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KIN 311 > Aerobic Assessment 2 > Flashcards

Aerobic Assessment 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Running (exercise) economy is influenced by internal factors such as…

A
  • joint biomechanics
  • respiratory entertainment
  • VO2 drift
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2
Q

Running (exercise) economy is influenced by external factors such as…

A
  • wind resistance
  • friction
  • energy absorption (eg. shoes)
  • external load (eg. clothing)
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3
Q

Ultra endurance athletes may have similar VO2 max as middle distance athletes but the latter cannot match _____ _____.

A

aerobic capcity

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4
Q

Why measure aerobic capacity?

A
  • may be more important to the individual than other physiological variables used to assess aerobic fitness, especially for exercise prescription
  • may have an athlete and clinical/health application
  • capacity of the aerobic system may have more application to ADL than aerobic power
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5
Q

Aerobic capacity:

A

the total amount of work that can be done using aerobic energy sources

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6
Q

Aerobic capacity tests ned to be of a sufficient _____ to determine/predict the limits of _____ _____ ____.

A
  • duration

- aerobic power output

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7
Q

It is very difficult to determine _____ with aerobic capacity.

A

validity

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8
Q

Aerobic capacity is dependent on:

A
  • hydration
  • glycogen (energy stores)
  • lactate clearance
  • muscle soreness
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9
Q

Aerobic capacity assessments include:

A
  • Boulay et al. “Aerobic Capacity Test”
  • anaerobic threshold
  • submaximal endurance tests
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10
Q

Boulay’s aerobic capacity test procedure:

A
  • 90 min continuous exercise on a cycle ergometer
  • intensity set at a HR 10 bpm below previously determined anaerobic threshold
  • pedal revs no less than 60
  • resistance adjusted throughout the test to maintain the HR intensity
  • results expressed as the total kJ/kg attained
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11
Q

Rationale for Boulay’s test:

A
  • VO2 does not predict the maximal amount of energy that can be generated aerobically
  • 90 min significantly stresses mechanisms related to aerobic energy production
  • duration also does not require intake of food
  • intensity does not engage anaerobic glycolysis if set below AT
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12
Q

Reliability of Boulay’s test:

A
  • ICC for relative work done (kJ/kg) = 0.99 and 0.93 for mean HR
  • test retest varied less than 2.5%
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13
Q

Limitations of Boulay’s test:

A
  • length of test
  • requires determination of AT prior to test (not practical)
  • requires precise control of resistance
  • dehydration and CV drift may negatively influence results
  • substrate (glycogen) depletion may influence score
  • lack of comparative data available
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14
Q

The exercise VO2 above which anaerobic high-energy production supplements aerobic high-energy production with a
consequential lowering of the _____ _____ _____, increase in ____ ____ ____ and net increase in ____ ____ at the site of anaerobiosis.

A
  • cellular redox state
  • lactate/pyruvate (L/P) ratio
  • lactate production
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15
Q

AT has 2 primary components:

A
  • lactate threshold

- ventilatory threshold

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16
Q

Lactate threshold:

A
  • graded, incremental protocols to near max
  • should use 3-4 min increments to accurately determine blood lactate levels
  • requires equipment to determine blood lactate
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17
Q

Most common graphical method for single lactate threshold determination:

A

BLa vs power output or time

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18
Q

Single lactate threshold:

A

point that precedes a sustained change in BLa greater 1.0 mM

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19
Q

Regression analysis for single lactate threshold determination:

A

LT is the interaction of 2 regression lines formed above and below inflection

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20
Q

The D-max method for single lactate threshold determination:

A

largest deviation between the La vs W curve and the line connected the end points

21
Q

Onset of blood lactate (OBLA) of _____.

A

4 mM

22
Q

MLSS =

A

maximal lactate steady state

23
Q

MLSS tests assess the maximal ____ that can be maintained (increase _____).

A
  • BLa

- < 1.0 mM

24
Q

MLSS tests requires a series of tests at different _____ preceded by a ____ test.

