STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY TERMINOLOGIES

Question 1

● variable that assigns a numerical value to each
outcome of a random event.

Answer 1

RANDOM VARIABLE

Question 2

TWO TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLE (DC)

Answer 2

DISCRETE
CONTINUOUS

Question 3

○ a variable whose value is obtained through counting.

Answer 3

Discrete Variable

Question 4

○ variable whose value is obtained through measurement.

Answer 4

Continuous Variable

Question 5

⤻ is the set of all possible outcomes in an experiment.

Answer 5

Sample Space

Question 6

{HHH, TTT, HHT, HTT, THH, TTH, HTH, THT}

Answer 6

Sample Space

Question 7

X = {0, 1, 2, 3}

Answer 7

Range Space

Question 8

probability of x

Answer 8

P(x)

Question 9

values of possible outcomes

Answer 9

x

Question 10

⤻ values obtained from functions that assign real number
to each point of a sample space.

Answer 10

possible values of a random variable

Question 11

also known as discrete probability distribution

Answer 11

PROBABILITY MASS FUNCTION (PMF)

Question 12

The Properties of a Probability Distribution (2)

Answer 12

○ Nonnegativity
○ Norming Property

Question 13

the probability of each value of the random variable
must be between or equal to 0 and 1

Answer 13

Nonnegativity

Question 14

sum of the probabilities of all values of the random
variable must be equal to 1.

Answer 14

Norming Property

Question 15

0≤P(X)≤1

Answer 15

Nonnegativity

Question 16

ƩP(X)=1

Answer 16

Norming Property

Question 17

a probability distribution with only two possible
outcomes: success and failure

Answer 17

binomial distribution

Question 18

average value of all the outcomes.

Answer 18

mean

Question 19

E(x)

Answer 19

expected value

Question 20

x

Answer 20

random variable

Question 21

f(x)

Answer 21

probability of x

Question 22

μ

Answer 22

average

Question 23

P(x)

Answer 23

probability of x

Question 24

describes the average square deviation of
the variable from the mean.

Answer 24

variance

Question 25

σ^2

Answer 25

symbol for variance

Question 26

σ

Answer 26

symbol for standard deviation

Question 27

the square root of the variance

Answer 27

standard deviation

Question 28

● also known as normal curve. ● provides a graphical representation of statistical values that are needed in describing the characteristics of populations as well in making decisions. ● mean, median, and mode are equal.

Answer 28

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

Question 29

graph of normal distribution

Answer 29

NORMAL CURVE

Question 30

CHARACTERISTICS OF A NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

Answer 30

1. The distribution curve is (the normal probability distribution) bell –shaped. 2. The curve is symmetrical about its center. 3. The mean, median and the mode coincide at the center. 4. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the distribution. 5. The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely along the horizontal axis, always approaching the axis but never touching it. That is, the curve is asymptotic to the base line. 6. The area is under the curve is 1. Thus, it represents the probability or proportion or the percentage associated with specific sets of measurement values.

Question 31

the standard normal curve is a:

Answer 31

○ mean μ = 0 ○ standard deviation σ = 1

Question 32

height of the particular values of X

Answer 32

Y

Question 33

any score in the distribution

Answer 33

X

Question 34

standard deviation of the population

Answer 34

σ

Question 35

mean of the population

Answer 35

μ

Question 36

3.1416

Question 37

2.7183

Answer 37

e

Question 38

FINDING THE AREAS OF A NORMAL CURVE GIVEN A Z – VALUE

Answer 38

1. Express the given z-value into a three digit form. 2. Using the z-table, find the first two digits on the left column. 3. Match the third digit with the appropriate column on the right. 4. Read the area (or probability) at the intersection of the row and the column. This is the required area.

Question 39

● a statistical rule which states that for a normal distribution, almost all observed data will fall within three standard deviations of the mean or average

Answer 39

EMPIRICAL RULE

Question 40

— provides the proportion of the area (or probability or percentage) between any two specific values under the curve.

Answer 40

Z - TABLE

Question 41

● number of standard deviation away from the mean.

Answer 41

Z - SCORE

Question 42

a point in the distribution such that a given number of cases is below it.

Answer 42

PERCENTILE

Question 43

each of ten equal groups into which a population can be divided according to the distribution of values of a particular variable.

Answer 43

DECILES

Question 44

are three values that split sorted data into four parts, each with an equal number of observations.

Answer 44

QUARTILES

Question 45

a part of the sampling technique in which each sample has an equal probability of being chosen.

Answer 45

RANDOM SAMPLING

Question 46

a selection of a subset of a population where each element has an equal chance of being selected.

Answer 46

Simple Random Sampling

Question 47

a selection of a subset of a population where each element has an equal chance of being selected.

Answer 47

Systematic Random Sampling

Question 48

selection of a simple random sample from each of a given number of a subpopulations, or strata.

Answer 48

Stratified Random Sampling

Question 49

○ a selection of clusters from the available clusters in the population.

Answer 49

Cluster Sampling

Question 50

samples are selected based on the needs of the study

Answer 50

Purposive Sampling

Question 51

a researcher chooses a possible respondent. Then, each respondent is asked to give recommendations to other possible respondents

Answer 51

Snowball Sampling

Question 52

population is divided into predefined control categories.

Answer 52

Quota Sampling

Question 53

the totality of observations, items, things, or people under consideration. ⤻ represented by letter “N”

Answer 53

population

Question 54

a subset of the population. ⤻ elements taken from a population ⤻ represented by small letter “n”

Answer 54

sample

Question 55

→ any measurable characteristic of a population.

Answer 55

PARAMETER

Question 56

→ any measurable characteristic of a sample.

Answer 56

STATISTIC

Question 57

is a frequency distribution using the means computed from all possible random samples of a specific size taken from a population.

Answer 57

sampling distribution of sample means

Question 58

— difference between the sample mean and the population mean.

Answer 58

sampling error

Question 59

μ = Ʃx N

Answer 59

Population Mean

Question 60

σ^2= Ʃ (x-μ)^2 N

Answer 60

Population Variance

Question 61

σ= √Ʃ (x-μ)^2 N

Answer 61

Population Standard Deviation

Question 62

: nCr = n! r! (n-r)!

Answer 62

All Possible Samples

Question 63

μx̄=Ʃx̄ N

Answer 63

Mean of Sampling Distribution of Mean

Question 64

σ^2x̄= Ʃ (x̄- μx̄)^2 n

Answer 64

Variance and Standard Deviation of the Sampling Distribution of Mean.

Question 65

the arrangement of items which order matters

Answer 65

Permutation

Question 66

Selection of items which order does not matter

Answer 66

Combination