PR1 MELC1 AND MELC2 Flashcards by Alessandra Norie Anne Garillos

Types of Qualitative Research Design

Case Study
Ethnography
Historical Study
Phenomenology
Grounded Theory

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to describe and present the nature of existence of a person, things or any other creatures here on earth.
to know why such a creature (person, organization, thing or event) acts, behaves, occurs, or exists in a particular manner.

aim of case study

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describe and present the nature of existence

case study

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focuses on an individual or single subject matter

respondent of case study

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interview, observe and give questionnaires to your respondents

data gathering method of case study

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Studying the behaviors of twin sisters or twin brothers

example of case study

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Military operations and the PTSD recovery process.

example of case study

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The origins of bipolar disorder through the prism of domestic violence.

example of case study

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The dangers of advertisements on children’s TV networks.

example of case study

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Covid-19 and related anxiety cases among college students.

example of case study

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the researchers must join or involve themselves in the study to obtain the needed information.
must have to immerse to that certain group of people to witness their behaviors, their ways and means and to deeply know them
living with the subjects in several months
usually done by anthropologist whose interests basically lie in cultural aspects

aim of ethnography

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why such a creature (person, organization, thing or event) acts, behaves, occurs, or exists in a particular manner.

ethnography

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cultural group or organization

respondent of ethnography

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Observation (immersion), done by anthropologist whose interests basically lie in cultural aspects

data gathering method of ethnography

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Learning the lives of Badjaos on how they earn for a living

example of ethnography

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Learning To Labour - studies the rich elucidation of how these working-class boys reject narratives of upward mobility and revel in rejecting mental work at school

example of ethnography

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Being Maori In The City - examination of Maori identity in Auckland

example of ethnography

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Coming of Age in Samoa - highlighted the importance of feminist perspectives in ethnographic research; challenged a universalizing stage-based conceptualization of human development.

example of ethnography

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Ethnography Of A Neoliberal School - demonstrates within one anonymized charter school how teachers are increasingly subjected to performance quotas, KPIs, and governance that narrow down the purpose of education and give them very little freedom to exercise their expertise and provide individualized support to their students.

example of ethnography

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determine the reasons for changes or permanence of things in the physical world in a certain period (i.e., years, decades, or centuries)..
scope or coverage of historical study refers to the number of years covered, the kind of events focused on, and the extent of new knowledge or discoveries resulting from the historical study.

aim of historical study

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reasons for changes or permanence of things in the physical world in a certain period

historical study

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researchers must gather biography/autobiography, read documentaries and chronicling activities to trace the progress of the identified topic or subject.

data gathering method of historical study

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A Five –Year Study of the Impact of the K -12 Curriculum on the Philippine Employment System

example of historical study

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Symbolism in Ancient Egypt

example of historical study

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From Assyria to Byzantium: Study of Power in Empires

example of historical study

Responsibilities Distribution in Iron Age

example of historical study

Women Role in Prehistoric Britain

example of historical study

- phenomenon in which all human beings have a tendency to experience it. - understand how people deal with the different experiences in their lives. - maybe of joy, sorrow, death of loved ones, victories, defeat and the like

phenomenology

to understand how people deal with the different experiences in their lives.

aim of phenomenology

a sample of between 6 and 20 individuals

respondent of phenomenology

researchers must have to interview the respondents to listen to their recounts on how they conquered such experiences.

data gathering method of phenomenology

A Study to the Students who came from an Orphanage

example of phenomenology

The Experiences Of Every War Survivor Or War Veteran Are Unique. Research Can Illuminate Their Mental States And Survival Strategies In A New World.

example of phenomenology

Losing Family Members To Covid-19 Hasn’t Been Easy. A Detailed Study Of Survivors And People Who’ve Lost Loved Ones Can Help Understand Coping Mechanisms And Long-Term Traumas.

example of phenomenology

to develop theories to explain the sociological and psychological influenced phenomena for proper identification of a certain educational process

aim of grounded theory

develop theories to explain the sociological and psychological influenced phenomena for proper identification of a certain educational process

grounded theory

studies 20–30 interviews

respondent of grounded theory

- inductive manner - one basic category of people’s action and interactions gets related to a second category; to third category; and so on, until a new theory emerges from the previous data. - through formal, informal, or semi – structured interview, as well as analysis of written works, notes, phone calls, meeting proceedings and training sessions

data gathering method of grounded theory

one basic category of people’s action and interactions gets related to a second category; to third category; and so on, until a new theory emerges from the previous data.