A
  • intensities
  • LT
  • often requires several days
25
Q

Ventilatory threshold:

A
  • graded, incremental protocols to near max
  • increments can be 2-3 minutes
  • requires equipment to measure ventilatory responses
26
Q

Ventilatory threshold determination: Threshold analysis: _____ method most common.

A

V slope method (VCO2 vs VO2)

27
Q

In general when assessing anaerobic threshold, ____ usually occurs at a similar time or precedes ____ by one workload.

A
  • LT

- VT

28
Q

Reliability of anaerobic threshold assessment:

A
  • objective criteria (mathematical) test retest r = 0.95

- subjective criteria (visual) r = 0.65

29
Q

If the intensity of exercise below AT is considered to be attained primarily through ____ _____ sources and above AT, there is and increased need for energy from ____ ____, then AT may set the upper limit for AC.

A
  • aerobic energy

- anaerobic glycolysis

30
Q

Below AT, exercise endurance time is greatly _____ and above AT, greatly ______.

A
  • increase

- reduced

31
Q

Endurance athletes competing in events stressing the capacity of the aerobic system have hight _____s.

A

AT

32
Q

Field testing anaerobic threshold uses _____ intervals of exercise of increasing _____ over a ______ distance and measures ____ and actual _____ at the end of each interval.

A
  • repeated
  • speed
  • predetermined
  • HR
  • velocity
33
Q

How to use field testing anaerobic threshold:

A
  • graph HR vs velocity and determine the deflection (breakaway) point in HR response
  • predicts AT
34
Q

Concurrent validity of field testing anaerobic threshold:

A

r = 0.93 between Conconi and actual AT

35
Q

Reliability of field testing anaerobic threshold:

A

test retest r = 0.90

36
Q

Can anaerobic threshold predict performance?

A
  • attempted to predict marathon finishing time from AT measurements
  • approx 15 second difference
37
Q

Submaximal endurance:

A

the ability to exercise at less than maximal for a period of time

38
Q

Can other submaximal tests indicate aerobic capacity?

A
  • usually requires attainment of steady state
  • usually set at an absolute or relative (per kg) workload
  • variables include time, distance or some sort of physiological variables (HR, LA, work, PO, distance, time to exhaustion)
39
Q

The PWC170 test:

A
  • physical work capacity at a HR of 170 bpm
  • suggests to be a capacity test
  • 2 consecutive 6 min PO’s on a cycle ergometer at 50-60 rpm
  • HR between 120-140
  • plot HR vs PO and extrapolate to HR of 170 and determine the PO at 170 or PWC 170
40
Q

Limitations of submaximal endurance tests of aerobic capacity:

A
  • usually not long enough to stress AC
  • variables selected may not indicate AC
  • possible that some submax test intensities are higher than AT (so are they AC tests?)
41
Q

Joyner (1991) used 3 physiological parameters to estimate the limits of marathon performance:

A
  • VO2 max
  • lactate threshold
  • running economy
42
Q

VO2 max:

A

the maximal amount of oxygen taken up and used by working muscle

43
Q

Lactate threshold:

A

the exercise intensity at which lactate accumulation exceeds clearance

44
Q

Running economy:

A

the amount of VO2 used for a given work intensity (ie. running speed)

45
Q

Joyner (1991): maximal predicted performance:

A
  • 1:57:48

- for an athlete that encompassed elite characteristics for all 3 physiological variables

46
Q

What happens to the heart during exercise?

A
  • HR increases
  • increase preload (inc. venous return and SV)
  • increase contractility
  • increase Q
  • decrease in time of cardiac cycle (influences filling and amount of oxygen that gets to the heart during diastole)
47
Q

Cardiac factors that effect cardiac output:

A
  • HR

- myocardial contractility

48
Q

Coupling factors that effect cardiac output:

A
  • preload

- afterload

KIN 311 (19 decks)

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