READING AND WRITING Flashcards
● writing a paragraph involves deep understanding of how one can achieve well-focused and unified ideas in a composition.
● it is important to use strategies developing ideas using a particular pattern.
Narration
contains the plot which gives direction in making a story.
NARRATIVE TEXT
help to create unified thought and to show the transition of events to the next.
SIGNAL WORDS
○ helps to show the reader how the story moves
○ most of the common transitional words are first, next, then, after and suddenly.
○ it is also important to give specific details in pointing out the direction of the story.
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDERING OF EVENTS
Signal Words for Chronology
about, after, at
afterwards, as
soon as, at
this/that point
Tomorrow, until,
when, yesterday
before, during, first,
eventually, finally,
immediately
prior to, second, soon,
then, till, today
in the meantime,
later, meanwhile,
next, next week,
presently
- helps you create a vivid picture of what you are trying to express through written text.
- Plays an important role to elucidate the nature of people, places and things.
- series of detailed observation about the subject can help you create a good descriptive paragraph.
- this involves the use of adjectives and adverbs in the paragraph.
DESCRIPTION
○ kind of words that we used to describe how your subject looks, sounds, feels, smells or even tastes.
○ also concerns how you will arrange the details to provide an image of the scene, the person or the object you are trying to describe in your text.
SENSORY LANGUAGES
TYPES OF DESCRIPTION (OS)
OBJECTIVE
SUBJECTIVE
○ where the writer presents impartial and actual picture of the subject without biases
○ excludes personal impression of the subject
OBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION
○ writer gives personal impression of what is observed.
○ is often used in making fiction stories.
SUBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION
a brief statement or account of the main
points of something.
SUMMARY
Signal Words for Spatial Pattern or Visual Description
above, across, adjacent
to, against, along,
alongside, amidst
in front of, inside, into,
near, off, on, on top of
around, away
from, back
of, behind,
below,
beneath,
beside
between, beyond, by,
down, farther, here, in
onto, opposite of,
outside, over,
throughout, to the
right, under
— provide concise but exact meanings of
unfamiliar words and explain special meanings for familiar words.
一 are often used to explain technical words and concepts.
一 what to define always depends on the needs of the reader and the purpose of communication.
DEFINITION
METHODS OF DEFINITION (IF)
INFORMAL DEFINITION
FORMAL DEFINITION
is either denotation or connotation.
INFORMAL DEFINITION
wo types of informal defition (DC)
DENOTATION
CONNOTATION
— is the dictionary meaning of the word.
— the literal meaning of the word.
DENOTATION
— is the secondary meaning of a word.
— it is how a writer understands a word based on their own personal or consensual experiences.
CONNOTATION
3 PRINCIPLE PARTS OF FORMAL DEFINITION
SPECIES (WORD)
GENUS (CLASS)
DIFFERENTIAE
■ the name of the object, process, or
concept defined.
■ usually followed by “is” and “are” and
the class.
species (WORD)
■ general group to which the objects
belongs.
genus (CLASS)
■ is an element, feature, or factor that
distinguishes one entity, state, or class
from another.
differentiae
EXPANDED OR EXTENDED DEFINITION(7)
○ by stating its characteristics
○ by function
○ by what it is not
○ by what it is similar to
○ by examples
○ by origin of word or etymology
○ by its effect
SIGNAL WORDS FOR DEFINITION
is defined as
as defined
means
refers to
to define
to illustrate
basic parts of unique patterns of development in writing exemplification and classification paragraphs
一 topic sentence
一 classifications (types, categories)
一 examples (illustrations)
一 transitional expressions
○ also called as illustration
○ is the most common and effective pattern to explain an idea or point.
○ in developing this kind of paragraph, the writer develops a general statement - the topic sentence, with one or more examples to support it.
EXEMPLIFICATION
○ function to connect one idea to another between or within sentences and to alert readers to connections between paragraphs or blocks of the text.
○ they are signals that help readers follow the direction of your thoughts as a writer.
TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS
transitional expressions of exemplification(7)
for example
to illustrate
namely
to be specific
in short
to clarify
as an example
○ is used when a writer needs to sort out or arrange subjects to groups or categories based on their common and shared characteristics.
CLASSIFICATION
transitional expressions of classification
classified as
one kind
the last group
another kind
another
final type
the first category
are categorized as
the next part
→ discusses elements or ideas that are similar.
→ cohesive devices include likewise, similar to, same with, like, in the same manner, etc.
COMPARISON
→ discusses elements or ideas that are different.
→ cohesive devices include on the other hand, however, while, different with, in contrast, etc.
CONTRAST
COMPARISON (SIMILARITIES) COHESIVE DEVICES
○ equally, as with, in the same way, just as
○ not only … but also
○ also, compared to
CONTRAST COHESIVE DEVICES
○ but, unlike, whereas, alternatively
○ conversely, nevertheless, instead
○ on the contrary
● analyzes two subjects; comparing, contrasting, or both
● purpose is not to simply state the obvious but to illustrate subtle differences or unexpected similarities between two subjects.
A COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY
TWO WAYS TO ORGANIZE A COMPARISON OR
CONTRAST PARAGRAPH (BP)
BLOCKE METHOD
POINT-BY-POINT
○ compares and contrasts two subjects one at a time.
○ Subject A is analyzed first, then followed by Subject B
BLOCK METHOD
○ this method addresses both subjects by their
similarities and differences.
○ outlines focus on the topics of similarities or differences and then view each item in comparison.
POINT - BY - POINT
● is a text development pattern which explains why something happens.
● this also states what results a particular event
produces.
● usually gives a statement emphasizing the cause and another emphasizing the effect.
Cause and Effect
Patterns of Development in Writing across Disciplines (8)
I. Narration
II. Description
III. Definition
IV. Exemplification and Classification
V. Compare and Contrast
VI. Cause and Effect
VII. Problem - Solution
VIII. Persuasion
guide questions that can be used for cause-effect development:
一 why did it happen?
一 what caused it?
一 what does it cause?
一 what are the effects?
一 how is it related to something else
