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GR11 Alessandra's 3rd Quarter > BIO > Flashcards

BIO Flashcards

1
Q

pairs of epidermal cells that control gas diusion by
regulating the opening and closure of stomatal pores.

A

GUARD CELLS

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2
Q

provide an internal hydrophobic surface facilitating water
transport as well as mechanical strength.

A

XYLEM CELLS

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3
Q

uptake of water and nutrients from the soil

A

ROOT HAIR CELLS

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4
Q

this enables them to collect more nutrients and water.

A

Lateral elongation

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5
Q

process of cell growth and division in eukaryotes that is
divided into phases based on what is happening in the
cell at a given time.

A

The Cell Cycle

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6
Q

the cell is engaged in growth and metabolic activities
and can be further broken down into three discrete
phases called g1, S, and g2.

A

Interphase

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7
Q

cell grows during the?

A

G1 PHASE

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8
Q

○ dna replication occurs producing two copies of each chromosome so future cells will each have a
complete set of the genetic instructions in the dna.

A

S PHASE

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9
Q

after DNA replication is complete, cells enter the g2
phase, they continue to grow & prepare for cell division.

A

G2 PHASE

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10
Q

cells are not actively preparing to divide.

A

G0 PHASE

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11
Q

check for nutrients, growth factors, and dna damage

A

g1 checkpoint

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12
Q

check for nutrients, growth factors, and dna damage

A

g1 checkpoint

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13
Q

check for cell size and dna replication

A

g2 checkpoint

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14
Q

check for chromosome spindle attachment

A

metaphase checkpoint

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15
Q

a complex series of events move the dna so that a
complete set of genetic instructions will be sent to
each daughter cell.

A

M Phase

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16
Q

the longest phase of mitosis.

A

PROPHASE

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17
Q

refers to each identical copy of a single chromosome.

A

SISTERM CHROMATIDS

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18
Q

begin to fan out from two sets of paired structures called
centrioles.

A

SPINDLE FIBERS

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19
Q

attaches the sister chromatids together.

A

CENTROMERE

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20
Q

begin to fan out from two sets of paired structures called
centrioles.

A

SPINDLE FIBERS

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21
Q

⤻ double stranded chromosomes line up along the
equator of the cell.

A

METAPHASE

22
Q

⤻ begins when the sister chromatids of each chromosome begin to separate.

A

ANAPHASE

23
Q

the longest phase of mitosis.
chromosomes become visible and condense becoming shorter and thicker.

A

PROPHASE

24
Q

the longest phase of mitosis.
chromosomes become visible and condense becoming shorter and thicker.

A

PROPHASE

25
Q

process of mitosis is assessed at a checkpoint during
the m phase and once this checkpoint is passed, the
cell will complete mitosis as well as begin the?

A

CYTOKINESIS

26
Q

4 STAGES OF MITOSIS (PMAT)

A

PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE

27
Q

grows until it joins with the existing cell membrane
separating the two halves of the cell into daughter cells; over time new cell walls form between the two daughter cells.

A

cell plate

28
Q

● sometimes called reduction division
● is the type of cell division that produces gametes; cell
division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces
the number of chromosomes in gametes.

A

MEIOSIS

29
Q

○ sperm cells in males
○ egg cells in females

A

GAMETES

30
Q

somatic cells (body cells)

A

MITOSIS

31
Q

1 cell division

A

MITOSIS

32
Q

two diploid cells (2n) that are genetically identical to
each other

A

MITOSIS

33
Q

skin, heart, muscle, liver, and fat cells

A

MITOSIS

34
Q

gametes (sex cells)

A

MEIOSIS

35
Q

2 cell divisions

A

MEIOSIS

36
Q

four haploid (n) gametes that are genetically unique
from each other

A

MEIOSIS

37
Q

sperm cell and egg cell

A

MEIOSIS

38
Q

● starts with a diploid cell, its chromatin contains two uncoiled spread out sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

A

PROPHASE I

39
Q

process where each chromosome pairs up with and binds to its corresponding homologous chromosome forming a tetrad.

A

synapsis

40
Q

is the group of four sister chromatids in paired homologous chromosomes.

A

tetrad

41
Q

chromosomes containing genetic information.
were inherited from each parent

A

genes

42
Q

different versions of the same gene on each chromosome.

A

alleles

43
Q

chromatids from each homologous chromosome exchange segments of alleles, also called recombination

A

crossing over

44
Q

results in genetic variety in offspring, this is why children are different from their biological parents as well as from their biological siblings.

A

crossing over

45
Q

the homologous chromosomes line up at the equator
and attach to spindle fibers from opposite poles.

A

METAPHASE I

46
Q

spindle fibers separate the homologous chromosomes
in each tetrad and pull them to the opposite poles of
the cell

A

ANAPHASE I

47
Q

the cell enters telophase one with one chromosome from each homologous pair at separate poles; however each chromosome still consists of sister chromatids.

A

TELOPHASE I

48
Q

meiosis one ends with two genetically different haploid
daughter cells, each haploid cell contains only one set
of chromosomes consisting of paired sister chromatids.

A

CYTOKINESIS

49
Q

the nuclear membrane disappears and spindle fibers fan out from the two sets of paired centrioles

A

PROPHASE II

50
Q

the chromosomes in each cell line up at the equator
and attach to spindle fibers from both poles

A

METAPHASE II

51
Q

the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate
and move to opposite poles

A

ANAPHASE II

52
Q

spindle fibers disappear and nuclear membranes reform
and cytokinesis occurs in both cells

A

TELOPHASE II

GR11 Alessandra's 3rd Quarter (10 decks)

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