inductive manner

Experiences of Students Involved in Hard lockdown areas during Covid -19 Pandemic

example of grounded theory

Glaser and Strauss (1965): This study, which is considered one of the foundational works of Grounded Theory, explored the experiences of dying patients in a hospital. The researchers used Grounded Theory to develop a theoretical framework that explained the social processes of dying, and that was grounded in the data.

example of grounded theory

Charmaz (1983): This study explored the experiences of chronic illness among young adults. The researcher used Grounded Theory to develop a theoretical framework that explained how individuals with chronic illness managed their illness, and how their illness impacted their sense of self.

example of grounded theory

Strauss and Corbin (1990): This study explored the experiences of individuals with chronic pain. The researchers used Grounded Theory to develop a theoretical framework that explained the different strategies that individuals used to manage their pain, and that was grounded in the data.

example of grounded theory

Glaser and Strauss (1967): This study explored the experiences of individuals who were undergoing a process of becoming disabled. The researchers used Grounded Theory to develop a theoretical framework that explained the social processes of becoming disabled, and that was grounded in the data.

example of grounded theory

Types of Probability Sampling (SSSC)

Simple Random Sampling Systematic Sampling Stratified Sampling Cluster Sampling

Types of Non-Probability Sampling (QVPAS)

Quota Sampling Voluntary Sampling Purposive Sample or Judgmental Sample Availability Sampling Snowball Sampling

refers to your method or process of selecting respondents or people to answer questions meant to yield data for research study

sampling

chosen ones through which you will derive facts and evidence to support the claims or conclusions propounded by your research problem

sample

bigger group where you choose the sample

population

the list of the members of such a population from where you will get the sample.

sampling frame

the selection of a sample from a population, when this selection is based on the principle of randomization, that is, random selection or chance.

probability sampling

- best type of probability sampling in which all the members has the opportunity to be chosen - has two methods: fishbowl method & a list of all members; give a number to member and then use randomized or unordered numbers in selecting names from the list (spin the wheel)

simple random sampling

have a list of all members of the population; write each name on a card, and choose cards through a pure–chance selection.

fishbowl method

researchers select members of the population at a regular interval

systematic sampling

ones to determine who should compose the sample.

chance and system

- researchers divide subjects into subgroups called strata based on characteristics that they share - the group comprising the sample is chosen in a way that such a group is liable to subdivision during the data analysis stage. - study needing group by group analysis finds stratified sampling the right probability sampling to use.

stratified sampling

- makes you isolate a set of persons instead of individual members to serve as sample members - applied when the population is large

cluster sampling

method of selecting units from a population using a subjective (i.e. non-random) method.

non probability sampling

- you definitely know the characteristics of the target sample. - you directly choose that set of persons for you already believe that their characteristics is suited or closely related to your study - as long as thep study reaches the required number of respondents.

quota sampling

selection process is not needed since, your target sample are the ones who willingly present themselves to participate in the study example: online survey

voluntary sampling

- selection is based on the judgment of the researcher. - they are the people with interest in the study, and possess capability and experiences in the said topic.

purposive or judgement sampling

- choose people walking along the street by approaching them, people eating inside the canteen and any available persons as long as they are willing to respond to your questions. - automatically belong as your respondents of the study

availability sampling

the measurement of availability sampling

willingness

- new units are recruited by other units to form part of the sample - name itself directly presents the meaning of this sampling - rolling or it could be strolling anywhere. - there is no specific set of sample and data could freely obtained to various group of people like vendors, street children, call center workers, drug dependents and etc. - you have the freedom to choose and increase your sample. (Harding 2013) - no set number of respondents

snowball sampling

phenomenological

purposive sampling

subjects of the population get an equal opportunity to be selected as a representative sample.

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Random Sampling

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Randomly

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Fixed and known

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Conclusive

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Biased

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Statistical

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Tested

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Objective

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

it is not known which individual from the population will be selected as a sample.

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Non-Random Sampling

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Arbitrarily

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Not specified and unknown

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Exploratory

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Unbiased

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Analytical

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Generated

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Subjective

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING