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KIN 311 > Risk Stratification > Flashcards

Risk Stratification Flashcards

1
Q

The PAR - Q+ is used as an ______ risk assessment tool.

A

initial

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2
Q

The questions in the PAR - Q+ are worded to obtain information that generally _____ an individual’s ____.

A
  • stratifies

- risk

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3
Q

The PAR - Q+ ____ the assessment of risk, but we should perform a _____ ______ _____ ourselves as well.

A
  • simplifies

- secondary risk assessment

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4
Q

Secondary risk assessment provides the health/fitness, clinical exercise, and health care professionals with important information for…

A

the development of an individual’s exercise prescription

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5
Q

Secondary risk assessment is important when making decisions about:

A
  • the level of medical clearance
  • the need for pre-exercise testing
  • the level of supervision for exercise testing and exercise program participation
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6
Q

3 parts to the secondary risk factor assessment:

A
  1. do we KNOW there is pathology present?
  2. do we SUSPECT there is pathology present?
  3. are there other risk factors for CVD present? How many?
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7
Q

If we suspect that there is pathology present, then the patient immediately becomes…

A

high risk

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8
Q

Positive CVD risk factors (ACSM): Are they non-modifiable or modifiable?

A
  • age (non-modifiable)
  • family history (non-modifiable)
  • cigarette smoking (modifiable)
  • hypertension (modifiable)
  • dyslipidemia (modifiable)
  • prediabetes (modifiable)
  • obesity (modifiable)
  • sedentary lifestyle (modifiable)
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9
Q

Defining criteria for age:

A
  • men: > (or equal to) 45 years

- women: > (or equal to) 55 years

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10
Q

Defining criteria for family history:

A
  • myocardial infarction (heart attack)
  • coronary revascularization (heart surgery)
  • sudden death
  • before 55 years of age for father or first degree male relative
  • before 65 years of age in mother or other first degree female relative
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11
Q

Other non-modifiable risk factors:

A
  • sex

- ethnicity

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12
Q

How is sex a non-modifiable risk factor?

A

sex hormones protect against CVD

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13
Q

Why is the defining criteria for age lower in males than females?

A
  • menopause: lose protection from sex hormones

- women often catch up to and surpass men after menopause

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14
Q

How is ethnicity a non-modifiable risk factor?

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • African Americans have higher risk of renal disease, CVD
  • Asians have higher risk of high BP during pregnancy
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15
Q

Defining criteria for cigarette smoking:

A

current smoker or those who quit with the previous 6 months

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16
Q

Defining criteria for hypertension:

A
  • SBP > (or equal to) 140/90 mmHg
  • or DBP > (or equal to) 90 mmHg
  • measured on 2 separate occasions
  • or taking anti-hypertensive medication
17
Q

Defining criteria for dyslipidemia:

A
  • LDL > 3.37 mmol/l
  • or HDL < 1.04 mmol/l
  • or on lipid lowering meds
  • if total serum cholesterol is all that is available, use > 5.18 mmol/l
18
Q

Defining criteria for prediabetes:

A
  • impaired fasting blood glucose of > (or equal to) 5.5 mmol/L
  • or impaired glucose tolerance > (or equal to) 7.7 mmol/L
  • confirmed on 2 seperate occasions
19
Q

Describe the interactive effect between LDL and HDL.

A
  • LDL = bad
  • as LDL gets higher, risk goes up
  • HDL = good
  • regardless of where your LDL is, the risk comes down if you have elevated HDL
20
Q

Positive risk factor vs negative risk factor:

A
  • positive risk factor contributes to risk
  • negative risk factor takes away from risk
  • negative risk factor is a positive thing
21
Q

Defining criteria for obesity:

A
  • BMI: > (or equal to) 30 kg/m^2

- or waist girth: > 102 cm for men and > 88 cm for women

22
Q

Defining criteria for sedentary lifestyle:

A
  • not participating in PA
  • or not meeting the min. recommendation of 30 min of moderate exercise at least 3 days of the week for the last 3 months
23
Q

If information is absent….

A

it should be counted as a risk factor

24
Q

Prediabetes is counted as a risk factor if:

A
  • age > (or equal to) 45 years and BMI > (or equal to) 25a

- OR age < (or equal to) 45 years and BMI > (or equal to) 25 and additional risk factors

25
Q

Negative risk factor for CVD:

A

person with serum HDL-C > 60 mg/dL (1.6 mmol/L)

26
Q

Low risk (ACSM risk stratification):

A
  • apparently healthy

- asymptomatic men and women who have < 2 (ie. 1 or 0) CVD risk factors

27
Q

Moderate risk (ACSM risk stratification):

A
  • increased risk

- asymptomatic men and women who have > (or equal to) 2 risk factors

28
Q

High risk (ACSM risk stratification):

A
  • known disease

- individuals with one or more signs/symptoms or known cardiovascular pulmonary, or metabolic disease

29
Q

ACSM risk stratification has bearing on….

A
  • medical screening

- how exercise assessments are carried out

30
Q

Differences between ACSM and ESSA pre-exercise screening tool:

A
  • stage 2 is optional
  • PA level > (or equal to) 150 min/week = - 1 risk factor
  • stage 3 is optional
  • HDL cholesterol > 1.55 mmol/L = -1 risk factor
31
Q

If there are extreme or multiple risk factors, the exercise professional should…

A

use professional judgement to decide whether further medical advice is required

32
Q

Example of tertiary (other) risk assessment:

A

ACSM health status and health history questionnaire

33
Q

ACSM health status and health history questionnaire includes:

A
  • personal information
  • ACSM health screen
  • medical history
  • family history
  • medications
  • lifestyle
  • other health history information
34
Q

Other tertiary (other) risk assessments:

A
  • smoking
  • alcohol
  • physical inactivity
  • diet
35
Q

What is the name of the website that calculates your life expectancy after assessing risk assessments?

A

The Big Life Project

KIN 311 (19 decks)

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