment methods.
- reliable
- valid
Reliable:
- reproducible
- giving the same results for a given amount of PA
Valid:
accurately measures what it is intended to measure
Pros of self reporting:
- ease of use (implementing/scoring)
- inexpensive
- easy to deliver on large scale
Cons of self reporting:
- social desirability
- memory/recall
- familiarity with terminology
IPAQ =
international PA questionnaire
IPAQ:
- developed over past 15+ years
- short and long version for epidemiological and research purposes
- many validation studies (normative data) across a variety of populations
- translated into 15+ languages
- incorporates sedentary behaviours
- large range of validity (various groups/tasks) in comparison objective measures
Subjective assessment:
self-report measures of PA
2 examples of subjective assessments:
- diary
- questionnaire
3 examples of objective assessments:
- pedometers (step counters)
- accelerometers
- HR monitors
Pedometers detect _____ ____ of the body and record a ____ when ____ _____ exceeds a threshold value.
- vertical accelerations
- step
- vertical accelerations
Pedometers are accurate for….
recording the number of steps taken and distance walked
Pedometers increase reliability for ….
faster walking and running paces
Pedometer accuracy is affected by …
walking or running surface
With pedometers, the relationship between ____ ____ and ____ ____ strongest for _____ intensity activities.
- step counts
- energy expended
- moderate
With pedometers, ___ ____ is more accurate than _____ ____.
- step count
- kilocalorie estimates
Problems with pedometers:
- decrease sensitivity if tilted away from the vertical plane
- for obese, may fail to record steps at slow walking speeds if the belt is tilted
How to mediate problems with pedometers:
ankle devise (StepWatch 3) is sensitive enough to detect frail, slow, shuffling steps
Accelerometers measure movement based on _____ and _____ of the body.
- acceleration
- deceleration
Accelerometers can be worn on the ____ or ____.
- trunk
- limbs
Accelerometer measurements are proportional to ____ _____.
muscular forces
Most accelerometer results are in proportion to ____ ____.
EE
Accelerometers provides….
- frequency
- intensity
- time
Accelerometers takes best types measure in 3 planes:
- vertical
- horizontal
- mediolateral
Advantages of accelerometers:
- small size and ability to record data over long periods of time
- ability to download data and to segment PA time periods
- same accelerometer can be worn repeatedly by different participants
Limitations of accelerometers:
requires more time and resources than a pedometer
Limitations of accelerometers: ____ expertise, ______, and ______ are needed to _____, ______, _____, and ____ data.
- technical
- hardware
- software
- calibrate
- input
- download
- analyze
Limitations of accelerometers: single-plane models may not accurately detect movement from activities such as….
- bicycling
- weightlifting
- swimming
Limitations of accelerometers: unable to detect increased activity level resulting from ….
- upper body movement
- carrying a long
- surface changes (eg. hills)
Limitations of accelerometers: equations that estimate EE may not apply to….
free-living situations
HR is linearly related to…
VO2 during submaximal aerobic activities
HR monitor advantages:
- good method of PA assessment
- very practical in the field
- able to store data (estimation of frequency, intensity, and time of PA for days-weeks)
Indirect calorimetry is highly correlated (___) with ____ monitoring.
- 0.87
- HR
Stronger correlation with ______ vs calorimetry for _____ activities.
- accelerometers
- lifestyle
Wearing an ____ and an ____ _____ together may improve ____ estimation and classification of time spent in light, moderate, and hard activity.
- accelerometer
- HR monitor
- EE
Limitations of HR monitors:
- HR is increased by temp, humidity, high altitude, and these may result in overestimation of EE
- emotional state, hydration status, type of contraction (static vs dynamic), and the amount of muscle mass recruited will affect HR, independent of PA level
Some monitors use a combination of _____ and _____ signals to predict/calculate EE, such as….
- accelerometer
- physiological
- SenseWear Armband
- Actiheart
GPS can provide accurate assessments of _____, ranging from ____ ____ to ____ ____:
- speed
- slow walking to fast running
- may be used indoors or outside
- cannot use for stationary activity (eg. biking)
____ sensors embedded into clothing with wearable ___ _____ may be useful in the future.
- physiologic
- digital camera
Advantages of subjective measures:
- relatively inexpensive
- easy to administer
- data collected for many individuals
- can be ascertained with a few questions
Disadvantages of subjective measures:
- inaccurate recall
- fails to accurately capture all types of activity (eg. moderate, lifestyle, and occupational activity)
- not recommended for children younger than the age of 10 years old
Advantages of objective measures:
- not subject to recall error
- small and lightweight
- unobtrusive
Disadvantages of objective measures:
- specific types of activity not assessed (eg. water sports, arm exercise, inclined walking)
- extraneous variables may affect results
- usually more expensive than questionnaires
Guidelines for infants (aged less than 1 year):
- physically active several times daily
- particularly through interactive floor-based play
Guidelines for toddlers (aged 1-2 years) and preschoolers (aged 3-4 years):
- accumulate at least 180 min. of PA at any intensity spread throughout the day
- variety of activities in different environments
- activities that develop movement skills
- progression toward at least 60 min. of energetic play by 5 years of age
- more daily PA provides greater benefits
Caregivers should minimize the time infants, toddlers, and preschoolers spend being _____ during ____ hours. This includes…
- sedentary
- waking
- prolonged sitting or being restrained (eg. stroller, high chair) for more than 1 hour at a tiime
For those under ___ years, screen time is not recommended.
2
For children ____ years, screen time should be limited to under ____ hour/day, less is better.
- 2-4 years
- 1
4 parts of 24 hour movement guidelines for children and youth (5-17):
- sweat
- step
- sleep
- sit
Sweat guidelines for children and youth:
- accumulation of at least 60 min/day of MVPA involving a variety of aerobic activities
- vigorous PA and muscle and bone strengthening activities should each be incorporated at least 3 days/week
Step guidelines for children and youth:
several hours of a variety of structured and unstructured light PA
Sleep guidelines for children and youth:
- uninterrupted 9-11 hours of sleep/night for those aged 5-13 years
- uninterrupted 8-10 hours/night for those aged 14-17 years
- consistent bed and wake-up times
Sit guidelines for children and youth:
- no more than 2 hours/day of recreational screen time
- limited sitting for extended periods
Guidelines for adults (18-64):
- accumulate at least 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic PA per week, in bouts of 10 minutes or more
- beneficial to add muscle and bone strengthening activities using major muscle groups at least 2 days/week
- more PA provides greater health benefits
Guidelines for older adults (65+):
- accumulate at least 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic PA per week, in bouts of 10 minutes or more
- beneficial to add muscle and bone strengthening activities using major muscle groups, at least 2 days/week
- those with poor mobility should perform PA to enhance balance and prevent falls
- more PA provides greater health benefits
