BASIC CALCULUS TERMINOLOGIES Flashcards
● one of the most important ideas or concepts in studying calculus
● the backbone of the calculus, both differential and integral calculus.
LIMITS
Ways to determine if the limit exists
○ by making the table of values of the function
○ by graphing the given function.
○ to find out whether the value of x will approach the value of the constant c, we need to specify the direction
One - Sided Limits
Left - sided limits
→ limit from the left, less than c
lim f(x) = L
x → c-
- Right - sided limits
→ limit from the right, greater than c
lim f(x) = L
x → c+
the limit exists since the values from
left and right are equal.
lim f(x) = lim f(x)
x → c- x → c+
limit does not exist since the values
from left & right are not equal.
lim f(x) ≠ lim f(x)
x → c- x → c+
SOLVE:
lim (1 + 2x)
x→ 3
→ 1 + 2 (3) → 1 + 6 = 7
different left and right limits at every integer
Greatest - integer function
limit of a constant is that constant
Theorem on Limit of Functions
○ function values decrease or increase without bounds as independent variable gets closer and closer to a certain fixed number.
Infinite Limits
if x equates to 0 and → f(x) = 1
x
If denominator equate to 0 & numerator is not 0
let exponent a be even and let exponent b be odd
Even and Odd exponents
If the highest power of x is the same in both the
numerator and denominator, then :
VII. Limits of Rational Expression as x → ∞
If the highest power of x is in the denominator…
lim f(x) = 0
x → ∞
If the highest power of x is in the numerator…
lim f(x) = ∞
x → ∞
○ continuous limits — when you can draw the graph with
1 continuous line without removing the tip of the pencil
from the paper.
Continuous Limits
The limit is CONTINUOUS if :
- f (c) is defined
- lim f(x) exists
x → c - lim f(x) = f(c)
x → c
● a function is said to be continuous if you can sketch its graph on a curve without lifting your pen even once.
● a function is continuous at a particular point if there is no break in its graph at that point.
● Polynomial and Absolute Value Functions are
continuous everywhere.
● Rational Functions are continuous in their respective domains.
Continuity
● a function is continuous on an interval if we can trace the graph from start to finish without lifting the pen
● a function is continuous if its graph has no holes or breaks in it.
Intervals
● the function of the graph which is not connected with each other is known as a discontinuous function.
Discontinuity
TYPES OF DISCONTINUITY : (4)
JUMP
POINT
ESSENTIAL
REMOVABLE
○ this discontinuity occurs when graph “breaks” at a particular place and starts somewhere else.
○ In other words, lim f(x) ≠ lim f(x)
x → a + x → a-
JUMP
○ this discontinuity occurs when the graph has a “hole” in it from a missing point because the function has a value at that point that’s “off the graph”
○ In other words, lim f (x) ≠ f (a)
x → a
POINT